法國前總理多米尼克·德維爾潘演講

法國前總理多米尼克·德維爾潘演講

全體會議

Plenary Session

主持人： 張曉強

MC: Zhang Xiaoqiang

中國國際經(jīng)濟交流中心常務(wù)副理事長

Permanent Vice Chairman and CEO, CCIEE

女士們先生們，各位嘉賓：

今天能夠在此與大家共同探討歐洲和中國的未來發(fā)展，我倍感欣喜。就未來發(fā)展而言，重慶在諸多方面可謂未來發(fā)展的象征：

● 重慶能代表我們在未來可持續(xù)性發(fā)展大城市時將要面對的共同挑戰(zhàn)。歐洲和東亞都是世界上人口比較密集的地方。

● 重慶能代表中國的飛速發(fā)展，能代表中國向內(nèi)陸發(fā)展、向增長和發(fā)展尋找新動力、向高科技高質(zhì)量服務(wù)發(fā)展的趨勢。

● 今天的會議在張高麗副總理的致辭中拉開帷幕。張高麗總理一直積極致力于國際金融和經(jīng)濟合作。歐洲和東亞的產(chǎn)量占全球的三分之一有余，這就是為什么今天的會議具有代表性，我們今天討論的話題也具有重要意義。

一、我們現(xiàn)在處于全球化的交叉口，我們面對的不是混亂就是轉(zhuǎn)型。

正如大家知道的，在過去三十年里，全球化走進了很多死胡同。

威脅全球經(jīng)濟的有很多不確定的“黑箱子”。2008年的經(jīng)濟危機就是一個警告。那么我們汲取全部的教訓了嗎？沒有。今年，可能會有一場新的威脅上百萬人民的危機出現(xiàn)。緩解上次經(jīng)濟危機采取的措施很有可能引發(fā)一場新的危機。美聯(lián)儲和歐洲中央銀行采取的量化寬松政策制造了金融泡沫，一直將利率控制在很低的水平，使市場的流動性大大增加，股票市場資產(chǎn)膨脹并超過實際收益。在東亞也能看到一些令人擔憂的現(xiàn)象，經(jīng)濟增長率跌至7%以下，能源消耗率也下降了8%。

交通和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)方面也存在一些瓶頸，進而誘發(fā)危機、導致不確定性因素。馬六甲海峽承擔了中國80%的海運，中國應(yīng)將目光放在霍爾木茲海峽，這樣可以避免產(chǎn)生交通交流混亂的風險。同樣，通信和網(wǎng)絡(luò)方面存在發(fā)展瓶頸，致使我們越來越難抵御黑客和網(wǎng)絡(luò)恐怖主義。

政治方面的不穩(wěn)定因素也在增長。全球化使國家、領(lǐng)土完整、領(lǐng)土主權(quán)的概念變淡，因為圖像和媒體的全球化使不同身份背景的個體之間的關(guān)系緊張，讓人們之間相互憤恨，并很有可能引發(fā)暴力。我們看到，不穩(wěn)定的因素正在動搖世界的和平。今天，我們通過視頻看到了敘利亞和伊拉克“伊斯蘭國”的行徑，他們的野蠻殘暴行為完全出于憎恨，他們就像搖滾樂隊一樣不顧自己的形象，他們的行徑完全是兇殘的挑釁！我們看到，非洲薩赫勒地區(qū)和大湖區(qū)的危險與日俱增，未來幾年很可能成為關(guān)注的熱點。中亞地區(qū)也存在危險因素。伊斯蘭教激進主義和恐怖主義正在從高加索地區(qū)到前蘇聯(lián)地區(qū)逐漸占領(lǐng)高地。這些不穩(wěn)定因素引發(fā)了大量的人口遷移，無論是在非洲，還是在非洲與歐洲之間，這些人口遷移又制造了更多的不穩(wěn)定和潛在的危機。這一切都可能引發(fā)對抗與交鋒。

充滿對抗的未來將會混亂不堪。

在這個依靠能源通信和貿(mào)易發(fā)展的世界，對抗是必不可少的一部分，也是世界秩序混亂的來源之一。和平成為大家的共同訴求，成為每個人的內(nèi)在訴求。我們自己的和平和其他人的和平現(xiàn)在合而為一。這就是為什么當我們談到境外軍事干涉的時候要格外謹慎，我們需要在西方在中東進行的長達十年的軍事干涉中汲取教訓。

在這個越來越依賴媒體的政治世界，政治方面的不穩(wěn)定已經(jīng)難以避免。這是我們從“阿拉伯之春”中學到的，也是我們從非洲一些國家的不穩(wěn)定中學到的。在長達一年多的時間里，這些國家的新一代和老一代領(lǐng)導有關(guān)權(quán)位爭奪的沖突一直不斷。這種情景出現(xiàn)在布基納法索、布隆迪、剛果民主共和國。國際社會需要對這種虛實和威脅提高警惕，預(yù)先做出準備，而不是事后再去彌補。我們需要現(xiàn)在就討論、去思考、去行動。在中亞也是如此，國際社會似乎正在默默等著災(zāi)難的發(fā)生，無動于衷。

然而從另一方面說，一個合作的未來將會是增長、就業(yè)、發(fā)展的保證。

建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施會增加現(xiàn)在和未來的活躍性。這是這個行業(yè)的優(yōu)勢，能給我們帶來累計的、正面的外部效應(yīng)。歐洲國家的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施已經(jīng)非常完善，需要我們充分利用過去幾十年積累的經(jīng)驗和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟，開拓新的市場，建造最好的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。

鑒于對抗的危險很大，我認為我們需要一支國際性的力量，發(fā)揮行政和司法的力量，支持國家和政治轉(zhuǎn)型。這就是為什么聯(lián)合國維和行動需要改革，組建新的力量、接收新的指令，允許他們在發(fā)生內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時能夠長期駐扎。這也是為什么我們需要更多、更多樣、更合法、更高效的全球治理。這就意味著，我們要改革聯(lián)合國安全理事會，將他的話語權(quán)延伸到金融方面和環(huán)保方面。

二、歐洲和中國需要攜手共克時艱。

歐洲和中國是當今世界面對風險最大的地區(qū)。

歐洲和亞洲是維護亞歐團結(jié)的重要鏈條。這兩大洲是世界上經(jīng)濟規(guī)模最大、最獨立同時也是人口最密集的區(qū)域。兩大洲幅員遼闊，國家眾多，而這些國家的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施都還不是很完善，人均收入也低于全球平均水平的60%。

不僅如此，歐洲和中國還都正在經(jīng)歷著重要但是艱難的轉(zhuǎn)變。

歐洲因為債務(wù)、通貨緊縮、工業(yè)模式的停滯而經(jīng)歷危機，因而很有必要找到推動經(jīng)濟增長的新引擎。同時，歐洲各國的邊界問題頻仍，大量難民涌入，這些難民在選組當中發(fā)揮的作用不可忽視，因而需要尋求新的解決動力。

中國目前正經(jīng)歷經(jīng)濟下行，這種趨勢帶來了質(zhì)疑和不確定性。外向型經(jīng)濟向內(nèi)向型經(jīng)濟自然過渡的時期，很有必要保持中國經(jīng)濟的穩(wěn)定發(fā)展。所有的新興市場國家都經(jīng)歷過這個時期。上世紀七八十年代日本、臺灣、韓國等亞洲四小虎經(jīng)歷過這些。日本遭遇的危機時間要稍長，而韓國等其他國家則通過改革和重組度過了危機。

歐洲和中國諸多領(lǐng)域的合作對雙方都至關(guān)重要。

在創(chuàng)業(yè)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)創(chuàng)新領(lǐng)域，美國在過去幾十年里一直處于領(lǐng)先地位。他們通過硅谷創(chuàng)造了巨大的比較優(yōu)勢。谷歌（Google）、亞馬遜（Amazon）、臉書（Facebook）和蘋果（Apple，合稱GAFA）四分天下，主導了整個市場。中國在崛起。歐洲也有很多人才，但很多都被美國的公司所挖走。我相信歐盟、俄羅斯和中國在新興科技方面的合作將會使全球創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)新的制衡。但是現(xiàn)在，我們需要加大合作，開展更好的合作，同時應(yīng)該志存高遠，面向新的時代，以轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展為發(fā)展目標。

我們需要共同應(yīng)對社會的老齡化趨勢，這是一項前所未有的挑戰(zhàn)。中國社會急速的老年化，在新一代逐漸成長之時，帶來了經(jīng)濟和政治上的問題。之前，我們是一個甚至兩個勞動力贍養(yǎng)一個老人，而在將來，將變成一個勞動力贍養(yǎng)兩個老人。

● 隨著移民和外國雇傭勞動力的增加，我們可以從人口學的角度提供解決方案。說得明白一點，如果我們不想未來的世界變成一個新的“奴隸”世界，這將是我們必須面對的問題，需要精心的組織，應(yīng)該根據(jù)聯(lián)合國國際勞工局制定的規(guī)范，在全球范圍內(nèi)組織勞動力。

● 也可以從政治上提供解決方案。應(yīng)該從國家的層面加強組織、團結(jié)一致，應(yīng)對老齡化、依賴性和醫(yī)療費用增長帶來的風險。

● 當然也可以從經(jīng)濟和科技的角度提供解決方案，因為在未來的數(shù)年里，醫(yī)療保健、特殊住房、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等領(lǐng)域都將成為與社會老齡化息息相關(guān)的主要問題。我們不必對未來心生恐慌，但是我們需未雨綢繆，努力提供解決問題的方案。

中國和歐洲都面臨著長期快速增長給環(huán)境帶來的問題。自“十二五”規(guī)劃實施以來，中國政府已作出了巨大的努力，但是擺在我們面前的仍然有很多重要決策要做，而與歐洲的合作則至關(guān)重要。

● 大力開展技術(shù)合作。歐洲公司擁有迄今最前沿的技術(shù)，我們可以開展諸多合作，共享經(jīng)濟發(fā)展成果。如在工業(yè)廢水處理領(lǐng)域，法國擁有VEOLIA等諸多頂級的專業(yè)公司。

● 積極開展政治合作，破解氣候變化難題。法國一直致力于這一領(lǐng)域，已經(jīng)精心開展一系列工作，擬于明年12月在巴黎舉辦的“第21屆聯(lián)合國氣候變化大會”推出富有誠意的合作計劃。我們都知道氣候變化是一個事實，我們還知道，我們從現(xiàn)在做起。在過去幾個月里，法國政府已經(jīng)采取積極行動。中國和美國也已經(jīng)進行雙邊協(xié)商，減少溫室氣體的排放。讓我們共同努力，使合作邁上新的臺階。

實現(xiàn)更好的互聯(lián)互通需要我們強化合作手段。

我相信，要構(gòu)想和投資工程我們需要新的多邊手段。在這個方面，金立群領(lǐng)導下的亞投行就是一個很好的例子。亞投行有將近60個成員國，他們開始共同為具體的、共同的、全面的項目作出努力。

我們還需要在稅收、貿(mào)易壁壘、技術(shù)標準和調(diào)控方面達成協(xié)議，構(gòu)建一個歐亞共同市場，互通網(wǎng)絡(luò)實現(xiàn)全面內(nèi)部管控。這一點至關(guān)重要，因為我們正處在一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)互聯(lián)的時代，一個智能光纜使能源的全球流動成為可能的時代。當我們討論不同的雙邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定的時候，我們需要考慮共同利益，著眼全局發(fā)展。今天我們要討論的，不是1985年的中國歐洲貿(mào)易協(xié)定，盡管我們2007年以來一直在討論這個問題，我們需要的是宏圖偉略，運用像此次協(xié)商一樣的杠桿手段去創(chuàng)建一個共同的市場，將俄羅斯與亞歐聯(lián)盟國家的對話融入其中。我們需要的不僅是協(xié)議，同時也需要規(guī)則與互相尊重，因為這是一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)間諜和經(jīng)濟情報日益重要的時代。

三、轉(zhuǎn)型是創(chuàng)新的飛躍，是全球?qū)用娼?jīng)濟模式的轉(zhuǎn)變。

看看全球化的第一次劇變吧，這是三大要素共同作用的結(jié)果。首先是技術(shù)要素，1956年我們發(fā)明了集裝箱，20世紀70年代以后實現(xiàn)了普遍推廣，這大大推動了海上運輸?shù)陌l(fā)展，減少了運輸成本，特別是轉(zhuǎn)運貨物的運輸成本。其次是政治要素，如中國的現(xiàn)代化和1978年以后在鄧小平領(lǐng)導下建立的經(jīng)濟特區(qū)。第三個要素則是金融的國際化。金融國際化使國家的外匯管理力度降低，國際銀行業(yè)務(wù)標準化，如20世紀70年代的出現(xiàn)的清算或SWIFT程序?？萍肌⒄魏徒鹑谌矫娴墓餐瑒?chuàng)新是經(jīng)濟變革的關(guān)鍵。

今天，我們需要經(jīng)濟變革，需要在這三個領(lǐng)域做出創(chuàng)新。

● 創(chuàng)新意味著基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，我們需要加固市場的互通性。

今天我們正處在交通技術(shù)革新的前夜。舉幾個例子說明。今天我們能夠用與火車相差無幾的固定費用，以極超音速的速度來陸運集裝箱。這不僅是基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的改變，也是經(jīng)濟本質(zhì)的改變，因為這意味著物流成本大幅減少，對工業(yè)公司的貨存大有好處。這是一個“即時到達”的經(jīng)濟新時代。在這種交通模式下，越是靠近樞紐的地方，其創(chuàng)造的優(yōu)勢就越大，因為與前面幾千米的運輸相比，最后一千米的運輸花費的時間則更多。北京、上海、天津、大連距離巴黎、法蘭克福、米蘭的等城市的距離，將比慕尼黑、布魯塞爾、華沙距離這些城市的距離更近。

我們需要充分發(fā)揮我們的想象力。我們需要醞釀交通的變革，就像鐵路在19世紀的作用一樣。我們要敢于想象，在鹿特丹和大連之間修建一條10，000公里的鋼管或碳纖維管，裝滿貨物的集裝箱在磁懸浮的作用下，在接近真空的狀態(tài)下以每小時1000千米的高速前行。

● 創(chuàng)新意味著金融創(chuàng)新，通過規(guī)則的磨合和穩(wěn)定的政策創(chuàng)造新型的非物質(zhì)性互聯(lián)互通。

信用評級系統(tǒng)是建立一個更好的商品、服務(wù)、投資共同市場的關(guān)鍵之一。現(xiàn)在這一系統(tǒng)為美國的三大巨頭所掌控，是有失公平的。這意味著，在債權(quán)國的現(xiàn)金流向上，債務(wù)國擁有話語權(quán)。2008年的經(jīng)濟危機已經(jīng)表明，這些評級體系缺乏準確性，同時具有順周期效應(yīng)，加劇不穩(wěn)定因素。我相信亞洲的崛起和中國經(jīng)濟的全球化正改變著世界。李克強總理已經(jīng)發(fā)起亞洲信用系統(tǒng)改革的倡議，致力于建立一個更加公平、更加穩(wěn)定、更有效率的信用配置體系。這就是我們需要宏圖偉略的原因。中國大公集團和“俄羅斯信用集團”聯(lián)合創(chuàng)建了“全球信用評級集團”，這是第一個以亞洲為基地的全球性信用評價機構(gòu)，對此我表示全力支持。之所以支持它，不僅是因為該集團可以創(chuàng)建新的公平競爭環(huán)境，而且是因為這是一個區(qū)域性信用評價機構(gòu)的聯(lián)盟，其評價不僅可以將不同文化、不同經(jīng)濟實體的具體情況納入考慮，還可以將跨境投資的國際標準納入考慮，因而這是一種雙向評價。

● 最后，創(chuàng)新意味著政治的創(chuàng)新。

打造我們共同的未來，其關(guān)鍵是基于項目的合作，如“新絲綢之路項目”需要歐洲、俄羅斯和中國共同抓住這一合作的契機。過去幾個月里，我一直在歐洲、俄羅斯和中國大力倡導這一項目，因為我們需要周密考慮、充分利用這一項目。

我們需要將它打造成一個開放的項目。我們需要歐盟、俄羅斯、中國和沿線30個國家的共同參與。我們需要和美國進行有效的對話，因為他們是當今世界很重要的一極，在新的全球化進程中，我們都不想在各大勢力中產(chǎn)生對抗。

我們需要將新絲綢之路打造成一個多維的項目。它雖然是一個經(jīng)濟和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的項目，但還包括諸多其它在建項目，比如俄羅斯和中國之間的輸油管道和2014年普京和習近平主席簽訂的4千億美元的大項目合同。當然還有哈薩克斯坦的5000千米的高速公路建設(shè)，它將成為巴基斯坦和中國西部的走廊。還有紅海和沙特阿拉伯的項目等。

我們需要將新絲綢之路打造成一個創(chuàng)新的、接受多方意見的項目。我知道曾培炎先生和中國國際經(jīng)濟交流中心在這方面做出了非常大的努力。

女士們、先生們！

我們馬上就要邁入一個新時代，新絲綢之路將會成為引領(lǐng)我們走向未來的高速路。這條絲綢之路是連接歐洲和中國的新紐帶，并能將我們引向合作而非對抗。它能幫我們避免幾大勢力在中亞的對抗沖突；避免歐洲和亞洲在貿(mào)易上的爭端，進而避免經(jīng)濟下滑，它還能通過創(chuàng)造發(fā)展的新途徑來幫我們避免亞太地區(qū)的沖突。絲綢之路是兩只開放的大手跨越大半個地球伸向?qū)Ψ降南笳鳌?/p>

Keynote Speech Made by Dominique de Villepin，F(xiàn)ormer Prime Minister of France

Ladies and Gentlemen， Distinguished Guests，

It is a great pleasure to be here among you today and to discuss the future of Europe and the future of China， to discuss our common future.

Chongqing is in many ways a symbol of this future.

·It is a symbol of the common challenges of the future to develop huge cities in a sustainable way. Europe and Eastern Asia are among the two most densely populated areas in our world.

·It is a symbol of the fast development of the new China， turned towards inland China towards new sources of development and growth， towards high-technology and highend services.

·Today’s conference， opened by Vice Premier ZHANG Gaoli who has been working actively on international financial and economic cooperation， is a symbol， because Europe and Eastern Asia represent over a third of the world's output. That’s why the subject we are discussing today is anything but a sideline.

1. We are at a crossroads of globalization. A crossroads where you have either chaos or transformation.

The globalization as we have known it in the last thirty years is leading to several dead ends.

There are major “black boxes” of uncertainty that threaten the world economy. The crisis of 2008 has been a major warning. Have all the lessons been taken？ No. And this year there could well be a new crisis harming millions of people. The solution to the Precedent crisis---the Quantitative Easing of the Fed and now of the ECB，could well become the source of a new crisis， because it has created new bubbles and has infl ated stock markets assets beyond the real returns， because it has maintained artifi cially low interest rates that fl ood the markets with liquidities. And here in Eastern Asia， we see some worrying signs， with the slowdown of growth under 7%or the decrease by 8%of energy consumption.

There are major bottlenecks in transports and infrastructures that create risks and uncertainty. Look at the Ormuz Strait， look at the Malacca Strait which is the source of almost 80%of China without creating risks of disrupted communications and exchanges. There are bottlenecks also in communications and in the virtual networks of our world，that make us more and more vulnerable to hacking and to cyber terrorism.

There are growing political instabilities. Because the globalization has weakened the nation states， their territorial integrity and sovereignty， because the globalization of images and media has fueled the tensions between identities and created a world of resentment that has a deep potential of violence， we see instabilities shaking up our world. We witness it today with the Islamic State， in Syria and in Iraq，a group which dwells on hate and barbaric cruelty， a group that manages its image like a rock band， through video clipsatrocious provocations. We see the danger growing in Africa，in Sahel as well as in the Great Lakes region， which will be of major concern in the coming years. We see the danger grow also in Central Asia， where Islamist radicalism and terrorism is gaining ground from the Caucasus to the Former Republics of the Soviet Union. These instabilities create massive migrations，within Africa or between Africa and Europe that create yet more risks of instability. Everything leads to the risk of confrontation.

A future of confrontation would be a future of chaos.

In a world depending on energy-communications and trade as ours does， confrontation in one part of the world is a source of chaos for the whole world. Peace has become an immediate common good. Peace has become a necessity for each one of us. Our peace and the peace of others are now one and the same. That’s why we should be cautious when it comes to military interventions abroad， and take the lessons of ten years of Western interventions in the Middle East.

In a political world more and more depending on the media， the spreading of political instabilities has become unavoidable. That’s one of the lessons of the Arab Spring. That’s the lesson of the instabilities in several African countries since more than a year， signaling that the new generation isn’t ready to accept the prolongation of the older generation in power. That’s the case in Burkina Faso. In Burundi but also in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The international community should be aware of trends and threats and act in anticipation rather than in reparation. We need to discuss， think and act now. It’s true also for Central Asia， where the international community seems to be waiting for catastrophes to happen， silently.

But， on the contrary， a future of cooperation will be a guarantee of growth， of employment and of development.

Creating infrastructures creates activity today and activity tomorrow. It is the major privilege of this industry，it has cumulative positive externalities. In countries like in Europe where infrastructures have reached full scale， we need new markets where to propose and build the best possible infrastructures out of the experience and scaleeconomies we have gathered throughout the last decades.

Because confrontation is such a high risk， I think we need an international task force to support nationstates and political transitions， with administrative and judicial capabilities. That’s why we need a reform of UN peacekeeping with a new force and a new mandate， allowing long-term interposition in civil war situations. That’s why we need more world governance， with more diversity， more legitimacy and more efficiency. This means reforming the Security Council and extending its say on financial issues and on environmental issues.

2. Europe and China have to go hand in hand to face the hardships.

Europe and China are today the regions of the world for which stakes are highest.

Europe and Asia are the two key links of the long chain of Eurasian solidarity. They are the two most massive economic zones， the most independent zones， the most densely populated zones of the world. And they are separated by huge tracts of land， by countries in which development of infrastructures remains of insufficient， in which average income per capita remains below 60% of the world average.

More than that， Europe and China are both undergoing important and diffi cult changes.Europe is in crisis， because of debt， because of deflation， because of stagnation of its industrial model. It is necessary to find a new engine of growth. Europe needs new momentums for its borders，massive arrivals of refugees， important populist temptations in the elections.

China is facing a slowdown of its economy that creates questions and uncertainties. It is necessary to stabilize the economies in a phase of natural transition between an export oriented manufacturing country and a domestic consumption oriented service economy. All emerging countries in the past have experienced it. The dragons of the 70es and 80es，Japan， Taiwan and Korea have experienced it. Some have known a long term crisis like Japan， others have recovered through reform and restructuration like Korea.

There are many sectors in which Europe’s and China’s cooperation are vital for both of them.

In the fi eld of starups and Internet innovation， the United States have been taking the lead in recent decades. They have created a massive comparative advantage， which is the power of the Silicon Valley. The GAFA， Google-Amazon-Facebook and Apple dominate the market. China is rising. Europe has incredible talents， but once up by bigger fi shes from the U.S.. I believe the partnership between the EU，Russia and China on new technologies could allow the world innovation system to have checks and balances it lacks today. But today we have to be more ambitious than to cooperate better and more. We have to aim at transformation， at meeting a new age.

We have to face together the aging of societies， which is an unheard of challenge. The quick aging of the Chinese society creates economic as well as political questions when in the generation coming of age， there will be one worker for two elder people， against one for one or even two for one in the previous generation.

● There are demographic solutions with immigration and hired foreign workforce. Let’s be clear， it will be a major fact in the coming world and it needs to be organized if we don’t want to create a new world of slavery. We need to organize labor on the worldwide level， with regulations developed by the International Bureau of Labor under the United Nations.

● There are political solutions， because we need to organize the solidarity on the national level to compensate the risks of aging and of dependency， the rising costs of medical support.

● There are also economic and technological solutions，because the medical sector， the specialized housing sector，the Internet of things will become the main issues concerning aging societies in the coming years. We have not to be afraid of the future， but we have anticipate it and to work towards it.

China and Europe also forces the consequences of long and fast growth in the environment sphere. Much has been done since the 12th plan of the Beijing government， but there too major decisions lie ahead and the cooperation with Europe will be crucial.

● Technological cooperation because European companies have the state of the art technologies today and there are many partnerships that would allow shared economic development. In the fi eld of treatment of Industrial wastewater for example， France boasts fantastic companies and successes like those of VEOLIA.

● But we need also political cooperation in order to tackle climate change. France has been committed to promote an ambitious agenda for a sincere agreement during the COP 21 conference on Climate Change in next December in Paris. We all know that climate change is a reality. We all know that we need to act now. But we also know that there is a long way to go. Our governments have taken initiatives in the last months that are very positive. China and the U.S. have also engaged in a bilateral negotiation on their reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Let’s bring this all together to the next level.

To reach better connectivity， we need to enhance our tools of cooperation.

I believe we need new multilateral tools to fi nance and imagine projects， in this

Regard the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank has been a major success under leadership of JIN Liqun. It has allowed almost 60 countries to become founding members of the institutions and to begin to work together on concrete，coherent and comprehensive development projects.

We need also new agreements on taxes， on trade barriers， on technological standards and on regulations in order to create a common market of Eurasia， in which networks will become fully interoperable. This is all the more important as we are entering a new age of networks，an age of smart grids allowing flows of energy around the world. It is important to take into account the general interest and the big picture when discussing the differentbilateral trade agreements. And maybe today， rather than renewing the 1985 China-EU trade agreement， which is being discussed since2007， we should have more ambition and use the leverage of such a negotiation to go forward on a common market， integrating to the discussions Russia and the countries of the Eurasian Union. We need not only agreements but also rules and mutual respect， in particular in a world where cyber-espionage and economic intelligence have become crucial.

3. Transformation is a leap in innovation， it is a change of economic model at the world level.

Look at the fi rst globalization， it was the result of three main factors: the first was technical， with the invention of containers in 1956 and the generalization of their use after the 1970s， which led to thriving maritime transports， to major cut of transport costs in particular in the transshipment of goods. The second is political factor， the modernization of China and the creation of Special Economic Zones in China under leadership of Deng Xiaoping after 1978. The third factor， the internationalization of fi nance with the reduction of national exchange controls and the standardization of practices in international banking， for example with clearings or SWIFT procedures in the 1970s. Simultaneous innovations in technology， in politics and in fi nance are the keys of an economic revolution.

Today， again we need an economic revolution， we need innovation in these three key areas.

● Innovation means technological innovation in infrastructures to enhance the physical connectivity of the markets.

Today， we are at the eve of technological revolutions in transports. Let me take a few examples. There are today possibilities to transport containers on land at hypersonic speed with fi xed capital expenses that would be comparable to trains. This is not only a change in degree of our infrastructures， it is a change of nature of our economies，because it would mean drastic reduction of logistics’costs for stocks for industrial companies. It would be the new age of tight on time economy. It would also create a huge advantage for the places nearest to the hubs of this transportation mode， because the last kilometer of transport will cost more time than the thousand kilometers before. Beijing， Shanghai， Tianjin or Dalian will be nearer to Paris，F(xiàn)rankfurt or Milan than Munich or Brussels or Warsaw.

Today we have to let our imagination free. We have to be able to imagine a transport revolution as important as the Railroad in the 19th century. We have to imagine a 10，000 kilometer line of steel or carbon fi ber tubes stretching through the steps form Rotterdam to Dalian， with container carrying pods pushed through magnetic suspension in quasivoid to a 1，000 kilometer per hour speed.

● Innovation means fi nancial innovation to create a new form of immaterial connectivity between the markets through harmonization of regulations， through implementation of stabilizing effects.

The credit rating system is one of the keys of a better common market for goods， services and investments. Today this system is unfair. It is dominated by the Big Three， U.S.-based agencies. This means the debtor countries of this world have the say on where the money flows from the creditor countries. The 2008 crisis has shown that these ratings lacked accuracy and that they had a procyclical effect that worsened instabilities. I believe the emergence of Asia and the internationalization of the Chinese economy is changing the world. Premier Li Keqiang has initiated a reform of the Asian Credit System that aims at a fairer， more stable and more efficient credit allocation. That’s why we need ambitious initiatives. I am supporting the first Asia-based global credit rating agency named Universal Credit Rating Group， which has been created by the Chinese agency Dagong and the Russian rating agency RusRating. I don’t support it only because it creates fair and new competition，but because it is an alliance of local credit rating agencies，able to jprovide a dual rating， taking into account at the same time the specifi cities of each economy of each culture and also the global standards of cross-border Investments.

● Innovation， last of all means political innovation.

The key to the common future is a project based cooperation. The example of the world is the New Silk Road Project and much will depend on Europe， Russia’s and China’s ability to seize the momentum of this partnership. I have been advocating for this Silk Roads project for many months now， in Europe， in Russia， in China. Because we need to think about it thoroughly to make the most of it.

We have to make it an open project. We need the implication of the EU， of Russia， of China of all the 30 countries along this road and belt. We need a strong dialogue with the United States because they are one of the powers of this world and no one needs a confrontation course between powers in this new globalization.

We have to make the New Silk Road a multi-dimensional project. It has to be about economy and infrastructure projects of course， and there are many projects on the way，pipelines between Russia and China and a mega-contract of 400 billion dollars， signed in 2014 between President Putin and Xi Jinping. There are also projects for a 5000-kilometer highway in Kazakhstan， for a corridor between Pakistan and Western China； projects in the Red Sea with Saudi Arabia.

We have to make the Silk Road an innovative project，open to all ideas. And I know very well all the work that has been done in that sense by Mr. ZENG Peiyan and the China Center for International Economic Exchanges.

Ladies and Gentlemen！

We are about to enter into a new age， and the New Silk Road will be the highway to lead us to this future. The Silk Road is the new thread that will bind together Europe and China and that will bring us to choose cooperation over confrontation. The way to avoid confrontations in Central Asia between superpowers. The way to avoid confrontations between Europe and Asia over trade disputes that could arise with the slowdown of economies. The way to avoid confrontation in the Asia Pacifi c by creating alternatives of development. The Silk Road is the symbol of two open hands reaching out to each other over half of this world.