無與倫比的聽覺沖擊

文/五花肉

無與倫比的聽覺沖擊

Incomparable Auditory Experience

文/五花肉

音樂藝術(shù)是人類最偉大、最動(dòng)人的創(chuàng)造之一。交響音樂在音樂藝術(shù)中最為復(fù)雜，也是最有特殊魅力的藝術(shù)形式。它以豐富多彩的表現(xiàn)手法和強(qiáng)烈的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力，為人們開拓了一個(gè)廣袤無垠、深邃無比的音樂世界。

Music is one of the greatest and the most moving arts of human being. Symphony is the most sophisticated and most attractive one in the musical art. Featuring affluent and strong artistic expressive, symphony creates vast and profound world of music.

以管弦樂隊(duì)為媒 Media of Orchestra

“交響”一詞，源于古希臘文Symphonia，是“和聲”、“同時(shí)發(fā)響”的意思。交響音樂發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代，其表現(xiàn)形式也有了統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即采用大型管弦樂隊(duì)（交響樂隊(duì)）為媒介。由于交響音樂在音色的豐富性、速度的沖擊力、力度的層次感、氣勢的宏偉度等方面具備顯著優(yōu)勢，因此它在表現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)爭、死亡、悲愴等嚴(yán)肅而重大的命題時(shí)，會(huì)展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)奏或重奏類器樂體裁所無法比擬的潛質(zhì)。例如，貝多芬《“命運(yùn)”交響曲》第I樂章發(fā)展部里以“命運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)”在各樂器聲部上此起彼伏，總譜中12種樂器的22個(gè)分部上密布著短促、高低不一的音符，給聽者帶來震撼的聽覺沖擊。

Originating from the ancient Greek word “Symphonia“, the word “Symphony“ means “Concord“ and “Sound simultaneously “. Currently, symphony has developed its own standard namely media of orchestra. Thanks to the colorful expression; compulsive force and Intensity of hierarchy; symphony has much more advantage than other instruments in the expression of war; death and sorrow. For example, the development of fi rst chapter in Beethoven's Fate Symphony regards the collection of various voice parts as “Power of fate“. The score consists of 22 voice parts; 12 kinds of instruments and different musical notes, which brings powerful experience to the audience.

聆聽：貝多芬《“命運(yùn)”交響曲》

Listening： Beethoven's Fate Symphony

源自歌劇的交響曲 Symphony Originating from Opera

當(dāng)代交響音樂(即18世紀(jì)后半葉海頓以來的交響樂)，主要是指交響樂隊(duì)演奏的多樂章的交響曲、交響詩、協(xié)奏曲、組曲和音樂會(huì)序曲、歌劇序曲和舞劇音樂等。其中，又以交響曲最具代表特色。

The modern symphony (the symphony in the late 18th century from Haydn's era) means the collection of symphony music; symphonic poem; concerto; cento; Concert Overture; ballet music, among which the symphony music is the typical.

早期的交響曲由17世紀(jì)末意大利式歌劇序曲演變而來。序曲的“快板—慢板—快板”的三段形式，為交響曲的套曲形式打下了基礎(chǔ)。到18世紀(jì)，序曲性質(zhì)的交響曲脫離歌劇，吸收大協(xié)奏曲、組曲及三重奏鳴曲的因素，發(fā)展成獨(dú)立的三樂章的器樂體裁。但由于曲式尚未最后確立，交響樂隊(duì)的編制也未成形，因此當(dāng)時(shí)的交響曲仍屬器樂重奏及小型樂隊(duì)演奏的作品。隨后，維也納樂派的M.G.莫恩首先在他的《D大間交響曲》（1740）的慢板樂章后，插入一個(gè)小步舞曲樂章，創(chuàng)造了四樂章交響曲形式，成為現(xiàn)代交響曲的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雛形。

The early symphony music evolved from Italian Concert Overture in the late 17th century. The rhythm of “allegretto-lento-allegretto“ was the basic standard of symphony. In the 18th century, symphony separated from opera; integrated the factors of concerto grosso; cento; and Trio Sonata; and developed threemovement mode. Nevertheless, lacking in standard for orchestra system and rhythm mode, symphony still fell into the sphere of Instrumental ensemble music. Then, M.G. Moen of Vienna school inserted a minuet chapter after lento chapter in his work“ D major symphony“(1740), which created mode of instrumental quartet and formulated the embryonic form of modern symphony.

聆聽：M.G.莫恩《D大間交響曲》

Listening： M.G.Moen's D major symphony

有趣的樂隊(duì)編制標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Interesting Band System Standards

交響樂隊(duì)是交響音樂與聽眾的媒介?，F(xiàn)代交響樂隊(duì)一般包括四組樂器，即弦樂組、木管組、銅管組和打擊樂組。在演奏時(shí)，交響樂隊(duì)會(huì)根據(jù)作品風(fēng)格的需要，分為不同的編制。如單管編制、雙管編制、三管編制、四管編制等等?，F(xiàn)代交響樂隊(duì)以木管作為判定編制的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：“雙管”編制的樂隊(duì)（總?cè)藬?shù)約有60余人）；“三管”編制的樂隊(duì)（總?cè)藬?shù)約有90余人）；“四管”編制的樂隊(duì)（總?cè)藬?shù)約有110多人）。為了使各組樂器之間數(shù)量的比例合理，隨著木管樂器的增減，弦樂器及其他樂器的數(shù)量也要隨之變化，以保持聲部音響的平衡。

Orchestra is the combination of music and audience. Orchestra usually consists of 4 groups of musical instruments including string group; woodwind group; brass wind group and percussion group. In the concert the orchestra will have different establishment in accordance with music style including single woodwind system; double woodwind system; trio woodwind system and quartet woodwind system. Modern orchestra has standards for system in accordance with the number of woodwind instruments namely double system of 60 players; trio system of 90 players and quartet system of 110 players. To optimize the system and keep balance of voice parts, number of other instruments shall change with the number of woodwind instruments.

樂隊(duì)席位里的門道 Rules of Orchestra Arrangement

交響樂隊(duì)中包括了數(shù)10種不同類別的樂器，并且由于交響樂隊(duì)中包括了數(shù)10種特色與個(gè)性鮮明的各類樂器，因此它們的排序直接影響著聽眾的感官體驗(yàn)。經(jīng)過一百多年的努力探索和實(shí)踐，交響樂團(tuán)的席位排列原則有了相對固定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。比如，弦樂組是交響樂隊(duì)的基礎(chǔ)，其音色能給人以親切感，一般排在最靠近觀眾的舞臺(tái)前面；木管組樂器種類較多、音色突出，所以需要分門別類的排列在弦樂組之后，即樂隊(duì)中間部位；銅管樂器和打擊樂器，由于音量宏大且富有刺激性，因此排在樂隊(duì)的最后面或后側(cè)面；豎琴和其他彈撥樂器則通常排在樂隊(duì)的左右兩側(cè)。

Thank to the collection of dozens kinds of different instruments, orchestra arrangement has direct influence on audience experience. In the past 100 years, orchestra arrangement has developed standards. According to the standards, string group, the basic of the system, sounds graceful so string group is to be located near the audience. Woodwind group is to be located in the middle behind string group because of its complex structure. Because of great volume, brass wind group and percussion group are to be located at the back of the orchestra. Harp and other plucked instruments are to be located on the left or the right.

交響音樂的美最終體現(xiàn)在聽眾的創(chuàng)造性審美中，人們在享受音樂的同時(shí)，與作曲家產(chǎn)生共鳴，完成心靈的升華。

The aesthetics symphony music reflects in the audience creative aesthetics. Audience will resonate with the composers and achieve sublimation of the mind while enjoying the music.

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院）