重慶與曼谷：山水之間，合作之城

□ 文/何琴

重慶與曼谷：山水之間，合作之城

□ 文/何琴

城市簡(jiǎn)介

曼谷，別名“天使之城”、“佛廟之都”，位于湄南河畔，是黃袍之國(guó)泰國(guó)的首都，亦是泰國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、教育、交通運(yùn)輸中心及最大城市。曼谷市內(nèi)河道縱橫，貨運(yùn)頻繁，有“東方威尼斯”之稱，而曼谷港，是泰國(guó)和世界著名的稻米輸出港之一。曼谷一直以旅游和佛教盛名。2013年被評(píng)選為全球最受歡迎的旅游城市，世界著名的大王宮、鱷魚潭、考艾國(guó)家公園等旅游景點(diǎn)坐落在曼谷；曼谷也是眾多佛教寺廟的聚集地，歷史悠久的玉佛寺、臥佛寺、金佛寺是朝圣之旅的最佳選擇。曼谷佛教文化濃厚，人們的日常生活與佛教息息相關(guān)，其中有很多禁忌，游客需尊重當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)俗。

近幾十年來，曼谷發(fā)展迅速，一躍成為了泰國(guó)最大、東南亞第二大城市，并逐步發(fā)展成為國(guó)際大都市。曼谷城內(nèi)設(shè)有聯(lián)合國(guó)亞洲及太平洋經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)委員會(huì)總部、世界銀行、世界衛(wèi)生組織、國(guó)際勞工組織以及20多個(gè)國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)的區(qū)域辦事處。曼谷還是世界佛教聯(lián)誼會(huì)總部及國(guó)際亞洲理工學(xué)院所在地。近年來，曼谷與中國(guó)的許多城市建立了友好關(guān)系，如與北京、潮州、廣州、重慶等跨國(guó)城際間的交往常年不斷。2011年9月26日重慶與曼谷簽署了友好城市協(xié)議書，成為第四個(gè)與曼谷締結(jié)“姐妹城市”友好關(guān)系的中國(guó)城市。

外事知識(shí)

直航外交

直航是指簽署了通航協(xié)議的兩地飛機(jī)由雙方機(jī)場(chǎng)而不經(jīng)由第三地直接航行。直航能起到節(jié)約出行時(shí)間、降低出行成本的作用。直航為兩地人員往來、經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和各項(xiàng)交流提供了便利的交通運(yùn)輸條件。

“直航外交”是指由一國(guó)境內(nèi)一點(diǎn)或多點(diǎn)與國(guó)外一點(diǎn)或多點(diǎn)之間開通的國(guó)際直接航空客運(yùn)線往往能夠改善兩地交通運(yùn)輸條件，同時(shí)加強(qiáng)兩國(guó)的人員往來，促進(jìn)兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、政治、社會(huì)等方面的交流與合作，進(jìn)而達(dá)到外交的目的，其具有國(guó)家外交具體的表現(xiàn)形式與方式。

“直航外交”在國(guó)際友好城市間被廣泛使用。中國(guó)重慶與泰國(guó)曼谷于2011年9月26日結(jié)為友好城市，兩地于2012年3月23日正式開通直飛航線，成為開啟兩地友好關(guān)系的鑰匙，為兩地、兩國(guó)的各項(xiàng)交流合作架起空中橋梁。經(jīng)過四年的發(fā)展，重慶與曼谷的直飛航線不斷完善，成為我國(guó)與泰國(guó)“直航外交”的范例。

商務(wù)外交

商務(wù)外交，一般是指一國(guó)政府用貿(mào)易和投資等商務(wù)手段來達(dá)成與其他國(guó)家的外交活動(dòng)。商務(wù)外交的主體既有國(guó)家間的政府也有國(guó)內(nèi)政府與企業(yè)之間的合作。就重慶來講，渝洽會(huì)就是一個(gè)存在多年業(yè)已成熟的商務(wù)外交的范本。

渝洽會(huì)，全稱中國(guó)（重慶）國(guó)際投資暨全球采購(gòu)會(huì)，是重慶建設(shè)內(nèi)陸開放高地的重要載體，是商務(wù)部、國(guó)務(wù)院三峽辦、中國(guó)貿(mào)促會(huì)等國(guó)家部委，重慶市及全國(guó)20多個(gè)省市區(qū)人民政府聯(lián)合主辦的一項(xiàng)重要貿(mào)易投資促進(jìn)活動(dòng)。經(jīng)過多年的培育與發(fā)展，目前已成為西部領(lǐng)先、國(guó)內(nèi)一流的大型國(guó)際性展會(huì)，為西部地區(qū)參與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化進(jìn)程、開展多種形式經(jīng)貿(mào)合作、促進(jìn)東中西部區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展搭建了良好的平臺(tái)。

外事案例

重慶與曼谷架起“空中橋梁”

2011年9月26日，中國(guó)重慶與泰國(guó)曼谷結(jié)為友好城市，曼谷成為第一個(gè)與重慶建立友好城市的外國(guó)首都城市。兩市自結(jié)為友好城市以來，就致力于盡快實(shí)現(xiàn)兩地直航。2012年3月23日，亞洲航空的一架空客A320型飛機(jī)，從曼谷順利飛抵重慶江北國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)，重慶至曼谷定點(diǎn)直飛航班正式開通。2013年10月27日，泰國(guó)微笑航空正式開通重慶-曼谷航線。這也是重慶第二條直飛曼谷的定期航線。2015年9月2日，一架空客A320飛機(jī)加入重慶航空公司機(jī)隊(duì)，將執(zhí)飛重慶航空年底開通的曼谷航線，這是重慶本土航空公司首次開通國(guó)際航線。

重慶與曼谷直飛航線開通，兩地空中交通日益改善，中國(guó)游客將大幅增加，也將帶動(dòng)曼谷乃至全國(guó)其他城市的旅游業(yè)發(fā)展。在為泰國(guó)創(chuàng)造更多外匯的同時(shí)，也將有力促進(jìn)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展與完善，實(shí)現(xiàn)其經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

曼谷是泰國(guó)首都，還是泰國(guó)及東南亞的門戶和經(jīng)濟(jì)中心；重慶是中國(guó)的直轄市，是中國(guó)中西部門戶和長(zhǎng)江上游的經(jīng)濟(jì)中心。中泰兩國(guó)民族文化都非常豐富。直航增加了兩國(guó)的經(jīng)貿(mào)往來，兩國(guó)的文化交往也更加密切。這條“空中橋梁”的不斷發(fā)展完善，對(duì)促進(jìn)兩國(guó)的各方面交流與合作，都具有重要意義。

泰國(guó)曼谷與第十八屆“渝洽會(huì)”

第十八屆“渝洽會(huì)”于2015年5月28日到31日在重慶國(guó)際博覽中心舉行?！坝迩?huì)”期間，重點(diǎn)推介了“一帶一路”沿線和亞太國(guó)家的投資機(jī)遇，集中展示先進(jìn)制造業(yè)、現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)和居民消費(fèi)等領(lǐng)域的新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)，舉辦多場(chǎng)國(guó)際投資貿(mào)易高層次論壇及系列專題活動(dòng)、專場(chǎng)投資采購(gòu)對(duì)接會(huì)和區(qū)域合作等相關(guān)活動(dòng)。

以渝洽會(huì)作為兩國(guó)政府和企業(yè)之間合作的平臺(tái)，中泰之間達(dá)成不少雙邊或多邊協(xié)議，推動(dòng)了兩地之間的合作與發(fā)展。第十八屆渝洽會(huì)將中國(guó)（重慶）—東盟經(jīng)貿(mào)合作懇談會(huì)提上日程，推介巴南公路口岸，促進(jìn)重慶與東盟國(guó)家在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通、物流貨運(yùn)、房地產(chǎn)、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口等領(lǐng)域的投資貿(mào)易合作，與泰國(guó)簽訂重慶單軌技術(shù)海外推廣聯(lián)合體。

雖然重慶已經(jīng)與曼谷實(shí)現(xiàn)直航，但一些基本農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的保障用飛機(jī)運(yùn)輸成本太高，及時(shí)修通公路不僅造福兩地人民還能促進(jìn)兩地乃至兩國(guó)之間的經(jīng)貿(mào)交流。

延伸閱讀

城市與水

據(jù)國(guó)家旅游局統(tǒng)計(jì)，2014年全年，中國(guó)到泰國(guó)旅游人次達(dá)到400萬，僅2015年上半年，中國(guó)到泰國(guó)的人次已經(jīng)刷新了前一年的全年記錄。作為東南亞地區(qū)的第二大城市，曼谷以什么魅力吸引著中國(guó)游客呢？答案是多樣的，在各色的回答中，水是最不容易被忽略的一個(gè)因素。世界上的著名城市，幾乎都與水有著深厚的感情，曼谷也不例外。重慶作為一座山城，與水也有緊密聯(lián)系。在某種程度上，可以說是水成就了這些城市的輝煌。

翻開泰國(guó)地圖，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一條河縱貫泰國(guó)南北，這條河被稱作昭披耶河，又名湄南河，在泰語中是“母親河”的意思，該河在泰國(guó)歷史上的重要性猶如黃河對(duì)中國(guó)的重要性。滔滔蜿蜒的湄南河流經(jīng)曼谷市，將城市一分為二。東岸是現(xiàn)代繁華的市區(qū)，西岸則是較為鄉(xiāng)土的曼谷。正是這條河，造就了曼谷市內(nèi)四通八達(dá)的水網(wǎng)，形成了當(dāng)?shù)靥厣核先思液退鲜袌?chǎng)。重慶，作為一個(gè)山城，最獨(dú)特的地方在于其山上山下，山上人家和山上市場(chǎng)。不經(jīng)意間，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)城市間的某種契合點(diǎn)。

說到潑水節(jié)，人們不禁會(huì)想到傣族潑水節(jié)，其實(shí)潑水節(jié)也是東南亞其他國(guó)家人民的節(jié)日。在泰國(guó)，潑水節(jié)即泰歷新年，又名宋干節(jié)，“宋干”是“新的太陽年開始”，有萬象更新之意。潑水節(jié)是泰國(guó)一年當(dāng)中最隆重歡樂的節(jié)日。每逢潑水節(jié)，泰國(guó)全境盛況空前。節(jié)日期間，人們相互潑水，以示慶祝，洗去一年的晦氣，迎來平安順暢的新年。潑水習(xí)俗原本帶有宗教意味，現(xiàn)在更多帶有娛樂和嬉戲的因素，不管老人、小孩還是年輕人，在潑水節(jié)期間都沉浸其中。

當(dāng)前，越來越多的中國(guó)游客到泰國(guó)歡度潑水節(jié)，通過水這個(gè)特殊的介質(zhì)，洗滌人們的心靈，重新認(rèn)識(shí)彼此，重新建構(gòu)新友誼，在兩國(guó)人民之間架起交往的橋梁。

● 作者為四川外國(guó)語大學(xué)國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)院碩士研究生

Source form internet

Introduction of Bangkok

Bangkok， also named as City of Angles and City of Temples， lies on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. As the capital of Thailand，it is the center of politics， economy， culture，education， transportation， and the most populous city of Thailand. In Bangkok， the water-based transport plays an important role and connects upstream and downstream provinces， which is known as “Venice of the East”. Bangkok Port is one of Thailand's main international ports for rice. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations. It is named as the “World's Best City” in 2013. There are many famous tourist attractions located in Bangkok， including the Grand Palace， Crocodile Farm， Khao Yai National Park and so on. Bangkok is also known for many Buddhist temples， among which Wat Phra Kaew， Wat Pho， Wat Arun are the best choices for pilgrimage. The Buddhist culture has a deep-rooted inf uence on Thai culture and people's daily life. There are many taboos， so visitors need to respect their local customs.

In recent decades， Bangkok develops so rapidly that it becomes the largest city in Thailand and the second largest one in Southeast Asia， and gradually develops into an international metropolis. The headquarter of U.N. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacif c， and the regional off ces of the World Bank， the World Health Organization，the International Labour Organization and more than 20 other representative offices of international organizations are located in the city. Bangkok is also the site of the World Buddhist Association and the International Asian Institute of Technology. In recent years， Bangkok has established profound friendship with many cities of China， such as Beijing， Tianjin， Chaozhou，Guangzhou， Chongqing. On September 26，2011， Chongqing and Bangkok signed sister city agreements， and Chongqing became the fourth sister city of Bangkok in China.

Knowledge of Foreign Affairs

Nonstop Flights Diplomacy

Nonstop flight allows planes to commute between two airports in different places without another transfer station under the contract signed by both party. Nonstop f ight saves time and money. It facilitates mutual visit， economic cooperation and exchanges of all sorts of people from these two places by making the transportation easier.

“Nonstop Flights Diplomacy” refers to a non-stop international airline linking one or several Chinese airports with their out bounded counterparts， which will normally helps to improve the transport environment of both. It fulfills its diplomatic purpose in a specif c form and way by encouraging further people-to-people visit and promoting the economic，cultural， political and social cooperation between the two countries.

“Nonstop Flights Diplomacy” strategy is widely adopted by the world's sister-cities. In 2011， Chongqing and Bangkok became the sister city on September 26. Their nonstop airline was put into service on March 23， 2012， opening up a friendly bilateral relationship， bridging the cooperation of all kinds between both the cities and the states. After four years' efforts，constant progress has made in improving the Chongqing-Bangkok airline， setting a good example among other Sino-Thai“Nonstop Flights Diplomacy”.

Commercial Diplomacy

Commercial diplomacy generally refers to a government used such as trade and investment， business means to achieve diplomatic activities with other countries. The main business of diplomacy both between countries the government also has the cooperation between government and enterprises between domestic. As for Chongqing， “CCISF” is a mature business for many years which has been a model for diplomatic presence.

“CCISF”， China （Chongqing） International Investment and Global Sourcing， is an important carrier of the construction in inland of Chongqing. It was held by the Ministry of Commerce，the State Council Three Gorges Project Construction， China CCPIT and other ministries， Chongqing and the country more than 20 provinces and cities an important trade and investment District People's Government. After years of training and development， it has become the leading western and domestic first-class large-scale international exhibition for the western region to participate in the process of economic globalization，various forms of economic and trade cooperation and promote coordinated economic development of central and western regions to build a good platform.

The Case of Foreign Affairs

Chong Qing and Bangkok Set up “Air Bridge”

On September 26， 2011， Chongqing， China established a sister city with Bangkok， Thailand， the first foreign capital city to establish a sister city with Chongqing. Since the two cities became sister cities， they had committed to direct f ights between two cities as soon as possible. On March 23， 2012，when Air Asia's Airbus A320 aircraft successfully flew from Bangkok to Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport， the nonstop f ights from Chongqing to Bangkok marked the off cial opening. On October 27， 2013， Thai Smile Air off cially opened Chongqing - Bangkok route， which was the second non-stop Bangkok Chongqing regular route. On September 2， 2015， an Airbus A320 aircraft joined the airline's f eet of Chongqing， and would fly the Bangkok route from Chongqing opening in the end of the year， which local airlines in Chongqing f rst opened international routes.

The nonstop flights between Chongqing and Bangkok opened， the air traffic between two cities was increasingly improving， Chinese tourists would be significantly increasing，and all these would also lead to the development of tourism in Bangkok and the country's other cities. While creating more foreign exchange for Thailand， it also would effectively promote the development and improvement of related industries and achieve sustainable development of its economy.

Bangkok is Thailand's capital and is the economic center and portal of Thailand and Southeast Asia； Chongqing isChina's municipality， and is the gateway of central and western place in China and the economic center of the upper river of the Yangtze River. China and Thailand are very rich in national culture. Nonstop flights not only increase economic trade between the two countries， but also cultural exchanges between the two countries become closer. The constant development and improvement of the “Air Bridge”have a great point to promote exchanges and cooperation in various aspects between the two countries.

Bangkok， Thailand and Eighteenth “CClSF”

On May 28， 2015 to the 31st， Eighteenth“CCISF” was held in Chongqing International Expo Center. During the “CCISF”， the topic will focus on introducing investment opportunities“along the way” along with Asia-Pacif c countries，showcasing new products， new technology advanced manufacturing， modern services and consumer areas such as international trade and investment held several high level forum and a series of special events， special investment matchmaking procurement-related activities and regional cooperation.

In “CCISF” cooperation between the two countries as a platform for government and business， achieve a lot of bilateral or multilateral agreements between Thailand and promote the cooperation and development between the two places. Eighteenth “CCISF” to China （Chongqing）- ASEAN Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum on the agenda， road crossings Available Banan， Chongqing and ASEAN countries to promote infrastructure interoperability， logistics and freight forwarding， real estate， investment and other areas of agricultural imports trade cooperation， and Thailand signed the Chongqing monorail technology overseas promotion of the Commonwealth.

Although Chongqing has been achieved with nonstop flights to Bangkok， but to protect some of the basic agricultural products by air transportation costs are too high， timely repair roads for the benef t of the two peoples can not only promote economic and trade exchanges between the two countries as well.

Further Reading

City and Water

On the grounds of the country tourism office statistics， the number of tourists from China to Thailand reached 4 millions in fullyear 2014 while the number in the f rst half of 2015 has exceeded that in full-year 2014. As the second largest city in South East Asia， what charm attracts Chinese tourists to Bangkok？ The answer is varied but the water is one of the elements most likely to be overlooked in all kinds of answers. Famous cities in the world are closely allied to water. Bangkok is no exception. Chongqing is a mountain city closely linked to water. To some extent， it can be said that the water contributes to the glory of the city.

Opening the map of Thailand， we can find a river crossing the north and the south. The river is called Chao Phraya River， also known as the Mae Nam River， which in Thailand language means“Mother River”. The importance of the river in the history of Thailand equals to that of the Yellow River in China. A winding of the Mae Nam River flowing through Bangkok divides the city into two parts. The east coast is a modern bustling urban district and the West Bank has a strong f avor of rural life. It is the river that creates water network accessible from all directions in Bangkok and forms local characteristics： people on the water and market on the water. As a mountain city， the most unique characteristic of Chongqing is residence on the mountain and market on the mountain. Inadvertently，we can f nd some sort of similarity between the two cities.

When it comes to the Water-Sprinkling Festival， people cannot help thinking of the Water-Sprinkling Festival of the Dai. In fact，the Water-Sprinkling Festival is also the Festival of the people of other countries in Southeast Asia. In Thailand， the Water-Sprinkling Festival is New Year in Thai lunar calendar， also known as Songkran.“Songkran” is “new solar year start”， which means renewal. The Water-Sprinkling Festival is the happiest and most solemn festival. During the Water Splashing Festival， the splendor of the occasion surpassed anything heretofore seen throughout Thailand. During the festival， people splash water to wash away the bad luck and usher the safe and smooth New Year. Songkran customs originally attach to religious signif cance， now relate to more fun and frolic. Regardless of the elderly， the children and young people， they are immersed in it during the Water Splashing Festival.

At present， more and more Chinese tourists come to Thailand to celebrate Songkran. As a special medium， water purif es people's hearts and offers a chance to people to recognize each other and to construct a new friendship for building the bridge to increase communication between people in China and Thailand.

● By post-graduate student of School of International Relations, Sichuan International Studies University

Chongqing and Bangkok：Cities of Landscape， Cities of Cooperation

□ Written by He Qin