Analysis of lnfluencing Factors on Yield of Seven Wheat Cultivars in Anhui Province

Li ZHAO，Xianfang HE，Ze LlU，Jianlai WANG

Crop Research Institute，Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Hefei 230031，China

Analysis of lnfluencing Factors on Yield of Seven Wheat Cultivars in Anhui Province

Li ZHAO，Xianfang HE，Ze LlU，Jianlai WANG*

Crop Research Institute，Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Hefei 230031，China

［Objective］The objective of this paper was to screen out suitable high yielding cultivars and to understand the current yield performance of wheat in Anhui Province.In addition，the influencing factors on wheat yield were discussed to establish suitable cultural practice.［Method］Main popularized cultivars and some new strains of wheat were selected as materials and planted in the Funan Farm and Longkang Farm in 2009-2011.The yield stability and influencing factors on yield of wheat were discussed.［Result］In Anhui Province，the weather had a great influence on wheat yield，resulting in significant differences in wheat yield among different years.Drought was the main factor restricting the yield.［Conclusion］（1）It was easy to achieve high yield when the three influencing factors on wheat yield were coordinated.（2）The occurred drought disaster in 2011 was the main factor limiting the 1 000-grain weight and final yield of wheat. （3）Different cultivars showed different yield stabilities.Among the test wheat cultivars，two cultivars（Wanke 06290 and Yannong 19）showed good yield stability，while Xinfumai No.1 showed higher yield.（4）The three influencing factors played different roles in different cultivars.In the promotion process，the characteristics of wheat cultivars should be fully understood.To achieve high yield，integrating cultural practices is a necessity.

Yield；Grains per spike；Effective panicle number；1 000-grain weight

Y ield of wheat is made up of spikes per unit area，grains per spike and grain weight.It is the result of genotype，environment and their interaction，and is affected by changes in climate.In recent years，climate is changeable，and the influence of adverse climatic on yield is becoming more and more serious.In 2009，late spring cold caused a low production.In 2010，the growth stage of wheat was extended and scab was severe under conditions of chilling weather before winter and low temperature and wet weather in heading flowering period.While in 2011，the severest drought in the last 60 years in the whole growth period caused great influence on production of wheat. Therefore，in this study，seven cultivars of wheat popularized in large area of Anhui Province were selected，and they were planted in the Funan Farm and Longkang Farm during 2009-2011.The aim of the experiment was to examine high yield，stability of performance and influencing factors under different environmental conditions. Eventually，the new wheat cultivars with high and stable yield were screened.This study will provide certain reference for adoption of measures for different wheat cultivars against disastrous weather.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Total seven wheat cultivars that were mainly promoted in Anhui Province were selected as the test materials，including Yannong 19，Wanmai 50，Wanmai 52，Zhoumai 23，Zhoumai 18，Wanke 06290 and Xinfumai No.1.

Experiment design

The seven wheat cultivars were planted in the Funan Farm and Longkang Farm in 2009-2011.The random block design was adopted. There were three replicates for eachtreatment.The area of each plot was 10 m2.There were total 12 rows in each plot.The four rows on both sides of a plot were used for sampling，while the middle eight rows were used for yield estimation.

Data processing and statistics

Variance analysis and correlation analysis were conducted using DPS Analysis Software.

Results and Analysis

Variance analysis of yield and three yield factors among different years

The variance analysis （Table 1， Table 2）showed that yield and 1 000-grain weight were all significantly affected by year，location×year，cultivar and year×cultivar.Effective panicle number and grain number per spike were significantly affected by year，location×year，cultivar and year×cultivar.It indicates that the effective panicle number and grain number per spike are controlled by genotype，but less affected by location.

As shown in Table 2 and Table 3，Xinfumai No.1 and Wanke 06290 are multi-spike cultivars.They showed the most effective panicles and greatest coordination in the three yield factors，thereby reaching the top yields of 8 605.95 kg/hm2and 8 093.1 kg/hm2. Although Zhoumai 18 and Zhoumai 23 belong to the large-spike and big-grain type，their outputs were slightly lower because ofless effective panicles（5.866 5 million panicles/hm2and 5.587 5 million panicles/hm2）.

Table 1 Variance analysis of yield and three yield factors

There were small differences in yield of Yannong 19 among the three years，indicating that Yannong 19 is a yield-stable cultivar.The annual outputs of Wanmai 50 and Wanmai 52 were significantly reduced in 2010 and 2011 compared with those in 2009，indicating that the yield and yield factors of Wanmai 50 and Wanmai 52 were significantly influenced by environmental factors.Chilling damage，along with scab，occurred before winter of 2010，resulting in great variations in yield and yield components，thereby leading to great variation coefficients.

As shown in Table 3 and Table 4，great differences were observed in wheat yield，as well as in 1 000-grain weight，among the three years.The wheat yield was highest in 2009，but lowest in 2011.In 2010，the low temperature before winter and scab's onset reduced the numbers of effective panicle and grain，but the ample raining and water in the late growth stage，which was beneficial to grain filling，increased the 1 000-garin weight adversely.In 2011，the most serious drought disaster throughout the past 60 years，along with insufficient irrigation，decreased greatly the 1 000-grain weight and yield of wheat.

In 2009，the influence of late spring cold on wheat yield was small. Due to the greater coordination in the three yield factors，wheat yield was higher in 2009.

The effective panicle number in 2011 was increased slightly compared with those in the previous two years. The variation coefficient of effective panicle number was smaller in 2011，but was larger in 2010.The differences in effective panicle number and grain number per spike were not as obvious as those in yield and 1 000-grain weight among years.Among the three years，the grain numbers per spike were ranked as 2009＞2011＞2010. In 2010 and 2011，early-winter chilling damage increased infertile floret number，thereby reducing the grain number per spike.In 2011，the variation coefficient of grain number per spike was higher，and the effect of drought on grain weight was greater compared with those in 2009.Scab occurred in 2010，but adequate rainfall extended the grain filling stage，so the 1 000-grain weight was increased significantly and was significantly higher than those in 2009 and 2011.

Table 2 Significance analysis of the differences in yield and three yield factors among cultivars

Fig.1-Fig.4 showed that the performance of yield and three yield factors was different among the wheat cultivars.The difference in yield was not significant between Yannong 19and Wanke 06290.It suggests that Yannong 19 and Wanke 06290 are all yield-stable cultivars.According to the performance of yield and yield factors，it was concluded that Yannong 19 is resistant to cold，but Wanmai 50 and Wanmai 52 are susceptible to cold.In 2010 and 2011，low temperature produced great impact on the effective panicle number and grain number per spike，but the abundant rainfall increased the 1 000-grain weight.The drought greatly reduced the grain weight of wheat in 2011.The effective panicle numbers of Wanke 06290 and Xinfumai No.1 did not differ significantly among the three years，indicating that spike-multiple cultivars have a stable performance in panicle number.

Correlations between yield and three yield factors

The correlation analysis between yield and three yield factors showed that the effects of yield factors on wheat yield were different.As shown in Table 5，effective panicle number，grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight were all positively correlated with yield，but the correlations were not significant.Compared with 1 000-grain weight，effective panicle number and grain number per spike showed greater effects on wheat yield. There were no significantly negative correlations between the three yield factors，indicating that each yield factor hampers the others，and there are reciprocal relationships among them. In addition，the 1 000-grain weight was negatively correlated with effective panicle number，but the correlation was not significant，which was due to that different cultivars were affected by different growth conditions.

Analysis of stability of the three yield factors

Table 6 showed that the variation coefficients of yield and three yield factors differed greatly among different cultivars.The variation coefficients of yields of Wanke 06290 （10.80%），Wanmai 50（11.93%）and Yannong 19（8.96%）were relative small，but the variation coefficient of Wanmai 52 was relatively large（18.65%）.Therefore，it could be concluded that the yields of Wanke 06290 and Yannong 19 are high and stable；the yield of Wanmai 50 is stable but not high；the yield of Wanmai 52 is neither high nor stable. The variation coefficients of effective panicle numbers of Zhoumai 23，Wanmai 52 and Wanke 06290 were relatively small，indicating that they are yield-stable cultivars.However，the effective panicle number of Zhoumai 23 was smaller.There were no significant differences in variation coefficient of grain number per spike among different cultivars， except Zhoumai 18 whose grain number per spike was smaller.In terms of 1 000-grain weight，there were significant differences in variation coefficient among all cultivars；Yannong 19 had the smallest variation coefficient（8.52%）and its 1 000-grain weight was also relatively small；Zhoumai 18 showed relatively small variation coefficient（9.94%），but its 1 000-grain weight was largest（43.73 g）.It suggests that Zhoumai 18 might be a high-and stable-yielding cultivar.

Table 3 Statistical data of yield and three yield factors

Conclusions and Discussion

Three yield factors

Importance of coordination among the three yield factors for high yield of wheat Coordination among the three yield factors is of great significance to achieving high yield of wheat. Previous researches have shown that the three yield factors have different influence on wheat yield，but no unified conclusion has been achieved［1-3］.It was considered that1000-grain weight，effective panicle number or grain number per spike would be an important factor affecting the yield of wheat. Many research findings revealed that improvement of wheat yield might depend on the increase in grain number per spike at present［4-5］.In the last few years，the main way to breed high yielding cultivars was to increase grain number per spike of wheat［6］.In this study，the highest yield in 2009 was owing to the coordination among the three yield factors，indicating that the lack of one factor may produce great influence on yield of wheat.The data in 2011 suggested that 1 000-grain weight was a major influencing factor on wheat yield，but it was affected by environment.

Different contributions of the three yield factors to yields of different cultivars For Yannong 19（multiplespike type），1 000-grain weight was the greatest influencing factor on wheat yield；for Zhoumai 23（largespike type），grain number per spike was an important factor determining wheat yield；for Zhoumai 18（mediumspike type），effective panicle number was most important to wheat yield. Therefore，it is indicated that the important influencing factor on wheat yield can be judged according to the type of certain wheat cultivar；in order to obtain high wheat yield，the cultural practice should be strengthened to coordinate the three yield factors，or the management of certain factor that contributes the most to yield should be strengthened.

Great effects of meteorological conditions on yield and the three yield factors

Some researchers［7-8］considered that rainy weather，low temperature and reduction of sunshine seriously affect the photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in wheat，leading to decline of 1 000-grain weight.In 2010，the cold winter affected the tillering of wheat，so the effective panicle number of wheat was lower.The infertile spikelet number was increased and the grain number per spike was decreased by low temperature.In the late growth stage，the low temperature caused by rainy weather extended the growth period of wheat.However，abundant water and suitable temperature contributed to filling of wheat，so the 1 000-grain weight was increased. In 2011，the winter weather was stayed at a drought state.The timely irrigation at the seedling stage en-dowed wheat with a safe overwintering，so its tillering number and effective panicle number were increased compared with those in the previous two years.However，the persistent drought increased the sterile spike number and reduced the grain number per spike. The high temperature and dry-hot wind in the tillering stage led to early ripeness and dead ripeness of wheat，reducing the 1 000-grain weight，thereby reducing the yield of wheat.

Drought is an important factor affecting wheatyield.The variance analysis of yield and thee yield factors also showed that environmental factor produced great impact on wheat production.In actual production，corresponding measures can be adopted to avoid or reduce the losses caused by environmental disasters，and the wheat cultivars resistant to stress should be selected.

Screening of high-and stable yielding wheat cultivars

In recent years，the weather conditions were adverse to wheat production，leading to great loss.Therefore，it is a necessity to screen out some cultivars with high and stable yield and good resistance to stress.The stability analysis of yield and thee yield factors showed that Wanke 06290 and Yannong 19 are high-yielding cultivars，and Xinfumai No.1，Zhoumai 18 and Zhoumai 23 are high-but instableyielding cultivars.Combining the stability analysis and correlation analysis，it can be concluded that Wanke 06290 and Xinfumai No.1 are all multi-spike wheat cultivars，and their effective panicle numbers have a good stability. Forsuch wheat cultivars，in the premise of maintaining effective panicle number，enhancing the management of grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight can significantly improve their yield.Zhoumai 23 is a large-spike wheat cultivar，but its grain number per spike is greatly affected by environmental factors.The low temperature in the early growth period might increase the sterile florets and spikelets，so the stability of grain number per spike of Zhoumai 23 was moderate.Therefore，in the process of wheat production，the field management should be strengthened based on the type of certain wheat cultivar.

Table 4 Significance analysis of the differences in yield and three yield factors among years

Table 5 Correlation analysis between yield and three yield factors

Breeding of new wheat cultivars

The results of this study showed that Wanke 06290 and Xinfumai No.1，developed by the Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences，have high yield and good resistance to scab，and Yannong 19 has better resistance to cold.In order to better develop wheat industry，the breeding of wheat cultivars with high and stable yield and good stress resistance should be strengthened，thereby proving material support for high-yielding production of wheat.

Table 6 Variation coefficients of yield and three yield factors of different wheat cultivars

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Responsible editor：Tingting XU

Responsible proofreader：Xiaoyan WU

安徽省7個小麥品種的產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)及影響因素分析

趙莉，何賢芳，劉澤，汪建來*（安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物研究所，安徽合肥230031）

［目的］篩選適合安徽省種植的高產(chǎn)小麥品種，了解安徽省目前小麥產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)，對產(chǎn)量的影響因素進行探討，以便制定適宜的小麥栽培方法。［方法］2009～2011年選取安徽省主推小麥和最新選育的小麥新品系在阜南、龍亢兩點種植，研究3年來小麥品種豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性及產(chǎn)量三要素對小麥產(chǎn)量的影響，分析制約安徽省小麥產(chǎn)量的主要因素。［結(jié)果］氣象因素對小麥產(chǎn)量的影響較大，不同年份間小麥產(chǎn)量差異明顯，干旱是制約小麥高產(chǎn)的主要因子。［結(jié)論］①產(chǎn)量三要素協(xié)調(diào)易獲得小麥高產(chǎn)。②2011年度的干旱是制約小麥千粒重的主要因素，進而影響小麥的產(chǎn)量。③不同品種的豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性不同，該試驗中皖科06290和煙農(nóng)19表現(xiàn)出較好的穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性，新福麥1號表現(xiàn)出較好的豐產(chǎn)性。④對不同特性的小麥品種，產(chǎn)量三要素對不同品種的產(chǎn)量重要性不同。在小麥推廣過程中充分了解品種特性，根據(jù)小麥品種特點配套栽培措施，使小麥達到高產(chǎn)。

產(chǎn)量；穗粒數(shù)；有效穗；千粒重

安徽省小麥產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系研發(fā)中心。作者簡介 趙莉（1980-），女，安徽阜陽人，助理研究員，從事小麥育種研究，E-mail：zhaoli0221@sohu.com。*通訊作者，研究員，從事小麥育種研究，E-mail：jianlaiwang@sohu.com。

2014-12-23

Supported by Anhui Provincial Wheat Industrial Technology System R&D Center.

*Corresponding author.E-mail:jianlaiwang@sohu.com

Received:December 23，2014 Accepted:October 20，2015

修回日期 2015-10-20