如何解“詞義推斷題”

胡揚(yáng)朋

詞義推斷題是中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中的重要題型，主要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)詞匯含義的能力，以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的分析和把握能力。在閱讀理解中，推斷詞義題的特點(diǎn)是對(duì)生詞、短語(yǔ)、指示代詞和句子的意思的猜測(cè)。

一、常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)形式

The underlined word “…” means.

In the last paragraph， the word “…” refers to .

What does the word “…” in Paragraph 3 mean？

Here “…” means .

The word “…” in the … paragraph means in Chinese.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to “…”？

二、解題思路

1.利用同義詞

有時(shí)作者為了使意思表達(dá)得更清楚，通常用一個(gè)同義詞或近義詞來(lái)解釋另一個(gè)比較難的詞或關(guān)鍵詞，為讀者推斷生詞詞義提供了線索，或者提供識(shí)別生詞的同義詞或近義詞的信號(hào)詞，如like，as … as，the same as。如：Mother was tall， fat and middleaged. The principle of the school was an older woman， almost as plump as mother， and much shorter. 此句中，作者把學(xué)校的校長(zhǎng)同母親相比，兩者有相同之處和不同之處。校長(zhǎng)比母親年紀(jì)大，個(gè)子矮一些，但有一點(diǎn)是相同的，對(duì)此，作者用 as … as結(jié)構(gòu)表示出來(lái)。由此可以看出 fat 和 plump 是近義詞，意為“肥胖的”，那么，就能大概猜出plump一詞的意思了。

例1：（2014年?yáng)|營(yíng)卷試題節(jié)選）

Kathryn，New YorkPosted，12 hours ago Re： First trip to the USA

In Korea and Japan， its the custom to remove your shoes before entering a house. In the United States， you usually dont take your shoes off. Once I was travelling in Japan and entered a house with my shoes on by mistake. Oops！

Whats the meaning of the underlined word “remove”？

A. 開(kāi)除 B. 移開(kāi)

C. 脫下D. 去掉

解析：根據(jù)下文中的短語(yǔ)take off“脫下”提供的線索可知，remove也是“脫下”的意思，故答案為C。

2.以定語(yǔ)從句為線索

在很多情況下，定語(yǔ)從句直接給出了某一生詞的定義，故以定語(yǔ)從句為線索猜測(cè)詞義也是一個(gè)行之有效的方法。

例2：（2014年福州卷試題節(jié)選）

Garcia Márquez is best known for his 1967 novel， One Hundred Years of Solitude （《百年孤獨(dú)》）， which has sold about 50 million copies. It tells the tale of the small and isolated town of Macondo which was separated from the outside world—of its founding and its troubled history over a hundred years.

The underlined word “isolated” means“”.

A. 隔絕的B. 安逸的

C. 喧囂的D. 繁華的

解析：根據(jù)畫(huà)線單詞后的定語(yǔ)從句which was separated from the outside world可推知， isolated 意為“與世隔絕的”，故答案為A。

3.以反義詞和對(duì)比關(guān)系為線索

有時(shí)作者運(yùn)用對(duì)比的手法來(lái)表現(xiàn)事物之間的差異。在進(jìn)行對(duì)比的過(guò)程中，作者必然會(huì)用一些意義相反的詞語(yǔ)使不同事物的特點(diǎn)更為突出。通過(guò)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，從對(duì)兩種事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比的描述中，學(xué)生可以根據(jù)其中一個(gè)熟悉的詞推斷出另一個(gè)生詞的詞義。作者通常會(huì)用一些信號(hào)詞來(lái)進(jìn)行對(duì)比，為學(xué)生理解和猜測(cè)生詞詞義提供了非常好的線索。常用來(lái)表示對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系和提供相反信息的信號(hào)詞有but，yet，however，even though，although，though，unlike，on the other hand等。如：Tom is lazy but his brother is industrious. 該句中but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，就暗示了lazy和industrious是一對(duì)反義詞，由此可知industrious意為“刻苦的、勤奮的”。

例3：（2012年黃石卷試題節(jié)選）

Food was a big problem， too. It took her a few weeks to get used to Chinese food. She didnt really like it at first. She thought it was too oily （油膩的）. Also， she doesnt eat much rice. She usually eats bread， and her bread is quite different from most bread in China. Chinese bread is usually light and sweet. So she makes her own bread at home. As a Muslim （穆斯林）， she isnt allowed to eat pork.

What does the underlined word “l(fā)ight” mean？

A. 咸的B. 輕的

C. 清淡的D. 明亮的

解析：根據(jù)該段第四句“She thought it was too oily （油膩）”可知，此處light的意思是“清淡的”。故答案為C。

4.分析語(yǔ)境，利用上下文

有時(shí)候必須借助上下文語(yǔ)境，利用文中所提供的信息或線索方能確定某些生詞的意思。這些線索可以是詞語(yǔ)，也可以是出現(xiàn)在上下文中的句子。如：The kitchen rubbish is broken into small pieces and sent into the sewage system. The sewage system takes away the used water from toilets， bathtubs and other places. 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，被打成碎片的廚房垃圾、廁所用水和浴室用水等當(dāng)然是流入了“排污”系統(tǒng)。

例4：（2014年南京卷試題節(jié)選）

Destruction of the worlds rainforests is a serious problem. Unluckily， rainforests are disappearing at a rate of 80 acres per minute！ As part of a class project， Myers students bought three acres of rainforest in Central America.

The underlined word “Destruction” in Paragraph 2 probably means “the process of being ”.

A. destroyedB. developed

C. describedD. discovered

解析：destroyed“毀壞”；developed“發(fā)展”；described“描寫(xiě)”；discovered“發(fā)現(xiàn)”。根據(jù)下文中的Unluckily和disappearing可推知，熱帶雨林被破壞是一個(gè)非常嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。故該題答案為A。

例5：（2014年濰坊卷試題節(jié)選）

Feng Huan is now recovering after corrective surgery （矯正手術(shù)） on her legs in Shenzhou， South Chinas Guangdong province. Perhaps we are able to see a healthy girl soon！

What does the underlined word “recover” mean in Chinese in the last paragraph？

A. 改正B. 保護(hù)

C. 愛(ài)護(hù)D. 康復(fù)

解析：根據(jù)文中的after corrective surgery （矯正手術(shù)）和“Perhaps we are able to see a healthy girl soon！”可推知，recover意為“康復(fù)”。答案為D。

5.利用因果關(guān)系

因果關(guān)系是一種常見(jiàn)的、行之有效的、能提供生詞詞義信息的邏輯關(guān)系。作者在敘述原因的過(guò)程中，必然會(huì)把詞或句子置于一種因果關(guān)系的邏輯之中，這無(wú)疑為學(xué)生推斷生詞詞義提供了很好的線索。作者通常會(huì)用一些信號(hào)詞表示句子之間的因果關(guān)系，這些信號(hào)詞有 because，since，as，for，so，therefore，as a result，so that等。如：Mary didnt notice me when I came into the classroom， because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 該句的意思是 “當(dāng)我走進(jìn)教室的時(shí)候，瑪麗沒(méi)有注意到我，因?yàn)樗凇乜磿?shū)”，據(jù)此可以推斷，engross可能就是“使全神貫注，吸引”的意思。

例6：（2014年重慶A卷試題節(jié)選）

Rachel Carsons most famous book， Silent Spring came out in 1962. In this book， she pointed out that the use of some kinds of pesticides （殺蟲(chóng)劑） like DDT would cause the number of birds to decline because it would kill them as well. Finally， in November 1969， the United States government decided that the use of DDT must stop in two years.

The Chinese meaning of the word“decline” in this passage is probably “”.

A. 增加B. 減少

C. 維持D. 翻番

解析：根據(jù)畫(huà)線單詞后的because it would kill them as well可推知，該詞意為“減少”，故答案為B。

6.利用定義或釋義關(guān)系

如果生詞是由句子或段落解釋定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。作者通常也會(huì)用一些信號(hào)詞來(lái)進(jìn)行解釋或說(shuō)明，這些信號(hào)詞有mean，refer to，in other words，be called等。

例7：（2014年哈爾濱卷試題節(jié)選）

In fact， each spaceship weighing about 1g would carry a sunshade that is half a meter long. It would be mostly transparent. That means light can pass it directly to reach the earth， with lands and oceans clearly in view.

The underlined word “transparent” here probably means “”.

A. 透明的B. 透氣的

C. 透風(fēng)的

解析：由下文“That means light can pass it directly to reach the earth， with lands and oceans clearly in view.”可知，transparent的意思是“透明的”，故答案為A。

7.以列舉的短語(yǔ)或句子為線索

為了闡明某一種重要觀念或講清某一抽象概念，作者往往采取舉例的方式對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn)或概念進(jìn)行說(shuō)明和解釋?zhuān)瑥亩箤W(xué)生理解得更具體。那么文中的例子自然也就成了學(xué)生理解文章生詞的線索。表示列舉的信號(hào)詞有l(wèi)ike，for example，such as，especially等。

例8：（2014年廣東卷試題節(jié)選）

We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use： it became a symbol of honor and power （權(quán)力）. In the Far East in ancient times， the umbrella was allowed to be used only by those in high office or by royal people such as the kings or queens.

The underlined word“royal” might mean “” in Chinese.

A. 皇室的B. 富裕的

C. 中產(chǎn)的D. 平民的

解析：根據(jù)畫(huà)線單詞后的such as the kings or queens可知，royal people應(yīng)是指“（國(guó)王或王后等）皇室成員”，故答案為A。

8.利用指代關(guān)系

文章中常用代詞來(lái)指代前面所出現(xiàn)的名詞，如one，it，they，he，she及其賓格形式；或以this，that，those來(lái)指代文中提到的觀點(diǎn)或事實(shí)。如：I can understand that the school needs a dress code （準(zhǔn)則）. Its a problem if students come to school with their shirts open. We all understand that， but no one wants a uniform.這里出現(xiàn)的指示代詞that指的是前面提及的一個(gè)事實(shí)，即“學(xué)校需要制定一個(gè)穿衣準(zhǔn)則”。

例9：（2014年上海卷試題節(jié)選）

Whats the worst thing thats ever happened in your job？

Probably the dog that bit me. It wasnt a big one—I dont mind the big ones. The small ones are the worst. It gave me a very nasty bite.

The underlined word “one” refers to “”.

A. dogB. bite

C. eventD. job

解析：根據(jù)上文中的“Probably the dog that bit me.”可知，此處one指代的是dog，故答案為A。

例10：（2014年江西卷試題節(jié)選）

Besides going on trips with their parents， American students enjoy taking part in different kinds of activities during the holidays. For example， some kids enjoy summer camps and outdoor adventure （冒險(xiǎn)） holidays. Such trips are great for adventurous students. They also have a lot to offer students who arent usually interested in traditional PE activities. You can do courses in survival （生存） skills， for example. Students learn how to make a camp in the forest， which wild food they can eat and how to find their way back to the center.

What does the underlined word “They” refer to in the third paragraph？

A. Some kids.

B. Different traditional PE activities.

C. Parents.

D. Summer camps and outdoor adventure.

解析：根據(jù)上文“For example， some kids enjoy summer camps and outdoor adventure （冒險(xiǎn)） holidays.”及下文意思可知，they指代的是summer camps 和 outdoor adventure，故答案為D。

9.利用構(gòu)詞法

英語(yǔ)中有大量的單詞是通過(guò)合成或加前綴、后綴而形成的，因此學(xué)生可運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法來(lái)判斷生詞的意義。如：The colors of Hawaii in summer are unforgettable. forget意為“忘記”，un為否定前綴，因此unforgettable就是“令人難忘的”之意。

例11：（2012年吉林卷試題節(jié)選）

From Mr. Jacksons story， we know honesty is very important in the modern society. We should tell the truth to the people around us， especially to the kids.

The underlined word “honesty” means “”.

A. 激情B. 友誼

C. 樂(lè)觀D. 誠(chéng)實(shí)

解析：honest意為“誠(chéng)實(shí)的”，加后綴 y，變成名詞，意為“誠(chéng)實(shí)”。根據(jù)下文“We should tell the truth to the people around us， especially to the kids.”可知答案為D。

【真題演練】

閱讀短文，根據(jù)文后要求完成所給題目。

1.（2014年麗水卷試題節(jié)選）Smile at your class. When it comes time to speak， theres nothing that draws your class into your speech than a good oldfashioned smile. Be happy， because youre about to teach your class something they didnt know before. Studies have shown that smiles are infections. That means once you smile， its hard for everyone else not to smile. So if you want your speech to go off well， smile. Thatll make everyone smile and maybe those smiles will make you actually smile.

In Paragraph 3 of the passage “smiles are infections” means “”.

A. smiles can be passed on

B. its hard to smile

C. smiles keep people fit

D. people should smile every day

2. （2014年淮安卷試題節(jié)選） The second kind are those books which give objective （客觀的） information of things to be done and seen. If a cultured person has written such a book about the facts of a place， then it is more useful.

The underlined phrase “a cultured person” means a person with .

A. a good appearance

B. a good education

C. a lot of experience

D. a lot of money

3. （2014年河北卷試題節(jié)選） Children do not have much experience or knowledge. However， they are natural dreamers. We should not laugh at them for being naive. Many great men were dreamers when they were children. One such dreamer was Thomas Edison. He used to be ostracized （排斥） when he was in primary school， but his achievements were greater than everyone elses in his time.

The underlined word “naive” in the passage means “” in Chinese.

A. 逆反的B. 幼稚的

C. 調(diào)皮的D. 沖動(dòng)的

4. （2014年北京卷試題節(jié)選） Teens would like to spend more time doing things with their parents， but watching TV is not counted as spending time together. As your teens mature， it is important for you and your teens spend time alone together， one to one. Your teens need time to talk to you alone without any other family member present.

The underlined part “counted as” in Paragraph 3 probably means “”.

A. compared withB. used as

C. connected withD. regarded as

5. （2014年廣州卷試題節(jié)選） First I had to get the kids to sleep. That was never easy at any time and tonight it was even more difficult. The eldest one wanted to know why we left the party early. I told him 10：30 p.m. was not early. As usual， I read them a bedtime story， but I had to stop myself reading too quickly or they would learn my secret.

The underlined word “they” in Paragraph 3 refers to “”.

A. thievesB. parents

C. childrenD. neighbours

6. （2014年杭州卷試題節(jié)選） I became a laughter yoga （瑜伽） teacher more than two years ago. Before that， I was a dentist！ My job was very difficult， and I used to feel fed up. Now I still improve peoples health， but everything else is completely different. Everyone has fun in a laughter yoga class， including the teacher！

The underlined part “fed up” is closest in meaning to “”.

A. interestedB. satisfied

C. disappointedD. bored

7. （2014年昆明卷試題節(jié)選） He stopped for a moment and continued， “I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to appreciate （欣賞、感激） the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough pain so that the smallest joys in life seem much bigger … I wish you enough ‘Hellos to get you through the final ‘Goodbye.”

The word “joys” in Paragraph 7 is about .

A. pleasureB. happiness

C. enjoymentD. all above

8. （2014年泰安卷試題節(jié)選） I couldnever understand what the attraction （吸引） of the house was， even for my parents， who enjoyed nothing better than to sit in silence with a good book. The woman in the house， my fathers distant cousin， was a terrible cook and her food was inedible.

The underlined word “inedible” is closest in meaning to “”.

A. too bad for him to eat

B. nice to look at

C. not enough to eat

D. as delicious as usual

9. （2014年恩施卷試題節(jié)選） “If you do not show your filial piety to your mother right now， you might never have the opportunity in the future， because your mother is growing older and older day by day—this is the main theme of my film，” said the 21yearold Liu.

The underlined words “filial piety” probably mean “” in Chinese.

A. 友善B. 同情心

C. 仁慈心D. 孝心

10. （2014年天津卷試題節(jié)選） Have beings from space already visited Earth？ “Probably not，” says Shostak. “Its a long way away. However， intelligent beings may contact us in other way， such as radio signals （信號(hào)）. In fact， they may be trying to communicate with us now， but we dont have the right tools to receive their messages. However， this is changing. By 2025， we could make contact with other life forms in our universe and we might help each other.”

What does the underlined phrase “l(fā)ife forms” in the last paragraph mean？

A. Message.B. Tools.

C. Intelligent beings.D. Radio signals.

Key：

1～5 ABBDC 6～10 DDADC