赫貴祥
從各地市2015年的英語中考試題來看,閱讀理解仍是中考英語的測試重點(diǎn),也是中考英語試題中卷面分值最高的一種題型,在試卷中約占30%的比例。這類題型要求答題者通過閱讀英語短文(圖表)掌握其大意,并獲取其中的某些主要信息,然后根據(jù)題目要求完成選擇答案、判斷正誤、回答問題或完成短文等具體任務(wù),以考查學(xué)生的理解、分析、判斷、推理、概括和表達(dá)等綜合運(yùn)用英語的能力。
與平常的閱讀有所不同,中考英語閱讀理解對考生來說是一種功利性閱讀,能否及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地完成答題而獲得分?jǐn)?shù)對考試成敗起著決定性作用,是名副其實(shí)“拉開檔次”的題目,因而它是眾多考生比較擔(dān)憂的題型。那么,如何做好英語閱讀理解的教學(xué)呢?本文擬結(jié)合我省各地市近幾年的英語中考試題,并結(jié)合自身的畢業(yè)班英語教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)談一點(diǎn)兒個(gè)人的看法:
一、了解閱讀理解材料的選取原則
1. 信息數(shù)量。中考英語試卷中的閱讀短文(圖表)有4~5篇,短文的信息量都比較充足,長度大約在150~250詞左右,要求閱讀速度平均為40~50 Wpm(word per minute)左右。
2. 難易程度。所選短文在語法、句型等方面的難易程度和初中畢業(yè)年級教材中的課文基本相同,短文(圖表)中的生詞量控制在1%左右(由構(gòu)詞法形成的詞不計(jì)為生詞)。短文中盡量避免出現(xiàn)過多的漢語釋義,每篇短文所注釋的詞語一般不超過3個(gè)。
3. 題材定位。閱讀理解的題材比較廣泛,所選短文(圖表)原汁原味、趣味真實(shí)、時(shí)效性強(qiáng)、接近生活,避開那些流傳已久或人所共知的材料。內(nèi)容可包羅萬象,如有關(guān)動(dòng)植物、人物傳記、歷史、文化、環(huán)境、資源、交通、醫(yī)學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、信息、人生等。但總體上說,其題材主要集中在科普知識、社會文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)生活和理想信念等幾大方面。
4. 材料體裁。材料的體裁可以多種多樣,既包括記敘文,說明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文,也包括圖表等。每套試題往往有一篇考查特定信息能力的廣告、公告類材料,也可選用科普、新聞等體裁內(nèi)容,同卷中幾篇閱讀材料的體裁盡量不重復(fù)或少重復(fù)。
A. 敘述文。敘述文一般以講述個(gè)人生活經(jīng)歷為主,對于經(jīng)歷的陳述通常由一定的時(shí)間概念貫穿其中,或順序或倒序。但一般不出現(xiàn)單純性的敘述文,大多是夾敘夾議的短文。
B. 說明文(描述文)。說明文的一般結(jié)構(gòu)模式和敘述文的結(jié)構(gòu)模式有相同之處,即提出問題(或以一個(gè)事例引出問題)——發(fā)現(xiàn)直接原因——分析深層原因——得出結(jié)論或找到基本出路。
C. 議論文。作者首先提出一種普遍認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)或某些人認(rèn)可的主張,然后進(jìn)行澄清,說明自己的主觀看法,或者提出反主張和真實(shí)情況等。議論文的這種結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)決定了它的主要題型是作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題、文章主旨題以及推理判斷題。
D. 應(yīng)用文(圖表)。應(yīng)用文的具體內(nèi)容包括書信、電子郵件、日記、廣告、倡議書等。有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)涉及海報(bào)、通知等內(nèi)容的圖片題或體現(xiàn)某種說明、報(bào)告等內(nèi)容的表格題,這類體裁多以閱讀選答案的題型出現(xiàn)。
二、明確閱讀理解題的考查要點(diǎn)
1. 主旨大意題。指的是針對短文(圖表)的主要內(nèi)容、中心意思、內(nèi)在關(guān)系等設(shè)置的題目,答案涉及短文(圖表)的中心大意、標(biāo)題結(jié)論和綜合概括等。如短文首尾兩段的內(nèi)容表達(dá)是一致的,其主旨便是兩段重復(fù)表明的語句內(nèi)容。如果首尾段的主要內(nèi)容不一致,則須根據(jù)段落篇幅量的傾向確定主旨段落。如果短文只有一段,則首句及尾句多為確定主旨句的內(nèi)容。對于原材料是圖表閱讀題,其主旨內(nèi)容往往取決于圖片或表格的中心思想。例如:
①
58. What s the theme(主題)of Hey! Old Man? (2015年 綏化市)
A. Love. ? ? ? ? ? B. Food. ? ? ? ? ? C. Famous persons.
解析:本題是通過表格形式設(shè)計(jì)的海報(bào),旨在考查學(xué)生英語閱讀能力的同時(shí),也讓他們了解一些常見應(yīng)用文體的寫作形式。
A。第三幅圖的標(biāo)題是“Hey! Old Man”,根據(jù)該圖中的第一個(gè)句子“Its about a moving(感人的)TV play of love—the love for the old and the family.”足可以說明,這是介紹一部關(guān)于愛情主題電視劇的海報(bào)。
② You want to know about my staying in America, right? Well, to tell you the truth, it is really an eye-opening experience.
I didnt know how different textbook English could be from everyday English until I came to Hotchkiss School, Connecticut. When I first studied English, I was told to say “I am fine” when people say “How are you?” . But in the US, I found that people say “I am good” or “Im tired”. One day, someone greeted me with “Whats up?”. It made me confused. I thought for a moment and then smiled because I didnt know what to say.endprint
From that moment on, I have discovered more and more differences between Chinese and US cultures.
To my surprise, US girls spend a lot of time in the burning sun to get a tan(曬黑). However, in China, girls try every possible way to get their skin paler or “whiter”.
I am also surprised by how hard-working US students are. In China, schoolwork is almost everything, so we study hard and thats it. But here, a “good” student gets good grades, does a lot for the public and plays sports or music. The kids here are so talented. I am starting to be sorry that I gave up playing the piano when I was a child and that I have never thought about sports.
45. The passage is mainly about __________.(2014年 大慶市)
A. my own travel in the US
B. my staying in the US
C. my opinion about the US
D. my friends in the US
解析:本題通過作者在美國的一段經(jīng)歷敘述,介紹了一些西方文化情況。此題的選取目的是讓學(xué)生接觸更多的西方文化內(nèi)容,從而了解中西方文化的差異。
B。從局部看,A,C,D也許不算錯(cuò),但從全局看卻又片面,因此選擇B項(xiàng)。此類題大多數(shù)針對段落(或短文)的主題、主題思想、標(biāo)題或目的而設(shè)計(jì)的。
③ People play Latin music at home or when they visit their friends. Sometimes fans play cards in the afternoon or at night on weekends or holidays while they listen to Latin music. Some people bring guitars and play them when they sing. They listen to the music while they eat.
A. People dance to Latin music.
B. The instruments people play Latin music with.
C. Latin music is international.
D. Kinds of Latin music.
E. The places Latin music comes from.
F. When to play and listen to Latin music.
(2015年 齊齊哈爾市)
解析:本文是一段說明性質(zhì)的短文,主要介紹了人們演奏拉丁音樂的時(shí)間、對象等一些情況,旨在讓學(xué)生了解有關(guān)音樂的簡單常識。
F。這是一道對主旨大意進(jìn)行概括歸納的考題,即為主旨句的壓縮表達(dá)。這里主要根據(jù)原句中的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵語句visit their friends, in the afternoon,at night,when they sing,while they eat足可以說明,其表達(dá)的是“演奏或收聽拉丁音樂的時(shí)間”。
2. 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。查找短文(圖表)中主要的事實(shí)和特定的細(xì)節(jié)問題,考查答題者對關(guān)鍵詞句、具體事實(shí)、特定情節(jié)或真實(shí)數(shù)字等是否注意和理解,命題內(nèi)容一般涉及我們平常所說的五個(gè)“W(who,where, what, when, why)”和一個(gè)“H(How)”。這類題目有時(shí)可在原材料中直接找到與答案相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,但有時(shí)也對原句中的細(xì)微之處稍做變化,或截取原材料中的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造,所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是非常關(guān)鍵的。例如:
① Some time ago, an old businessman had a large store in Boston. He wanted a boy to work for him, and he put an advertisement in the newspaper. The next morning, many boys came to the old mans office, asking for the job.
There was a post(柱子)by his desk, and there was a nail(釘子)in it. He took a walking stick and said, “Everyone has three chances. If anyone can hit the nail on the head with this stick more than once, I will give him the job.” The boys thought it was easy. They all tried, but nobody could make it. So the old man said, “Im sorry I cant take any of you.” And they left.endprint
He kept the advertisement in the paper, and the next morning many more boys came, and among them he saw a thin boy who had been there the day before. The boy hit the nail successfully for three times. The old man felt surprised and asked how he did that. “Yes,” said the boy, “I failed yesterday, but I thought that if I kept on trying a while, I could do it. So I went home and practiced hitting a nail with a stick till I could do it, and I got up very early this morning, and tried again.”
The old man said, “You are the boy for me.” And he gave him the job. Whatever the boy had to do, he tried to do his best. It was not very long before he became the best clerk in the store.
76. What could they use to hit the nail?(2015年 雞西市)
解析:這是一個(gè)故事,作者選取本文的目的是要告訴人們:世上無難事,只怕有心人。
A walking stick/ A stick。根據(jù)第二自然段就可以知道,他們可以使用手杖來撞擊柱子上的這個(gè)釘子。
②
69. Alice wants to buy sports shoes for herself. the price is 100 yuan. she should only pay_______ yuan for them.(2015年 黑河市)
A. thirty ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. sixty ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? C. seventy
解析:本題是一道圖表題,選取本材料的目的是讓學(xué)生接觸現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中常見的廣告形式,了解一些購物常識。
C。根據(jù)“Sale”欄中的內(nèi)容“sports shoes, cut off by 30% each one”可知,運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋削價(jià)30%出售。原價(jià)100元的鞋,花70元就可以買到了。
③Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Im here today to share(分享)a good lesson with you. It is a true story about an overseas student living in Germany.
After years of hard work, this student graduated with amazing achievements. Everyone thought he was going to get a good job easily and have a bright future. But to his disappointment, he was not even given the chance of an interview! The third time he was refused, he couldnt help telephoning the company to ask why they didnt want him. The answer was simple, “We dont offer jobs to dishonest people in Germany.”
What was wrong, you might ask? The truth is, shortly after he arrived in Germany, this clever student found that it was easy to skip(跳過)buying subway tickets. So in order to save money, he often took the subway without a ticket. As a result, he had been caught without a ticket in the subway four times.
From this story, we learn that we may get short term benefits in dishonest ways, but the truth will come out sooner or later (遲早) and the cost is high. So remember: honesty is the best rule.
Thats all for my speech. Thank you!endprint
62. After he didnt get any chance of an interview, he felt_________. (2014年 牡丹江市)
A. happy ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. scared ? ? ? ? ? C. disappointed
解析:這是一篇故事,選取本文的目的是讓人們知道:我們不要存有僥幸心理,誠實(shí)才是上策。
C。這是根據(jù)原文句子“But to disappointment, he was not even given the chance of an interview!”改造而來的題目,只要理解該句的意思就可以確認(rèn)正確答案為disappointed了。
3. 詞義猜測題。要求考生根據(jù)上下文的具體語境確定某一特定的詞或短語的準(zhǔn)確含義,所考查單詞的意義通常要超出考試大綱的范圍。除了運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法、同義詞、反義詞以及各種生活常識來猜測詞意外,更要依據(jù)被猜詞匯前后緊密相連的其他詞句,也包括破折號、括弧等釋義或同位標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號和列舉比較、因果遞進(jìn)、主從復(fù)合、讓步轉(zhuǎn)折等各種關(guān)系來進(jìn)行猜測分析。答案的干擾項(xiàng)往往是考生比較熟悉的意思,而須要猜測的詞在具體語言環(huán)境中已經(jīng)被賦予了特定的新含義,稍有不慎便會犯“想當(dāng)然”的機(jī)械主義錯(cuò)誤。例如:
①Tom was a college student. He often made excuses not to attend classes. Also, he spent much of his free time playing computer games. He never went to the library to study.
How time flew! At the end of the term, there was one important event that he was afraid of — the final exam. “What should I do?” Tom walked up and down in the room the day before the exam. He was keyed up. Suddenly, he thought of an idea.
The next morning, Tom went into the exam room very early. He found a young man who looked so confident and took a seat next to him. “Hey you!” Tom greeted. “What?” The young man asked.
“Can you do me a favor?” Tom begged(懇求), “Please let me copy your paper(試卷)during the exam. I have to depend on you!” When hearing his word, the young man just smiled but said nothing.
When the bell rang, the young man stood up immediately and came to the front, saying, “ ? ? ?Now I will hand out(分發(fā))the papers to all of you and collect them in one hour.” Tom sat there with his mouth wide open.
31. The underlined word “keyed up” most probably means ______. (2015年 哈爾濱市)
A. satisfied ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. nervous ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?C. brave
解析:這是一段反應(yīng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)生活的一個(gè)片段,選取這段短文的目的是告訴學(xué)生:學(xué)習(xí)是一件扎扎實(shí)實(shí)的事情,平時(shí)不努力而靠臨時(shí)的投機(jī)取巧是不可取的。
B。根據(jù)原文中語境和句子“At the end of the term, there was one important event that he was afraid of—the final exam.”可猜測出,在考試之前Tom的心情一定是“緊張不安的”。
4. 推理判斷題。要求考生在理解原文表格或文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上,對材料的細(xì)節(jié)、主旨和隱含意義進(jìn)行推理與延伸,然后作出一定的正誤判斷和后續(xù)的預(yù)想。正確答案在短文中不會有字面體現(xiàn),必須從上下文中找到信息和依據(jù)。要聯(lián)系文章的主題思想和言外之意來加以分析判斷、歸納推理,做到既不脫離原文主觀臆斷,又不拘泥于字面理解。對已知的事實(shí)進(jìn)行評價(jià)后所做的決定也并非唯一的定論,應(yīng)該對事實(shí)進(jìn)行合乎情理的分析與思考,有時(shí)還須要借助于常識知識進(jìn)行判斷。例如:
①Foreign books and soap operas are good, but Chinese writers and actors are just as good. As for holidays, Christmas is nice, but it can never have the meaning for Chinese that Spring Festival has, and the West has nothing to compare with Mid-Autumn Festival. And lets not forget the part of Chinese culture I like best: its friendliness. Not all countries are as warm as China.endprint
61. The Spring Festival is more meaningful for Chinese people.(2015年 龍東地區(qū))
解析:本段短文的選取旨在說明中外的文化,同時(shí)提醒大家:不要由于盲目追從西方的洋節(jié)日而忽視中國的節(jié)日,只有本土的才是最親切的。
T。原文第二自然段中提到了“As for holidays, Christmas is nice, but it can never have the meaning of for Chinese that Spring Festival has...”。根據(jù)這些敘述判斷,“對于中國人來說,春節(jié)更有意義?!钡恼f法是成立的。
②
40. Which of the following is TRUE according to the form above? (2015年 哈爾濱市)
A. Three of the inventions were made of metal.
B. Neither Alexander Bell nor Thomas Edison is American.
C. Two of the inventions appeared in the 19th century.
解析:本表格題的設(shè)計(jì),目的是讓學(xué)生了解世界上一些重要發(fā)明的時(shí)間、發(fā)明人和主要用途等情況。
C。根據(jù)表格中發(fā)明項(xiàng)目的時(shí)間推算,應(yīng)該有兩項(xiàng)發(fā)明出現(xiàn)在十九世紀(jì),所以判斷出C項(xiàng)是正確的。
5. 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度題就是指針對作者的寫作意圖、看法、思路和對事件的評價(jià)設(shè)置的閱讀理解題目。作者在文章中不僅客觀地進(jìn)行敘述和說明,往往還持有某種主張、某種傾向,如對某一觀點(diǎn)或贊同或反對,或肯定或批評等。作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度除了原文中直接表達(dá)外,還經(jīng)常在短文中間接地表達(dá)出來,此時(shí)題干中往往含有according to the writer,feel,attitude,opinion,believe,consider,regard,suggest,think等詞或短語。例如:
Ivy: Well. Its just a waste of time. Teenagers playing the game spend so many hours on it that they can not focus on(專注于)their study.
65. Ivy thinks teenagers shouldnt spend much time playing this game. ?(2010年 綏化市)
解析:這是一段論述性的小短文,選取本段話的宗旨是提醒青少年不要把更多的時(shí)間浪費(fèi)在玩游戲上,要全力投入到學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中。
T。本題所考查的是判斷觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度是否符合原文大意。根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容可知,Ivy認(rèn)為這是一種時(shí)間的浪費(fèi),如果青少年在游戲方面花費(fèi)太多時(shí)間會嚴(yán)重影響學(xué)習(xí)。
6. 詞語填空題。要求能正確理解短文中的一些關(guān)鍵詞、短語或句子的含義,然后根據(jù)特定的語境判斷理解、推敲斟酌,最后利用多種表達(dá)句型、一詞多義、同近義語替換、習(xí)語釋義、構(gòu)詞方法、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等方式,確定所填寫的單詞。這類題主要出現(xiàn)在“根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,完成短文”的題型中,其目的是考查考生的信息轉(zhuǎn)換能力。例如:
Once a farmers daughter began to think and plan while she was carrying her pail(桶)of milk from the field to the farmhouse. “I will sell this milk”, she said to herself, “and with the money I can surely buy three hundred eggs. I will put these eggs under hens. And surly two hundred and fifty of them will hatch(孵化). I will feed these chickens, and make them fat. And I will take them to the market when chickens are dear. I will sell them at the market, and with the money, I will buy a new dress. In this dress, I will go to the fair. I shall look so fine that all the young men will ask me to marry them. But I will toss my head, and say NO to them all.” As she said this, she really tossed her head. Down fell the pail, and the milk spilled all over the ground. That was the end of all her fine plans.
The moral of this story is: Dont count your chickens before they are hatched.
A farmers daughter was once carrying her pail of milk on the farm(71) ? ? ?she began to think and plan. She planned to sell the milk and buy a new dress. She thought that she must(72) ? ? ?the men who fell in love with her when she(73) ? ? ? the new dress to the fair.(74) ? ? ? of this, she tossed her head and the milk spilled all over the ground. Her fine plans were(75) ? ? ? .endprint
(2015年 大興安嶺市)
解析:本短文的選取旨在通過這個(gè)故事,提醒同學(xué)們:凡事不要過早的盲目樂觀,只有見到結(jié)局才是最終的效果。
71. when。利用同義轉(zhuǎn)換的方式得到答案。when意思是“當(dāng)……時(shí)”。
72. refuse。根據(jù)句子“...and say NO to them all.”可以得到答案,因?yàn)閞efuse可以用英語解釋為say no。
73. wore?!?..she wore the new dress to the fair.”是“in this dress”的同義句。
74. Thinking。think of意思是“想到這些”,與“As she said this”意思相近。
75. over/failed。根據(jù)語境分析,他的美好愿望會隨著牛奶的灑掉而“破滅”了。
三、制定閱讀理解的專項(xiàng)學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃
基于不少考生對中考英語閱讀理解的畏懼心理,我們教師須要在日常的教學(xué)中不斷鼓勵(lì)考生端正心態(tài),樹立信心,并針對中考英語閱讀理解攻堅(jiān)事宜制定一套相應(yīng)的專項(xiàng)學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃和訓(xùn)練措施,明確各階段的閱讀目標(biāo)。
閱讀目標(biāo)的設(shè)計(jì)要從所在地市當(dāng)年《中考英語考試說明》的具體內(nèi)容出發(fā),緊緊圍繞《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》,緊扣所學(xué)教材,面向全體學(xué)生,遵循認(rèn)知規(guī)律,把控閱讀難度?;A(chǔ)知識和閱讀能力要求明確,要融教育性、科學(xué)性、創(chuàng)新性與趣味性為一體。計(jì)劃內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)要與生活實(shí)際相關(guān)聯(lián),選文題材廣泛,材料體裁多樣,知識系統(tǒng)連貫,題目設(shè)計(jì)合理。實(shí)施措施要有利于思維的啟發(fā)與拓展,能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自覺參與,積極思維,形成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣,強(qiáng)化基本的閱讀技能,做到精讀巧練,講練結(jié)合,注重實(shí)效,從而促進(jìn)學(xué)生閱讀能力的自我發(fā)展。
四、掌握閱讀理解題的解題技巧
1. 盡量排除心理障礙。提醒學(xué)生在做閱讀理解題時(shí),不要因?yàn)樽约赫莆盏脑~匯量小,閱讀材料中有較多的“生詞”而對之望而生畏,造成緊張心理,導(dǎo)致越讀越慌,越慌越難的窘境,從而影響正常的閱讀和答題。
2. 切忌心中沒有問題。做題之前要先看題干,弄清題目要求,然后帶著問題有目的地進(jìn)行閱讀,這樣便于考生把握主攻方向,做到有的放矢。必要時(shí)可以邊閱讀邊選出考查表層情況問題的答案,從而提高閱讀效率及答題的準(zhǔn)確性。
3. 準(zhǔn)確把握主旨大意。閱讀時(shí)切忌逐詞割裂地理解,或?qū)o關(guān)的詞硬湊在一起理解,以致無法獲取句子語義及特定語境中篇章的意義,造成信息流中斷,曲解或偏離題意。
4. 善于捕捉關(guān)鍵詞句。短文的第一句或最后一句往往是文章或段落的關(guān)鍵句或主題句,對全文的理解起著重要的作用。此外,要能夠聯(lián)系上下文,正確猜測關(guān)鍵詞義,做到讀了上文,猜測下文,而不要逐詞翻譯,造成前后脫節(jié),缺乏語感,以致于出現(xiàn)對材料的整體理解錯(cuò)誤。
5. 認(rèn)真提取細(xì)節(jié)信息。充分利用語篇中的文字或圖表形式等基本信息,準(zhǔn)確地尋求具體事實(shí)和每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),進(jìn)而理清全文的邏輯關(guān)系,弄懂作者的寫作意圖,挖掘字里行間的深層內(nèi)涵,歸納出材料的主旨大意。
6. 始終堅(jiān)持依文取義。在完成選擇題目時(shí),看其是否與文中內(nèi)容相矛盾,有無文中信息的支持點(diǎn),是否完全符合題目的要求。如果要求判斷其標(biāo)題的話,要看文章表達(dá)的是人還是事,從而推斷其標(biāo)題內(nèi)容。答案的確定必須以材料整體為基礎(chǔ),不要斷章取義和隨意聯(lián)想。
7. 依據(jù)要點(diǎn)推測詞義。不要過分推敲材料中的語言點(diǎn),要抓住每段乃至整篇文章的綱目,對于閱讀時(shí)所遇到的生詞,可以根據(jù)上下文的要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容、語法規(guī)則、自然常識和閱讀經(jīng)驗(yàn)等進(jìn)行分析判斷其意思。
8. 注意中外文化差異。讓學(xué)生明確英語國家的文化背景、語言習(xí)慣、風(fēng)土人情,從地道英語語言表達(dá)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的角度搞好閱讀和答題,切不要以中國人的習(xí)慣去理解文章、闡述問題和表達(dá)思想。
9. 靈活掌控答題時(shí)間。做閱讀理解題時(shí),考生一定要從整體上控制時(shí)間,時(shí)間的分配應(yīng)根據(jù)文章的難易程度而有所區(qū)別。文中一兩處沒弄懂的地方可以暫且放置一邊,等把全部題做完后,再回頭來處理。即使做完題后時(shí)間所剩無幾了,再把未處理的題的答案猜測一下也為時(shí)不晚。
10. 復(fù)讀材料驗(yàn)證答案。在完成全部閱讀理解的題目之后,考生應(yīng)將答案帶入問題中重讀原文(圖表),看前后意思是否貫通,有無矛盾,若前后不一致或意思矛盾,則要考慮重新選擇答案。
四、做好閱讀理解的常規(guī)訓(xùn)練
1. 抓好閱讀時(shí)間。利用平時(shí)的上課機(jī)會,每周安排一兩次限時(shí)閱讀訓(xùn)練,此訓(xùn)練主要在上課的開始幾分鐘完成。在課后,可以要求學(xué)生進(jìn)行自我閱讀訓(xùn)練,對練習(xí)的時(shí)間也要作出明確的規(guī)定。
2. 留下閱讀痕跡。要求學(xué)生對每篇閱讀材料的題目答案都在短文(圖表)中畫出出處,或是在答案題目旁邊標(biāo)注出原文中的行數(shù)和解答該題的理由。
3. 理清解題思路。每次閱讀訓(xùn)練都要突出體現(xiàn)目的性、針對性,注重答案的講解,讓學(xué)生明確尋找和得出每個(gè)答案的方法,做完題以后要請學(xué)生自己講出答案和解題思路。
4. 精選閱讀材料。教師要按照《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的閱讀目標(biāo)要求,并結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)氐摹吨锌加⒄Z考試說明》,按照閱讀理解題的命題原則,嚴(yán)格把握好英語短文或圖表資料的選取尺度,既考慮材料的難易程度,也要照顧到題材、體裁和題型。
5. 培養(yǎng)閱讀習(xí)慣。教師要隨時(shí)提醒學(xué)生克服閱讀時(shí)不必要的頭部轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),或用手指或鉛筆逐個(gè)點(diǎn)詞等附帶動(dòng)作,避免影響閱讀速度的朗讀。對原文不要逐詞地去看,要提倡以意群或句子為單位的默讀。要讓學(xué)生學(xué)會根據(jù)上下文猜測生詞的詞義,能夠直接用英語思維、記關(guān)鍵詞、提取主旨。
當(dāng)然,閱讀理解能力的提高并非一日之功,扎實(shí)的語言知識來自于平時(shí)的不懈努力。只要我們教師能牢牢把握教學(xué)目標(biāo)、認(rèn)真研究命題規(guī)律、重視教學(xué)方法改革、嚴(yán)格進(jìn)行閱讀訓(xùn)練,使學(xué)生既夯實(shí)牢固的英語基礎(chǔ),又掌握較為科學(xué)的解題技巧,就一定能從容面對英語閱讀理解當(dāng)中的各種風(fēng)云變化,在中考的攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)中立于不敗之地!endprint