推理判斷題的解題技巧

楊富章

所謂推斷，就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息，推斷出未知的信息。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。推理判斷題的推斷對(duì)象主要包括隱含意思、目標(biāo)讀者、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度、文章出處、寫作意圖等。當(dāng)中尤以推斷隱含意義的題目居多。

推斷隱含意義，即要求根據(jù)文章的某個(gè)句子、段落或全文所提供的事實(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到、沒有明說或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。旨在考查考生透過詞語(yǔ)的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意的能力。

設(shè)問形式 推斷隱含意義的題干中常含infer（推斷），suggest（暗示），imply（暗示），indicate（暗示），conclude（推斷，得出結(jié)論）等詞語(yǔ)。常見的題干設(shè)題形式如下：

1.We can know from the passage that .

2. We can infer from the （first/last） passage that .

3.The passage/author implies/suggests that .

4.It can be concluded from the passage that .

5.The underlined sentence indicates that .

解題方法 首先找到相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)（推理的依據(jù)），然后細(xì)讀、理解相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)的字面意義，最后結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和常識(shí)，在字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推斷，從而理解作者的言外之意。解答此類題目，需注意以下幾個(gè)問題：

1.嚴(yán)格按照閱讀材料中所提供的信息進(jìn)行推理，切忌摻雜自己的主觀想法或經(jīng)驗(yàn)；

2.如果某選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容是閱讀材料的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，那它就不是推論，也就不是正確答案；

3.如果某選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與經(jīng)驗(yàn)相吻合，文中卻沒有涉及，那它就不是從文中推斷出來的，也不是正確答案；

4.如果某個(gè)選項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容雖在文中提到了，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正確答案；

5.文中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（should，must，may等）往往能流露出作者的弦外之意，這有助于我們確定正確答案；

6. 注意作者在文中的措辭，如作者在形容詞前用了too，excessively，rather等詞，則常帶有否定的意味。

例1 The position was offered at the last minute，and I was given two weeks to prepare，a period I spent searching for briefcase（公文包） and standing before my full-length mirror，repeating the words，“Hello，class. Im Mr Davis.” Sometimes I would give myself an aggressive voice. Sometimes I would sound experienced. But when the day eventually came，my nerves kicked in and the true Mr Davis was there. I sounded not like a thoughtful professor，but rather a 12 year old boy.

What can we learn about the author from this paragraph？

A.He would be aggressive in his first class.

B.He was well-prepared for his first class.

C.He got nervous upon the arrival of his first class.

D.He waited long for the arrival of his first class.

解析 推斷隱含意義題。根據(jù)本段中的But when the day eventually came，my nerves kicked in and the true Mr Davis was there. I sounded not like a thoughtful professor，but rather a 12 year old boy可知本題選C。

推斷寫作意圖，即要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容推斷作者寫作該文的目的。

設(shè)問形式

1.The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to .

2.The passage is meant to .

3.The authors purpose is to show .

4.The purpose of the article is to .

解題方法 作者的寫作目的通常有娛樂讀者、說服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn)和告知讀者某些信息三種。

此類題主要有兩種解法：

1.主旨推斷法。寫作目的陷含在作者對(duì)為何要表達(dá)某個(gè)中心主題的闡述中，因此可以根據(jù)主旨推斷作者的寫作目的。

2.文體推斷法。根據(jù)文體的特點(diǎn)和用途來推斷作者的寫作目的。記敘文，特別是個(gè)人的有趣經(jīng)歷或幽默故事類的文章，其目的是娛樂讀者；夾敘夾議的文章，其目的是讓讀者得到某種啟示或教育；廣告或議論文的目的是說服讀者接受某種產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)某種觀點(diǎn)；說明文或新聞的目的是告知讀者某些信息。

例2 Cold weather can be hard on pets，just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter（住所） as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time，thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.

Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. If you have to take them out，stay outside with them. When youre cold enough to go inside，they probably are too. If you must leave them outside for a long time，make sure they have a warm，solid shelter against the wind，thick bedding，and plenty of nonfrozen water.

What is the purpose of this text？

A.To solve a problem.

B.To give practical advice.

C.To tell an interesting story.

D.To present a research result.

解析 推斷寫作目的題。根據(jù)第一段的中心句There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe可知，這是一篇說明文，其目的是給養(yǎng)寵物的人提供一些實(shí)用的建議。答案選B。

推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度

推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度，即要求推斷作者對(duì)某人某事的看法或作者所持的觀點(diǎn)。

設(shè)問形式

1.The author seems to be in favor of/against .

2.The author may probably agree with/support .

3.Whats the authors opinion about...？

4.In the authors opinion...？

解題方法 根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容和作者的措辭能推斷作者所持的觀點(diǎn)或看法，判斷作者的態(tài)度是客觀的、主觀的，肯定的、否定的或是中立的。

例3 It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a four hourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied. The first of the experts to advocate a strict clockwatching schedule was Dr Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night. Ive never heard anything so ridiculous. Baby feeding shouldnt follow a timetable set by the mum. What is important is feeding a baby in the best way，though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.

What does the author think about Dr Frederic Truby King？

A.He is strict.

B.He is unkind.

C.He has the wrong idea.

D.He sets a timetable for mothers.

解析 推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由Ive never heard anything so ridiculous可知，答案選C。

推斷文章出處

推斷文章出處，即通過閱讀材料推斷材料的來源。

設(shè)問形式

1.The text is most likely to be taken from .

2.Where does the text probably come from？

3.Where can we most probably read this text？

解題方法 可根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來推斷，也可根據(jù)各種文體的特征來判斷其出處，如廣告的用詞和格式非常特殊，因此容易辨認(rèn)；報(bào)紙的前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱；產(chǎn)品說明一般會(huì)介紹其名稱、作用或操作方式等。

例4 The multimillion pound new Library of Birmingham （LoB） will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting the digitalization（數(shù)字化） of everyday life.

...

As digital media（媒介） is important to its idea，the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.

...

Two other small Birmingham based digital companies are also working on the LoB projects. Substrat，a digital design company，is developing what it calls an example of an “enlarged reality” project. It is about the use of an exciting smart phone，an important part of the LoB which is in the early stages of development. And The Peoples Archive is an online library of historical figures of the city being built up by a digital content company in Cahoots，in which users will be encouraged to add to and comment on the material.

Gambles says： “Technology will enable us to make the librarys content and services open to citizens as never before.”

The text is most probably taken from .

A.a computer book

B.a library guide

C.a project handbook

D.a newspaper report

解析 推斷文章出處。文章開頭用簡(jiǎn)短的話概括文章，結(jié)尾又有評(píng)論，符合新聞報(bào)道的特點(diǎn)。答案選D。

推斷目標(biāo)讀者

推斷目標(biāo)讀者，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和文中的措辭推斷此篇文章主要是寫給誰看的。

設(shè)問形式

1.The passage is probably written for .

2.Who is the passage written for？

3.The text is written mainly for .

解題方法 解答此類題要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，特別是從作者使用的詞語(yǔ)和口氣來判斷。

例5 An unused parking space or garage can make money. If you live near a city center or an airport，you could make anything up to ￡200 or ￡300 a week. Put an advertisement for free on Letpark or At my housepark.

Rent a room

Spare room？ Not only will a lodger（房客） earn you an income，but also，thanks to the government backed “rent a room” program，you wont have to pay any tax on the first ￡4，500 you make per year. Try advertising your room on Room spare or Roommate easy.

Make money during special events

Dont want a fulltime lodger？ Then rent on a short-term basis. If you live in the capital，renting a room out during the Olympics or other big events could bring in money. Grashpadder can advertise your space.

For whom is the text most probably written？

A.Lodgers. B.Advertisers.

C.House owners. D.Online companies.

解析 推斷目標(biāo)讀者題。文中圍繞如何利用家中閑置的空間來賺取額外的收入進(jìn)行論述，故其目標(biāo)讀者應(yīng)為房主。答案選C。