李衛(wèi)東,傅坤發(fā),連燕舒,陳允菊,夏金榮
·論著·
成人非酒精性脂肪肝與2型糖尿病發(fā)病關(guān)系的前瞻性隊列研究
李衛(wèi)東,傅坤發(fā),連燕舒,陳允菊,夏金榮
目的探討成人非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)與2型糖尿病(T2DM)發(fā)病的關(guān)系。方法以南京市三所醫(yī)院(東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院、江蘇省老年醫(yī)院、南京市職業(yè)病防治院)體檢職工人群為前瞻性研究隨訪隊列,2008年基線調(diào)查其一般資料、既往病史、吸煙、飲酒、身體活動情況及體檢資料等,2009—2012年連續(xù)隨訪4年,以首次診斷為T2DM為觀察終點。將資料完整并符合要求的2 464例體檢職工納入分析,其中男1 445例,女1 019例。根據(jù)基線B超檢查和飲酒情況將體檢職工分為NAFLD組(n=365例)和對照組(n=2 099例)。采用COX比例風(fēng)險回歸模型分析NAFLD與T2DM發(fā)病風(fēng)險的關(guān)系。結(jié)果經(jīng)過平均3.8年的隨訪(9 695人年,其中NAFLD組1 397人年,對照組8 298人年),共有32例發(fā)生T2DM,累積發(fā)病率為3.30/1 000人年。其中NAFLD組中有12例發(fā)生T2DM,累積發(fā)病率為8.59/1 000人年;對照組中有20例發(fā)生T2DM,累積發(fā)病率為2.41/1 000人年。Kaplan-Meier分析顯示,兩組累積發(fā)病率間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=21.374,P<0.001)。調(diào)整年齡、性別、教育程度、家庭收入、吸煙、飲酒、糖尿病家族史、手術(shù)史、每日身體活動量、空腹血糖(FBG)、總膽固醇(TC)、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、血尿酸(BUA)及體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)后,與對照組相比,NAFLD組發(fā)生T2DM的HR(95%CI)為2.936(1.380,6.247)。結(jié)論NAFLD會增加T2DM的發(fā)病風(fēng)險,是T2DM的獨立危險因素。為減少糖尿病發(fā)生,成年人應(yīng)重視和積極治療NAFLD。
脂肪肝;糖尿病,2型;發(fā)病率;隊列研究
李衛(wèi)東,傅坤發(fā),連燕舒,等.成人非酒精性脂肪肝與2型糖尿病發(fā)病關(guān)系的前瞻性隊列研究[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2015,18(28):3426-3429.[www.chinagp.net]
Li WD,F(xiàn)u KF,Lian YS,et al.Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus:a prospective cohort study[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(28):3426-3429.Cohort Study
我國近年2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)流行情況嚴(yán)重,20歲以上的成人T2DM患病率為9.7%。據(jù)WHO估計,2005—2013年我國由糖尿病及相關(guān)心血管疾病導(dǎo)致的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失達(dá)5 577億美元,給社會和家庭帶來嚴(yán)重的負(fù)擔(dān)[1]。T2DM復(fù)雜的發(fā)病過程使人們至今尚未找到根治方法。T2DM的很多危險因素,如年齡、種族/民族、家族史、遺傳背景以及性別等,并不能完全解釋近年T2DM發(fā)病率飆升的原因,需要進(jìn)一步研究已知的、可改變的危險因素,如肥胖、飲食習(xí)慣的改變、吸煙和運動減少等,甚至還應(yīng)探索其他未知的危險因素,如非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)。國外研究顯示NAFLD會增加T2DM發(fā)病危險[2-4],而近年國內(nèi)NAFLD發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)流行趨勢[5],NAFLD是否會增加T2DM發(fā)病危險,相關(guān)證據(jù)還很缺乏,需要引起重視和研究。本研究旨在通過前瞻性隊列隨訪,觀察和分析我國成人NAFLD病史對T2DM發(fā)病的影響,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1.1研究對象選取2008年南京市三所醫(yī)院(東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院、江蘇省老年醫(yī)院、南京市職業(yè)病防治院)的3 616例體檢職工。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡≥18周歲;(2)南京市居住年滿5年;(3)簽署知情同意書,并自愿參與研究。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)已診斷為T2DM者; (2)糖耐量異常者;(3)高血壓患者;(4)隨訪時T2DM是否發(fā)病不明者。符合納入、排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的職工2 475例,根據(jù)是否患有NAFLD分為NAFLD組(n=370例)和對照組(n=2 105例)。NAFLD診斷符合2010年《非酒精性脂肪性肝病診療指南》[6]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義,并排除飲酒折合乙醇量男性>140 g/周、女性>70 g/周者及肝硬化、原發(fā)性肝癌、病毒性肝炎、藥物性肝病、全胃腸外營養(yǎng)、肝豆?fàn)詈俗冃?、自身免疫性肝病等可?dǎo)致脂肪肝的特定疾病患者。本研究通過該院倫理委員會的審批。
1.2方法采用前瞻性隊列研究方法,于2009—2012年對該人群進(jìn)行連續(xù)4年隨訪,隨訪期間因死亡、移民、遷居失訪11例,共2 464例完成隊列研究(其中NAFLD組365例,對照組2 099例),隨訪率為99.56%。兩組人群2008年基線調(diào)查內(nèi)容包括:(1)一般資料:年齡、性別、文化程度、家庭人均月收入等; (2)既往病史、吸煙、飲酒、糖尿病家族史、手術(shù)史和身體活動情況等;(3)體檢資料:身高、體質(zhì)量、收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、空腹血糖(FBG)、總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、血尿酸(BUA)、血肌酐(SCr);(4)B超檢查并結(jié)合飲酒情況診斷NAFLD患病情況,其中B超檢查由兩名醫(yī)師共同診斷完成,符合2010年《非酒精性脂肪性肝病診療指南》[6]中關(guān)于B超診斷脂肪肝的定義。
1.3指標(biāo)計算體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI,kg/m2)=體質(zhì)量(kg)/身高2(m2)。根據(jù)Ainsworth等[7]提出的身體活動代謝當(dāng)量(MET)能量值概要,將睡眠、靜坐活動及輕、中和重度身體活動的MET值分別定義為0.9、1.0、2.0、4.0和8.0,計算每日身體活動量=∑METn×hn,其METn為特定身體活動的代謝當(dāng)量,hn為相應(yīng)的平均每日活動時間。對于隨訪中FBG>6.1 mmol/L的職工,增加口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)檢查,新發(fā)T2DM的診斷均采用1999年WHO的糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]。所有資料由培訓(xùn)合格的調(diào)查人員進(jìn)行面對面調(diào)查,填寫問卷,血標(biāo)本統(tǒng)一處理和生化檢測。隨訪時間以2008年基線調(diào)查時間為隨訪起點,以隨訪期間醫(yī)生初次診斷T2DM、死亡或失訪,三者中先發(fā)生的事件為隨訪終點。
1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法采用EpiData 3.02軟件雙軌錄入糾錯,建立數(shù)據(jù)庫,采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。計量資料進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗,經(jīng)檢驗本研究中計量資料均呈正態(tài)分布,組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗;采用Kaplan-Meier分析累積發(fā)病率,組間比較采用Log-rank檢驗。為控制潛在的混雜變量,采用COX比例風(fēng)險回歸模型分析NAFLD與T2DM發(fā)病的關(guān)系,以對照組為參照,計算NAFLD組發(fā)生T2DM的HR(95%CI)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1兩組基線資料比較兩組年齡、BMI、FBG、TC、ALT、BUA水平及男性比例間差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);而每日身體活動量、SBP、DBP、TG、LDL、SCr水平及高中以上文化程度、家庭人均月收入>1 000元、吸煙、飲酒、糖尿病家族史、手術(shù)史比例間差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表1、2)。
表1 兩組基線資料比較(計量資料,±s)Table 1Comparison of baseline data between the two groups
表1 兩組基線資料比較(計量資料,±s)Table 1Comparison of baseline data between the two groups
注:BMI=體質(zhì)指數(shù),SBP=收縮壓,DBP=舒張壓,F(xiàn)BG=空腹血糖,TC=總膽固醇,TG=三酰甘油,LDL=低密度脂蛋白,ALT=丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶,BUA=血尿酸,SCr=血肌酐;1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa
組別例數(shù)年齡(歲)每日身體活動量(MET.h)BMI(kg/m2)SBP(mm Hg)DBP(mm Hg)FBG(mmol/L) ±0.5 NAFLD組36557.5±11.344±2624.5±3.3120±1177±75.2±0.5 t對照組2 09948.7±14.447±2923.1±2.8118±1176±85.1 13.1541.5277.4753.0881.8354.865 P值<0.0010.127<0.0010.0670.063<0.001組別TC(mmol/L)TG(mmol/L)LDL(mmol/L)ALT(U/L)BUA(μmol/L)SCr(μmol/L)值4±16 NAFLD組2.08±1.254.93±0.923.01±0.7228±16334±8575±15 t值對照組1.29±0.784.86±0.902.93±0.7324±15315±797<0.0010.1960.480<0.001<0.0010.506 11.6411.2941.5673.6954.1290.666 P值
表2 兩組基線資料比較〔計數(shù)資料,n(%)〕Table 2Comparison of baseline data between the two groups
2.2兩組T2DM發(fā)病率及COX比例風(fēng)險回歸模型分析結(jié)果經(jīng)過平均3.8年的隨訪(9 695人年,其中NAFLD組1 397人年,對照組8 298人年),共有32例發(fā)生T2DM,累積發(fā)病率為3.30/1 000人年。其中NAFLD組中有12例發(fā)生T2DM,累積發(fā)病率為8.59 /1 000人年;對照組中有20例發(fā)生T2DM,累積發(fā)病率為2.41/1 000人年。Kaplan-Meier分析顯示,兩組累積發(fā)病率間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=21.374,P<0.001)。
與對照組相比,NAFLD組發(fā)生T2DM的HR為4.619〔95%CI(2.257,9.454),P<0.001〕(模型1);調(diào)整年齡、性別后,NAFLD組發(fā)生T2DM的HR為3.294〔95%CI(1.581,6.864),P=0.001〕(模型2);調(diào)整年齡、性別及教育程度、家庭收入、吸煙、飲酒、糖尿病家族史、手術(shù)史、每日身體活動量、FBG、TC、ALT、BUA后,NAFLD組發(fā)生T2DM的HR為3.275〔95%CI(1.545,6.942),P=0.002〕(模型3);調(diào)整年齡、性別、教育程度、家庭收入、吸煙、飲酒、糖尿病家族史、手術(shù)史、每日身體活動量、FBG、TC、ALT、BUA及BMI后,NAFLD組發(fā)生T2DM的HR為2.936〔95%CI(1.380,6.247),P=0.005〕(模型4)。
NAFLD是一種與胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)和遺傳易感密切相關(guān)的代謝應(yīng)激性肝臟損傷,其病理學(xué)改變與酒精性肝病相似,但患者無過量飲酒史,包括單純性脂肪肝(NAFL)、脂肪性肝炎(NASH)及其相關(guān)肝硬化和肝細(xì)胞癌[9-10]。NAFLD與T2DM的關(guān)系密切,IR是兩者的共同發(fā)病機(jī)制,NAFLD與T2DM、脂代謝紊亂、動脈粥樣硬化性疾病密切伴隨[11],國外有研究顯示NAFLD是前期糖尿病的預(yù)測因子[12],NAFLD有較高的T2DM發(fā)生率[13],也有用NAFLD的纖維化評分來預(yù)測T2DM[14]。國內(nèi)對NAFLD患者T2DM的發(fā)病率研究較少。本研究多因素COX比例風(fēng)險回歸模型分析顯示,調(diào)整年齡、性別、BMI、SBP、ALT等影響因素后,NAFLD與T2DM的發(fā)生仍呈現(xiàn)強(qiáng)關(guān)聯(lián),HR(95%CI)為2.936(1.380,6.247)。本研究初步顯示NAFLD是T2DM獨立危險因素,與國外研究結(jié)果一致[14-15]。
NAFLD幾乎沒有臨床癥狀,加上國內(nèi)對NAFLD與T2DM的關(guān)系研究不夠深入,不被患者和臨床醫(yī)師重視,但NAFLD的某些病因去除后NAFLD可以治愈[16],但患T2DM后,特別是出現(xiàn)胰島β細(xì)胞功能衰竭后,將會出現(xiàn)眾多并發(fā)癥,目前T2DM沒有好的治愈方法。本隊列研究初步顯示NAFLD患者有較高的T2DM發(fā)病率,通過有效干預(yù)措施早期治療NAFLD[17],使肝內(nèi)堆積的脂肪降到參考范圍,恢復(fù)肝臟對血糖的調(diào)節(jié)能力和激素的代謝能力,有可能降低T2DM的發(fā)病率。有研究顯示T2DM是NAFLD的獨立危險因素[18-19],NAFLD與T2DM的關(guān)系可能是互為因果的關(guān)系,患者可以同時身患NAFLD與T2DM兩種疾病,NAFLD可以惡化糖代謝和加速T2DM提前出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥[20-22],T2DM又促進(jìn)NAFLD進(jìn)展到肝纖維化和肝硬化,增加肝病死亡風(fēng)險[23-24],NAFLD與T2DM相互作用形成惡性循環(huán),造成糖代謝紊亂和不良肝病結(jié)局,因此,需要重視和進(jìn)行深入研究。
本研究的數(shù)據(jù)來源醫(yī)院職工的體檢數(shù)據(jù),非隨機(jī)抽樣獲得的樣本,必然存在一定的選擇偏倚,雖然B超檢查篩檢NAFLD是目前國內(nèi)診斷NAFLD和健康體檢的常用方法,但遠(yuǎn)不如CT和穿刺活檢診斷NAFLD的靈敏度高,因此,本研究結(jié)論尚需大樣本隊列研究的進(jìn)一步證實。
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Relationship Between Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:A Prospective Cohort Study
LI Wei-dong,F(xiàn)U Kun-fa,LIAN Yan-shu,et al.Department of Gastroenterology,Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University,Nanjing 210009,China
Objective To investigate the relation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).MethodsA prospective follow-up cohort study was conducted with employees who received physical examination in three hospitals(Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University,Jiangsu Geriatrics Hospital and Nanjing Occupational Disease Precaution Clinic)in Nanjing.At baseline in 2008,general data,medical history,smoking,alcohol use,physical activities and physical examination data were investigated.Follow-up was undertaken from 2009 to 2012 consecutively for 4 years,and observation ended at the first diagnosis of T2DM.We included 2 464 subjects who had complete data and accorded with inclusion criteria,among which 1 445 were males and 1 019 were females.According to baseline B ultrasound examination and alcohol use,the subjects were divided into NAFLD group(n=365)and control group(n =2 099).Cox proportion risk regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between NAFLD and T2DM.Results After an average follow-up of 3.8 years(9 695 person-years;1 397 person-years for NAFLD group;8 298 person-years for control group),T2DM occurred in 32 patients,with an accumulated morbidity of 3.30/1 000 person-years.In NAFLD group,T2DM occurred in 12 patients,with an accumulated morbidity of 8.59/1 000 person-years;in control group,T2DM occurred in 20 patients,with an accumulated morbidity of 2.41/1 000 person-years.Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the two groupswere significantly different in accumulated morbidity(χ2=21.374,P<0.001).After adjusting for age,sex,educational level,family income,smoking,alcohol use,family history of diabetes,previous surgeries,daily physical activities,F(xiàn)BG,TC,ALT,BUA and BMI,the HR(95%CI)of T2DM in NAFLD group was 2.936(1.380,6.247),compared with control group.ConclusionNAFLD may increase the incidence of T2DM and is an independent risk factor for T2DM.In order to reduce the occurrence of diabetes,adults should pay more attention to NAFLD and take an active manner in its treatment.
Fatty liver;Diabetes mellitus,type 2;Incidence;Cohort studies
R 575 R 587.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.28.011
2015-06-10;
2015-08-20)
(本文編輯:崔沙沙)
210009江蘇省南京市,東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院消化科(李衛(wèi)東,夏金榮);江蘇省老年醫(yī)院干部科(傅坤發(fā));江蘇建康職業(yè)學(xué)院公共衛(wèi)生教研室(連燕舒);南京市職業(yè)病防治院職業(yè)健康管理中心(陳允菊)
連燕舒,210036江蘇省南京市,江蘇建康職業(yè)學(xué)院公共衛(wèi)生教研室;E-mail:yanshuL99@163.com