辯證地分析翻譯可以給遺產(chǎn)遺跡帶來的影響

0.Introduction

In the development of heritage tourism， interpretation has occupied a very important position， especially in the intangible heritage tourism because interpretation is the only means by which visitors can know the intangible heritage.In other words，a good interpretation can bring huge benefits to the heritagesites，such as it can bring potential visitors and economic benefits； itcan educate people to have a deep understanding of a heritage site and teach them to conserve a heritage site，helping develop heritage sites in a sustainable way and so on.What’s more， interpretation has experienceda lotofchanges intheprocess of development， for example， more and moremoderntechnologieshavebeenapplied into the interpretation， which can enrich visitors’visiting experience and bilingual interpretation has been emphasised in many heritage sites. However， there are also a lot of problems arising from its development， for instance，some people think that interpretation almost equals to promotion， bringing more visitors and making our cities more crowed and stressful；some peopleargue that interpretation has restricted the imaginary of visitors by interpreting everything in detail；and I think that in most cases，personal interpretationhasdestroyedthequit environment of a heritage site which is very important to the visiting experience of a visitor in a heritage site. In addition to that， there are also some problems in the interpretation of intangible heritage， such as the authenticity issue. In a summary， we should critical analyse the impacts of interpretation can bring to heritage tourism. Sometimes，the positive impacts of interpretation might become the bad impacts of it from another angel. Such as the education function of interpretation，from another perspective， it will constrain people’s exploring spirit and imaginary and ruin the mystery of heritage sites.Vice versa， when it comes to some negative impacts of interpretation according to some popular debate， we should view these points of views critically， deciding what the real bad impacts brought by interpretation is.Apart from that we also need to critical thinking about the negative impacts of interpretation， is it inevitable or can we figure out some solutions to solve the problems.In a word，we should critical analyse of the impacts of interpretation can bring to heritage tourism. Only in that way，can we take effective measures in time， which will be beneficial to the development of heritage tourism. For example，we can reduce the proportion of personal interpretation in case of disturbing visitors who needs quiet；and we can also decrease the amount of very obvious signs and boards for interpretation， moving them to some corners and creating the mystery for visitors.

1.The definitions of interpretation and heritage tourism

Firstly， I think the definitions of interpretation and heritage tourism are the basis on which we can analyse the impacts of interpretation can bringtoheritagetourism.SusieandElizabeth（2010：166）define “interpretation

” in heritage tourism as a group of skilled practice which is specially designed for the aim of translating the significant meaning of heritage sites to visitors.Besides， interpretation can also be viewed as“a process of conveying the special meaning of the heritage sites which they are visiting.”（Barrow1949；Stansfield 1983）.Timothy and Boyed（2003a）sate that“interpretation is an activity of educational significance， and this kind of activity can help visitors have a deep understanding of the heritage sites they are visiting.”Moreover，Tilden（cited in Timothy Boyed，2003b） argues that “interpretation is an activity which can educate visitors about the significant meaning behind heritage sites they are visiting through the means ofobjects and instructional media.Importantly，it differs simply conveying the figures and facts.”In addition to the definition of interpretation， the form of interpretation is another key point we need to know. In most cases， the forms of interpretation vary，“including personal interpretation，printedbrochures，exhibitions，guidedtoursandaudiopresentatio

ns.”（Timothy Boyed，2003c），what’s more， I think with the development ofscienceandtechnology，themodernscienceandinformationtechnologywillpla

yamoreimportantroleamongthevaries formsofinterpretation.For example， the practical application of information technology in the whiskey heritage experience centre in Edinburgh， which will be discussed in the following essay.Accordingly，I think interpretation is kind of an educational activity which can translate the core spirits and significant meaning of heritage sites to visitors， through all kinds of professional and instructional means.

When it comes to the definition of heritage tourism. Some would like to relate heritage tourism to culture tourism. This is due to the reason that some people have related heritage to culture， Oppermann and Tahana （1998：23）suggest that the definition of cultural attractions is“the range from the handicrafts to historical attractions；from big celebrations to stage performance by local people； and the different lifestyle of local people.” It seems that it encompasses acombination of both tangible and intangible heritage. Molloy（1993）states that“heritage tourism and cultural tourism have lotsofcommon principles”.However，Moscardo（cited inTimothy Boyed，2003d）suggest that heritage have an emphasize on the past， in contrast，cultural tourism focuses on present. In a summary，Poria（2001；1049）define heritage tourism as“it is a subcategory of tourism. Besides，in heritage tourism，the main incentive for visiting a relic or experience a living culture and folk art is based on the place’s heritage features according to the tourists’perception of their own heritage.”

2.Criticalanalysisof the positive impacts of interpretation in heritage tourism

It is widely acknowledged that interpretation plays a very important role in the development of heritage tourism according to the special nature of heritage.Almost most of the heritage sites have lost its existing meaning in the modern era. In that case，the special historic meaning of the heritage sites needs good translation，because once an object loses its contemporarymeaning，itwill be kicked out from the society，our decedents cannot have a good graspofthehistoric meaningofthese relics.Accordingly， interpretation is very important for the development of heritage tourism.

Specifically， to begin with， interpretation can educate people to have the awareness of conserving a heritage site， such as， telling visitors which part of the heritage site cannot be touched. In that way， heritage site can develop in a sustainable way.Of course，interpretation can also educate people about the significance meaning of a heritage site，making them have better understanding of the heritage site.Next，it is entertainment， interpretation can play the roleasentertainment for visitors，providing some humour，andmakingvisitors’experiencemorepleasure.Then，the interpretation can persuade visitors to buy some souvenirs and artefacts，bringing some economic benefits（Bramwell and Lane 1993）.What’s more， interpretation can also enhance visitors’experience.（Timothy Boyed，2003e）.

Critically viewing these positive impacts，itcanalsobringsome negative effects.For example，theeducationalrolecanberegardedasrestricting visitors’imaginary and destroying the mystery of a heritage site， which will be discussed in the following part. The entertainment role can lead to the loss of authenticity in order to cater to the amusement needs of visitors （Stevens 1989）.I think it is also can be illustrated in the interpretation of intangible heritage.In order to cater to the amusement needs of the majority of visitors，a lot of local precious folk arts and traditional festivals have been greatly changed by local people.

3.Theproblemsarisinginthedevelopment of interpretation

However， with the development of interpretation， countless debates over the bad impacts of interpretation have appear.

Firstly， some people argue that a good interpretation almost equates to a good advertisement which can attract more and more visitors， bringing excessive pressure to the heritage site. For example， the delicate leaflets and brochures are also very practical forms of advertisements. What’s more， in order to against the much-interpreted behaviour， some people even deliberately choose not to have car parks in the heritage sites in Bath， and they hope to deduce the amount of visitors through that way. In addition to this，the government of Sheffield“encourages its people to walk their dogs close to the city”for the sake of relieving the pressure caused by the“much-interpreted nearby park”（Peter2003a）.

Secondly，some people believe that， interpretation has constrained people’s imaginary and thinking， and it can be used by the government to instil some beliefs to the public.Peter（2003b）argues that interpretation can destroy the mystery of a heritage site which might be the most interesting part of a heritage site.Moreover， in some battle heritage sites， the interpretation is difficult to be devoid of personal bias toward the war. In that case，the public can be instilled some biased views， and their mind can be controlled by the government（Ryan2007）.Following the same logic，as interpretation has educational function to some extent，so in most cases， interpretationmight havebeusedas“apublicrelation tool”by the government.

Lastly， from my own perspective of view， in most cases， personal interpretation will ruin my enjoyment of some historic heritage sites. I prefer wandering in some historic heritage sites quietly， imaging what has happened here. However， a lot of times， I was disturbed by the loud voice of guide who is introducing the heritage sites. Besides， a lot of people will follow he/her， making some small parts of the heritage sites so crowed.

4.Personal critical thoughts address to the bad impacts of interpretation

Following the same logic， we should also treat these popular bad impacts critically.

On the first place， when it comes to the extreme pressure caused by the good interpretation. I think it cannot be regarded as a bad impact brought by interpretation because of the following reasons. Firstly， we have to admit that good interpretation may bring more and more visitors， causing increasing pressure to the heritage sites and related cities. However， I think we cannot shirk the responsibility to interpretation and it is the responsibility of the managers of heritage sites， in other words， it is related to the problems of management of heritage sites. They should have predicted the amount of visitors in advance when they are marketing. What’s more， they can carry out some regulations to restrict the amount of visitors or try to figure out some other resolutions to work out the problems.After all it is a good sign to have so many visitors in heritage sites.On one hand， it can promote the value and culture spirit of the heritage site，on the other hand， it can profit，and they can use the money to protect and develop the heritage site.Secondly，even if it is the responsibility of interpretation， accordingly，we should stop interpreting well to visitors，but can you imagine the future of the heritage site？ I think at that time，people will never have the need to worry about the visiting pressure brought by interpretation， instead， they should worry about the how to manage the heritage site， because， no one wants to visit the heritage site.

Secondly， address to the argument that interpretation may restrict the thinking of visitors and sometimes be used as“a public tool”. From my point of view I agree with the view in some way. First of all， it is the truth that sometimes if we have interpreted everything clearly and fully to visitors，we may destroy the mystery of the heritage which may be very attractive to the visitors.In other words， there is no room for their imaginary.There is an example in Hadrian’s Wall.（Sophie 1998）.There are two museums in Hadrian’s Wall，one is a normal museum， and the museum displays all the artefacts with specific interpretations. While the other one is the opposite， it interpreters little， just like one word or one short sentence. In other words it almost has no interpretation. It is just feel like a museum for museum， and the atmosphere can make you feel like coming back to the era when the heritage site was performing its contemporary historic function.Guess who is more popular among visitors？ It is the latter one which almost has no interpretation. The example strongly illustrates the belief that interpretation in the heritage may ruin the specific historic atmosphere and visitor’s exploring expectation of the heritage site.Secondly， we have to also admit that，sometimes， the interpretation for some relics is not accurate， just coming from some experts’personal views， especially in some scientific and historic heritage sites.In that case， the interpretation will really affect people’s mind and restricttheirthoughts，especiallynot beneficial fortheteenagers’development. What’s more， in some battlefield heritage sites， the interpretation needs justice， and objective viewpoint. However I think it is very difficult to practice that！Owing to the reason that it is very hard to get an agreement on some problematic political matters，in that way，some interpretation may enrage some people. Nevertheless，when it comes to the“public tool”， I think it is inevitable， after all，most of the world-famous heritage sites are national heritage sites，and people from all over the world will come to visit.Accordingly，theinterpretation has to be monitored by the government，especially when the heritage sites related to politics. it can be acceptable in some ways.

Last but not least， although some against-interpretation views really make sense to some extent， and I really agree with their sound arguments， however， what I want to highlight is that interpretation is very necessary in heritage tourism. Apart from the importance of interpretation we have mentioned before. Here is an example of my personal experience. When I travelled in Edinburgh， I liked the PALACE OF HOLYROODHOUSE most and would love to visit again.Because it interprets the site very well. On one hand，it has Chinese version interpretation，and I just need to bring the electronic pane for the interpretation with me during my visit.On the other hand，it introduced the heritage site in great detail， attracting all my attention，and I am so into it.However，when I visited the Edinburgh castle，because the electronic pane for interpretation is not free and a little expensive for me，I gave up the interpretation，trying to experience the amazing castle by myself，but it was so boring，I cannot enjoy anything！Due to the reason that I almost know nothing about the Scottish culture and history，and I also have never saw a castle. I have to admit that I was so.

excited at the first sight of the castle，and took a lot of pictures， but it was so boring later.If somebody ask me something about the Edinburgh castle，Ican say noting.Accordingly，at least for foreignpeople， interpretation is very important.

At the same time，I cannot deny that interpretation really has brought some bad impacts to heritage tourism， For example，over-interpreted interpretation really has destroyed the mystery and historic atmosphere of heritage sites，and it can be used as“public tool”to control the thoughts of the public.What's more，the interpretation also can be affected by the victors’amusement needs，ignoring the authenticity of the history.But，we can take measures to make up for the negative impacts.What we need to pay attention is how to how to control the degree of the interpretation， making them become beneficial to heritage tourism.

5.Feasible solutions to the negative impacts

In view of all the bad impacts interpretation has brought to heritage tourism， we can figure out some solutions to help interpretation out of the dilemma.

On the first place，address to the phenomenon that interpretation has ruined the mystery and historic atmosphere of some heritage sites， and restrict the imaginary of visitors. I think we can move the interpretation labels and boards to some less-obvious places.If some visitors feel very curious about the interpretation，they can just go to see the interpretation， but for others，who just want to enjoy the mystery atmosphere of the heritage site or only want to explore the history by himself， thy can just enjoy the heritage sites by themselves. Besides，we can also reduce the proportion of personal interpretation， which is a little noisy for the atmosphere and enhance the quality and quantity of electronic panes for interpretation. In that way，since the volume of the electronic pane only can be heard by yourself，and will not disturbing others.What’s more， in most cases，they are optional.So it is perfect for creating the historic atmosphere for some visitors.

On the second place，when it comes to the fact that in order to cater to the visitors’amusement needs，ignoring the authenticity of heritage.I think we can set up a board to manage these staff.The board should be responsible for checking the quality of interpretations，especially，training and guiding some tour guides.

6.Conclusion

Interpretation has becomemoreandmore important in the development of heritage tourism.However，with the development of interpretation，more and more people begin to doubt the impacts of interpretation can bring to heritage tourism.I think we should view these impacts critically.Some positive impacts can have negative threaten while some bad impacts is inevitable and can be improved.

The positive impacts of interpretation is very obvious： it can educate people to conserve the heritage site， helping develop the heritage site in a sustainable way；it can amuse visitors，enriching visitors’experience； it can encourage people to append money in the heritage site，bringing economic benefits and so on. However we should treat these good impacts critically，theeducationfunction may restrict people’sminds and imaginary.Besides，the amusement role may lead to a very bad impact that in order to cater to the amusement needs of visitors，people will ignore the accuracy and authenticity，especially when it comes to the intangible heritage，such as some traditional festivals.

When it comes to the bad impacts interpretation probably has brought to heritage tourism according to some popular debates.I think we should also view all the negative impacts critically.On the first place， refers to the idea that interpretation equals to advertisements bringing excessive visitors to heritage sites. I think it is ridiculous.On one hand， I thinkit isnot the faultofinterpretation，itisthe responsibilityof marketingpart.Onanotherhand，evenifitis the responsibilityof interpretation， accordingly，we stopped interpreting well to visitors to reduce the amount of visitors， in that case，no one can be responsible for the future of the heritage site.On the second place，some people argue that the interpretation will destroy the mystery and historic atmosphere of some heritage sites.I think I agree with the point of view to some extent. In most cases，when people just want to experience the mystery of the heritage by themselves or just want to exert their full imaginary to explore some historic mystery，the obvious modern interpretation boards and signs will ruin everything.On the third place， address to the idea that interpretation can be used by the government. I think it is inevitable，and it cannot be regarded as the bad impacts of the interpretation.Lastly，from my personal experience，I think the loud voice brought by the personal interpretation will affect my visiting quality.

Lastly，we can take actions to make up for the negative impacts interpretation has brought to us.To begin with， in order not to destroy the historic atmosphere and mystery of some heritage sites，we can put all the boards and cards for interpretation in less obvious places and increase the uses of electronic panes for interpretation， while reducing the percentage of personal interpretation which will ruin the mystery and quiet atmosphere.On the other hand，it can also solve the problems caused by personal interpretation.Next，we can set up a board to monitor the quality of interpretation and train some guides.

All in all，I think interpretation is very necessary in the heritage sites，and it has brought a lot of positive impacts to heritage tourism. Nevertheless，we should also critically view these impacts， they can also become bad impacts on the other hand，for example，the education function of interpretation can be regarded as the restrict of people’s imaginary. However，even though，I admit that there really exists some bad impacts of interpretation，but all these impacts can be made up for by some effective methods. [科]

【References】

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