水稻最佳作物管理技術(shù)的增產(chǎn)增效作用

安 寧， 范明生， 張福鎖

(中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，北京 100193)

水稻最佳作物管理技術(shù)的增產(chǎn)增效作用

安 寧， 范明生*， 張福鎖

(中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，北京 100193)

最佳作物管理技術(shù)； 產(chǎn)量； 氮肥利用率； 干物質(zhì)積累； 產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成

隨著我國人口的不斷增長，對稻谷的需求也日益增加。按照目前我國稻米的年消費量預(yù)測, 到2030年我國的水稻需求量需增加30%以上[16]。為了滿足未來水稻生產(chǎn)需求，必須通過在現(xiàn)有甚至減少的種植面積的條件下大幅度提高單產(chǎn)，同時應(yīng)提高養(yǎng)分資源，尤其是氮肥的利用效率，從而減少對環(huán)境的影響[3]。目前我國水稻產(chǎn)量徘徊不前的主要原因可能是： 1)農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)方式下的水稻平均產(chǎn)量已經(jīng)達到可實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)量的70%以上[17]，進一步提高產(chǎn)量需要更加精細的管理技術(shù)，但這往往在經(jīng)濟和實踐中的可行性低； 2)目前農(nóng)戶不合理的管理措施仍然是增產(chǎn)和增效的限制因子，如水稻栽插密度低、 水分管理不合理 (大多數(shù)農(nóng)民采用淹水—中期烤田—淹水的灌溉方式)、 養(yǎng)分管理不合理等，如氮肥投入量過大，農(nóng)民一般分兩次施用(基肥和蘗肥)且基肥施用多，這樣會造成更大的氮的損失，同時不能滿足高產(chǎn)水稻的需求。而最近的研究表明，水稻的吸氮高峰期出現(xiàn)在幼穗分化期，而在水稻生長后期光照更加充足的年份，增加粒肥能促進籽粒灌漿和增產(chǎn)，因此，增加中后期的施用比例(穗肥和粒肥)是水稻高產(chǎn)和氮肥高效利用的基礎(chǔ)[18-20]。

本研究在我國水稻主產(chǎn)區(qū)403個農(nóng)民田塊的試驗示范基礎(chǔ)上，利用試驗示范數(shù)據(jù)，比較了最佳作物管理技術(shù)和農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)方式兩種管理模式下的水稻產(chǎn)量、施氮量、氮肥利用率以及生長動態(tài) (作物吸氮量和干物質(zhì)積累) 的差異，在現(xiàn)有品種條件下，針對水稻生產(chǎn)的主要限制因子，通過管理技術(shù)的優(yōu)化，明確增產(chǎn)與增效的實現(xiàn)程度，旨在為我國水稻生產(chǎn)實踐提供理論與技術(shù)支撐。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗設(shè)計

表1 田間試驗中農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的管理信息Table 1 Detailed information in management for farmer’s practices and best crop management practices in 403 on-farm trials

1.2 測定項目與方法

1.2.2 水稻吸氮量和干物質(zhì)積累量 在12個試驗點(其中包括南方雙季早稻、雙季晚稻和單季稻)，分別于分蘗期、穗分化期、抽穗期和成熟期取植株樣品。每個點在各地塊取 0.5 m2的植株樣，于105℃烘箱殺青30 min，80℃烘72 h后稱重，并折算成每公頃干重。樣品經(jīng)粉碎過篩，采用H2S04-H202消化，以半微量凱氏定氮法測定植株氮含量。

1.3 計算方法和數(shù)據(jù)處理

氮肥利用率的計算公式為[23]：

氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力 (PFP，kg/kg) =施氮小區(qū)水稻籽粒產(chǎn)量(kg/hm2)/施氮量(N kg/hm2)

氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率 (AE，kg/kg) =[施氮小區(qū)水稻籽粒產(chǎn)量(kg/hm2)-空白小區(qū)水稻籽粒產(chǎn)量(kg/hm2)]/施氮量(N kg/hm2)

氮肥回收利用率 (RE，%)=[施氮小區(qū)水稻吸氮量(N kg/hm2)-空白小區(qū)水稻吸氮量(N kg/hm2)]/施氮量(N kg/hm2) ×100

試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用EXCEL、SPSS軟件進行處理與分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 施氮量、產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率

表2顯示，最佳作物管理技術(shù)表現(xiàn)出良好的減氮、增產(chǎn)和增效潛力。農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理的平均施氮量為204.1 kg/hm2，最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理氮肥用量減少了20.3%；氮肥的減少并沒有使水稻的產(chǎn)量下降，反而表現(xiàn)出較大的增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)。農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理的平均產(chǎn)量為7226.4 kg/hm2，最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的平均產(chǎn)量為7917.0 kg/hm2，增長率為9.6%；由于氮肥施用量的減少和產(chǎn)量的增加，最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的氮肥利用率大幅度增加，顯著高于農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理，農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力(PFP)、農(nóng)學(xué)利用率(AE)和氮肥回收率(RE)分別為37.3 kg/kg和50.8 kg/kg，8.5 kg/kg和14.9 kg/kg，28.7%和42.3%，增長率分別為36.2%、75.3%和13.6個百分點，AE的增長幅度最大，其次為PFP和RE。

表2 農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的施氮量、產(chǎn)量、氮肥效率和減氮、增產(chǎn)、增效的百分比Table 2 N rate, yield, nitrogen use efficiency under farmer’s practices(FPs) and best crop management practices(BCMPs)

注(Note): FPs—Farmer’s practices; BCMPs—Best crop management practices; PFP—Partial factor productivity; AE—Agronomic efficiency; RE—Recovery efficiency. 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among treatments at the 5% level.

2.2 水稻的氮素吸收動態(tài)

農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的氮素吸收在水稻整個生長期表現(xiàn)出相似的規(guī)律，齊穗期之前氮素迅速累積，到齊穗期之后氮素的吸收速率下降，但具體在各個時期的累積吸氮量和階段吸氮量不同，從圖1可以看出，農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的累積吸氮量，在分蘗期分別為39.8 kg/hm2和40.2 kg/hm2，占作物收獲期吸氮量的26.2%和24.2%；在穗分化期分別為88.2 kg/hm2和81.6 kg/hm2，占作物收獲期吸氮量的58.1%和49.2%；在齊穗期分別為134.9 kg/hm2和147.7 kg/hm2，占作物收獲期吸氮量的88.9%和89.0%；在成熟期分別為151.7 kg/hm2和165.9 kg/hm2。兩種管理措施下，水稻的階段氮素吸收量也存在差異：從分蘗期到穗分化期，農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的階段吸氮量分別為48.4 kg/hm2和41.4 kg/hm2，占作物收獲期吸氮量的31.9%和24.9%；穗分化期到齊穗期，階段吸氮量分別為46.7 kg/hm2和66.1 kg/hm2，占作物收獲期吸氮量的30.8%和39.8%；齊穗期到成熟期，階段吸氮量分別為16.8 kg/hm2和18.2 kg/hm2，占作物收獲期吸氮量的11.1%和11.0%。農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理在生育前期表現(xiàn)出較大的氮吸收能力，但從齊穗期開始，最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的氮吸收能力要大于農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理。由于試驗點分布在不同的水稻種植地區(qū)，土壤供氮能力不同，不同地區(qū)的水稻累積吸氮量和階段吸氮量也有一定差異，雖然沒有達到差異顯著水平，但總體趨勢明顯。

圖1 農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理(FPs)和最佳作物管理技術(shù) 處理(BCMPs)水稻不同生育期的吸氮量Fig.1 Nitrogen uptake of farmer’s practices (FPs) and best crop management practices (BCMPs) at different rice growth stages

2.3 水稻的干物質(zhì)累積動態(tài)

農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理水稻的干物質(zhì)累積與氮素吸收的趨勢類似。穗分化期之前干物質(zhì)累積相對緩慢，到穗分化期之后干物質(zhì)的積累開始迅速上升，但在各個時期的干物質(zhì)積累的絕對值不同。圖2顯示，農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的干物質(zhì)累積量，在分蘗期分別為1399.9 kg/hm2和1524.0 kg/hm2，占作物收獲期干物質(zhì)累積量的10.8%和11.0%；在穗分化期分別為3875.0 kg/hm2和3856.4 kg/hm2，占作物收獲期干物質(zhì)累積量的30.0%和28.0%；在齊穗期分別為8869.0 kg/hm2和9141.6 kg/hm2，占作物收獲期干物質(zhì)累積量的68.7%和66.3%；成熟期時別為12914.2 kg/hm2和13796.1 kg/hm2，在收獲期，干物質(zhì)的累積量表現(xiàn)出顯著差異 (P<0.05)。同時，農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的花后干物質(zhì)積累量分別為4045.2 kg/hm2和4654.5 kg/hm2，二者差異顯著(P<0.05)。

圖2 農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理(FPs)和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理 (BCMPs) 水稻不同生育期干物質(zhì)累積量Fig.2 Dry matter accumulation of farmer’s practices (FPs) and best crop management practices (BCMPs) at different rice growth stages

2.4 產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成

不同管理措施對水稻的產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素有明顯影響，從表3可以看出，最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的每平方米平均穗數(shù)為243.2，顯著大于農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理的231.7 (P<0.05)；最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的平均穗粒數(shù)為154.2，顯著大于農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理的150.0 (P<0.05)；同時，最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的平均千粒重為26.9 g，顯著大于農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理的26.6 g (P<0.05)。

表3 農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)處理和最佳作物管理技術(shù)處理的產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成Table 3 Yield components of farmer’s practices (FPs) and best crop management practices (BCMPs)

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among treatments at the 5% level.

3 討論與結(jié)論

盡管我國水稻種植歷史悠久，種植技術(shù)相對成熟，農(nóng)民的水稻平均產(chǎn)量達到可實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)量的70%以上[17]，但是，不合理的水肥以及作物管理仍然是水稻高產(chǎn)高效的限制因子。目前的研究表明，我國的水稻仍然能夠通過優(yōu)化水肥以及作物管理技術(shù)實現(xiàn)增產(chǎn)10%，增產(chǎn)的原因可能是：1)氮肥施用量和時期匹配高產(chǎn)水稻的生理需求，減少早衰，促進干物質(zhì)累積，尤其是后期干物質(zhì)的累積，促進了氮素吸收和千粒重的增加[18, 24-25]。增加生物產(chǎn)量是獲得高產(chǎn)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，且經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)量主要決定于齊穗后群體的光合生產(chǎn)量，即花后期的干物質(zhì)積累量[26-27]。在本研究條件下，最佳作物管理技術(shù)的水稻花后干物質(zhì)積累量為4655 kg/hm2，占總干物質(zhì)積累的34%； 2)增加鉀肥的施用，尤其是增加抽穗期鉀肥的施用，這可能增加水稻根系的活力，促進對養(yǎng)分的吸收，有利于形成高產(chǎn)群體[28-29]； 3)個別點(n=43)施用硅肥或微量元素，可能也有一定的增產(chǎn)效果；4)增加栽插密度，保障了合理的群體數(shù)量和穗數(shù)；5)后期的干濕交替灌溉，促進了弱勢粒灌漿，增加每穗粒數(shù)[30]。同時，本研究也表明，最佳作物管理技術(shù)可以實現(xiàn)在增產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上同時減少氮肥施用量，即與農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)的管理方式相比，氮肥用量節(jié)省20%，氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力、農(nóng)學(xué)利用率和氮肥回收利用率分別增加36.2%、75%和13.6個百分點。由此可見，我國的水稻生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)有更大的節(jié)氮和增效的潛力。

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Best crop management practices increase rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency

AN Ning, FAN Ming-sheng*, ZHANG Fu-suo

(CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalScience，ChinaAgriculturalUniversity，Beijing100193,China)

【Objectives】Rice is one of the main staple crops in China. In order to meet the increasing demand of rice production for growing population with even reduced rice cultivation area, rice farming systems must be managed to achieve the goal of high rice productivity and primary resources (e.g. nitrogen and water) use efficiency while without further degradating environmental integrity. 【Methods】 Based on 403 on-farm trails conducted in China’s major rice producing provinces (Including Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Anhui, Jiangsu and the Great Chongqing Area) from 2008 to 2011, nitrogen application rate, rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency (partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency), nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation dynamics of rice plant during the main period of rice growth (tillering stage, panicle initiation stage, full heading stage and mature stage) were compared between treatments of conventional farmers’ practices (FPs) and the best crop management practices (BCMPs). The main technology of best crop management practices was optimum nitrogen management with side dressing while control the total amount of application, customized application rate of phosphorus and potassium by monitoring available phosphorus and potassium in the soil, increased transplanting density and optimized water management through controled dry and irrigation cycles after midseason drainage. 【Results】 Compared with FPs, the yield of BCMPs was 7917.0 kg/hm2and increased significantly by 690.6 kg/hm2(9.6%) (P<0.05) while nitrogen fertilizer application was significantly reduced by N 41.4 kg/hm2(20.3%) (P<0.05). The nitrogen partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency of BCMPs were significantly higher than those of FPs by 36.2%, 75.3% and 13.6 percentage points，respectively (P<0.05). Nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation of rice plant under FPs were greater than those of BCMPs during earlier stage. After full heading stage, nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation of rice plant under treatment of BCMPs were greater than those of FPs. During mature stage, the nitrogen uptake of rice plant under treatment of FPs and BCMPs were 151.7 kg/hm2and 165.9 kg/hm2, and dry matter accumulation were 12914.2 kg/hm2and 13796.1 kg/hm2, respectively (P<0.05). The dry matter accumulation after flowering was significantly different between FPs and BCMPs, which was 4045.2 kg/hm2and 4654.5 kg/hm2, respectively (P<0.05). Panicles number per square meter, spikelet number per panicle and 1000-grain weight of BCMPs were 243.2, 154.2 and 26.9 g respectively, which were significantly greater than those of FPs (P<0.05). 【Conclusions】 Improved crop management practices as BCMPs could increase yield by 9.6% while reduce nitrogen and water use. These best crop management techniques are convenient and easily adopted practices that may be applied widely in rice cropping systems. This study provides the guide for sustainable rice-based cropping systems.

best crop management practices；yield；nitrogen use efficiency；dry matter accumulation；yield components

2014-04-13 接受日期： 2014-06-04 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期： 2015-05-06

農(nóng)業(yè)部公益型行業(yè)專項 “最佳養(yǎng)分管理技術(shù)”項目(201103003)資助。

安寧(1985—)，女，內(nèi)蒙古巴彥淖爾市人，博士研究生，主要從事養(yǎng)分資源管理方面的研究工作。E-mail: anning1011@163.com * 通信作者 Tel: 010-62731661, E-mail: fanms@cau.edu.cn

S511.06

A

1008-505X(2015)04-0846-07