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情態(tài)動詞用來表達說話人的語氣和態(tài)度。正確運用情態(tài)動詞,要求既熟悉情態(tài)動詞本身還得揣測上下文語境,這對語法知識體系還不完整的同學(xué)們來說有一定困難。然而依據(jù)情態(tài)動詞經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在完形填空和完成句子兩種題型中的特點,同學(xué)們還是可以掌握涉及情態(tài)動詞的考點的。
一、情態(tài)動詞基本用法的高頻考點
1. can表示理論上的可能性,意為“可能會”。例如:
Even an experienced teacher can make mistakes.即使一名有經(jīng)驗的老師也有可能會犯錯誤。(理論上的可能性,事實上末發(fā)生)
2. must表示“硬要,偏要”。例如:
Must you shout so loudly? 你非要這么大聲叫嚷嗎?
mustnt表示“禁止”。例如:
You must not take the books out of the library. 不準(zhǔn)把書帶出圖書館。
Must we send in our plan this week? 我們必須這星期交計劃嗎?
No, you neednt/dont have to. 不,沒有必要。
(此處不表示“禁止”,所以不能用mustnt回答)
3. shall用于第二、三人稱,表示說話者給對方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。例如:
All of you shall arrive before five oclock.(命令)你們都要五點前到達。
You shall fail if you dont work harder.(警告)如果你不更努力工作的話,你就會失敗。
You shall get a gift on your birthday. (允諾)在你生日的那天 ,你會得到一個禮物。
He shall be punished. (威脅)他會受到懲罰的。
4. should表示驚訝、意外等情緒,譯作“竟然”。
I cant believe that he should speak ill of me. 我無法相信他竟然說我的壞話。
有一定根據(jù)的推測,譯作“按道理應(yīng)該”。例如:
They should be at home now, for they have been away for two hours. 他們都已經(jīng)走了兩小時了,他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該到家了。(根據(jù)時間推測)
5. will表示事物的某種性質(zhì)和傾向。例如:
Wood will float on the water. 木頭會浮在水上。
The drawer wont open. 抽屜打不開。
6. would表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作,譯作“過去常?!保╱sed to)。例如:
When he was young, he would listen to music alone in his room on weekends. 在年輕的時候,他經(jīng)常周末獨自一人待在他的房間里聽音樂。
7. may常用的固定搭配:may well完全能,很可能;may as well 最好,倒不如。例如:
Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her. 她的容貌改變了如此之多,你很可能認(rèn)不出她了。
You may as well do it at once. 你最好馬上就做這件事。
二、“情態(tài)動詞+have done”的用法
1. 表示對過去發(fā)生事情的推測
must have done,過去一定做過某事。(很有把握的肯定推測)
cant have done,不可能做過某事。(很有把握的否定推測)
may/might have done,可能已經(jīng)做過某事。(不太有把握的肯定推測)
may/might not have done,可能還沒有做過某事情。(不太有把握的否定推測)
例如: It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy. 昨晚一定下雨了,因為路很泥濘。
Jack cant have arrived yet, otherwise he would have telephoned us. 杰克不可能已到家了,否則他就給我們打電話了。
Tom hasnt come back yet, He may have missed the bus again. 湯姆還沒有回家,他可能又錯過了公交車。
例1 (2012年高考湖北卷) As the shopkeeper Mr Johnson was selling me the bicycle, he said, “this is the best thing you ____ have done. Life has become hopelessly complicated.”
A. would B. should C. must D. could
解析 D??疾榍閼B(tài)動詞辨析。根據(jù)語境可知,該句意為:這是你所能做到的最好的事。could have done意為“能夠做到……”, 與語境相符,故選D項。A項意為“愿意”,B項意為“應(yīng)當(dāng)”,C項意為“必須”,都與語境不符。
2. 表示“(過去)本……而實際上……”
should/ought to have done, 本應(yīng)該做而實際上沒有做。
neednt have done, 本不需要做而實際上做了。
would have done, 本打算要做而實際上沒有做。
could have done, 本能夠做而實際上沒有做。
例如:We should have studied last night, but we went to the concert instead. 昨晚我們本應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的,可是我們卻去聽了音樂會。
I was really anxious about you. You shouldnt have left home without a word. 我真的是很擔(dān)心你,你不應(yīng)該不說一句話就離家出走。
There was plenty of time. She neednt have hurried. 有足夠的時間,她沒有必要趕忙。
I stayed at a hotel while in New York. 我在紐約期間住的是賓館。
Oh, why dont you call me? You could have stayed with me. 哦,你為什么不打我電話?你本可以和我待在一起的。
例2 He looks sleepy. He must ___________ last night, writing the essay. (stay)他看起來犯困。昨晚他肯定熬夜寫論文了。
解析 have stayed up. 根據(jù)句子中文翻譯中的“昨晚肯定”以及題干中的last night可知是對過去發(fā)生的事情的肯定猜測,要用must have done結(jié)構(gòu)。
3. 用于if引導(dǎo)的非真實條件句中,表示虛擬語氣
若含if的非真實條件句或省略if的含蓄性非真實條件句的從句的謂語時態(tài)為過去時,且主句也講的是過去的事情,主句的謂語部分要用should/would/could/ might have done的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
If I hadnt drunk alcohol last night, I could have driven my car home.如果昨晚我沒有喝酒的話,我就能開車回家了。
例3 Had we not used an out-of-date train schedule, we ___________ the train. (miss) 要不是用了一張過期的列車時刻表,我們就不會誤了火車。
解析 would not have missed. 此句考查的是if的含蓄性非真實條件句的虛擬語氣,從句用的是過去完成時(had used倒裝)表示過去的動作,主句講的也是過去的事情,所以要用情態(tài)動詞加have done的結(jié)構(gòu),由于是否定句,故用would not+ have done表達.
例4 (2015年高考湖北卷)If she had been aware that the mushroom were poisonous, she them for dinner.(pick)要是知道這些蘑菇有毒,她不會采來做晚餐了。
解析 would not have picked。 此句和例子一樣,也是考查if的虛擬語氣句,從句用的是過去完成時(had been aware)表示過去的動作,主句講的也是過去的事情,所以要用would not have done的結(jié)構(gòu)。