【摘 要】高考聽力測試一般可分為主旨大意題、事實細節(jié)題、推斷題,要有針對性地訓(xùn)練。對不同的題型,分別采取“抓關(guān)鍵、重細節(jié)、講整體”不同的策略,在訓(xùn)練中加以強化,就可以有效地提高解題能力。
【關(guān)鍵詞】聽力測試 解題策略
【中圖分類號】G632 【文獻標識碼】A 【文章編號】1674-4810(2015)10-0106-03
毋容置疑,在新課程改革的背景下,聽力教學(xué)在英語教學(xué)中占有較大比重。而長期以來聽力是學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)中的弱項,與書面表達相比,聽力考試時效性極強。我們在進行有針對性訓(xùn)練的同時,還需要對題型及解題策略進行分析與研究,以期提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量。
高考英語聽力要求學(xué)生聽懂有關(guān)日常生活中所熟悉話題的簡短獨白和對話,根據(jù)命題需要,聽力材料一般有5段簡短對話和5段較長對話和獨白組成。這些年的聽力測試也有一個共同點,平均語速大約在155~160WPM區(qū)間,10段材料字數(shù)大約在1000字左右。在選材方面更傾向于口語化、生活化、情景化。材料一般都來自英語國家的生活會話,口語特征明顯,符合在非測試狀態(tài)下英語口語在社會生活中運用的真實情景。
一 高考聽力測試試題分析
在題材方面,涉及生活中的方方面面,包括購物、就餐、打電話、問路、看病、邀請、詢問時間、談?wù)撎鞖狻⒓偃栈顒?、買票等。
考查的主要形式為對話理解和短文理解:對話理解旨在考查學(xué)生在一定語境或情景中所表現(xiàn)出的快速反應(yīng)、推理判斷能力;短文理解則是在此基礎(chǔ)上考查學(xué)生對一個結(jié)構(gòu)比較完整、意義相對連貫的語段的理解能力。
高考英語聽力所考查的微技能包括理解主旨和要義,獲取事實性的具體信息,對所聽內(nèi)容做出簡單推斷,理解談話人的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。設(shè)問涉及多個方面、多個角度,采用when,why,how,what等多種疑問句。多以考查獲取細節(jié)、推斷和理解主旨大意為主。
二 高考聽力測試解題策略分析
1.主旨大意題:抓住關(guān)鍵詞句,領(lǐng)會主旨大意,提煉話題內(nèi)容
這類試題中任何一段對話都要圍繞一個話題或一個中心思想來展開并貫徹整個對話或獨白,它可以用一個或幾個詞甚至一個短語或一句話來概括。此類題要求學(xué)生聽懂并對材料的內(nèi)容做出提煉和概括。所以在遇到這類題目時,就要從說話人的語氣上體會主旨大意,抓住關(guān)鍵詞句,對語段進行整體理解。切不可糾纏在某些細節(jié)上,以免造成以偏概全的錯誤。常見的提問方式有:What’s the passage mainly about? What’s the topic of the passage? What are the two speakers talking about? What’s the dialogue about?
以2014年9月20題為例,闡述這類題型的解題策略。
M: Welcome to London this December! There’s plenty going on this month. For example,on 1 December,London’s West End,the capital’s best shopping district,has its largest ever traffic-free day. More than a million visitors are expected to shop and enjoy various activities while Oxford Street and Regent Street are completely closed to cars and buses. Shoppers will be able to move around the streets,visiting our famous department stores,and having a bite at one of the many cafes and restaurants in the area. Trafalgar Square’s Christmas tree,a gift to London from Norway,will be lit at 6 p.m. on 6 December to the sounds of traditional Christmas songs. Then,every evening from 10 December until 23 December,5 p.m. to 9 p.m.,people will sing Christmas songs in this beautiful setting. Lastly,ring in the New Year with the capital’s largest fireworks show. Although the fireworks will be set off at the British Airways London Eye,they can be enjoyed from across London and will also be broadcast on television at the same time. Then, just a few hours later,come out and see London’s colorful New Year’s Day parade,when marching performers from around the world pass through the capital’s streets. Enjoy your time in our city.
Q: What is the purpose of this speech?
A.Introduce the best shopping district in London.
B.Encourage people to buy the Christmas trees.
C.Welcome people to visit London in December.
在訓(xùn)練的過程中,遇到這類題時,要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生留意開頭或結(jié)尾的一些概括性的句子,這些句子就已經(jīng)點出了談話者的主題,如這段材料中的Welcome to London this December! There’s plenty going on this month. 由此可以斷定為A。
2.事實細節(jié)題:抓住主要細節(jié),確認具體事實
這類試題占了整個考題的大多數(shù),是對對話或獨白中提供的一些具體信息,如時間、地點、人物、數(shù)量、價錢、目的、原因、結(jié)果(who,what,which,when,where,how,why)等的獲取信息能力的考查。在細節(jié)題目上的考查上也變得越來越靈活,因為所設(shè)題目不是純粹為了追求細枝末節(jié),而是需要在整體理解聽力材料的基礎(chǔ)上把所聽到的具體信息聯(lián)系在一起,然后作出正確的理解與判斷。所以,這類題一方面要求聽清、聽懂信息。以2014年9月第2題為例:
M: Do you have this shirt in other colors,ma’am?
W: Well,they come in white,yellow,red,and green. Will a white one do?
M: Yes,that’ll be nice. I’ll take one.
Q:Which color shirt will the man buy?
A. Red. B. Green. C. White.
此題只有根據(jù)女士的話Will a white one do? 及男士的回答Yes, that’ll be nice. I’ll take one. 才能做出判斷。雖是細節(jié)題,但體現(xiàn)了雙方的互動性。對一方的提問,需從另一方的話中得出答案。
另一方面還要簡單處理聽到的信息,或者進行簡單的計算。而近幾年高考聽力考題中同義轉(zhuǎn)述題數(shù)量有所增加,在平時訓(xùn)練中要加強這塊知識的專門訓(xùn)練。
2014年9月的第5小題tidy up轉(zhuǎn)述為clean;14小題把題干的設(shè)問將what jobs pay同義轉(zhuǎn)述為incomes即收入;17小題中the capital’s best shopping district是London’s West End的同位語。
2014年3月的第7小題To sleep late in the morning對應(yīng)文中的I cannot get up early on weekends;第9小題The man will use his own computer.可以從文中的Now you don’t need to borrow mine! 得出結(jié)論。第16題Continue his education.由原文中I’ll begin working on a master’s degree in the fall. 轉(zhuǎn)述而來。第19題Anytime of the day. 是對原文中24 hours a day的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。第14題的題干使用了同義轉(zhuǎn)述。文中There seems to be a shortage of high schoolteachers now說明目前市場上教師短缺,題干中用了in short supply這個語塊對原文的信息進行了轉(zhuǎn)述。
2013年9月的13小題What are the man’s strengths? 中eager to learn對應(yīng)文中的willing to learn;16小題What does the woman say about Mary?中l(wèi)ose weight對應(yīng)文中的on a diet;19小題What may the“big freeze”mean to others? 中a 1 smile對應(yīng)文中的insincere;又如2014年3月的11題Where did Tom get the idea of becoming a businessman? 中g(shù)rown-ups對應(yīng)文中的friends’ parents。
3.推斷題:聯(lián)系上下文,合理推斷
第一,推斷對話背景,確認身份關(guān)系。此類試題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)對話中所提供的特定情境和談話內(nèi)容,對說話者的身份、職業(yè)、關(guān)系、地點進行推度判斷。提問方式有:What’s the relationship between the two speakers? Where are they speaking? Where does the conversation most likely happen? 例如:
2014年3月第3題:
W: Hi,Kent. Can you give me a lift? I’m late for work. My car’s broken down. It won’t start.
M: I’m sorry. I’m not going into town. But I can give you a lift to the bus station.
Q: Which is the probable relationship between the speakers?
A.Strangers. B.Neighbors. C.Co-workers.
答案為B。這題需要理解整個對話情景,即女士請求搭車去上班,從男士的回答中可知女士的上班地點在town中,與居住地較遠,而他雖然不去town,但能在這個時間將她載到bus station,可推斷出二者很可能為鄰居。
2014年3月第17題:
W: Hey,James. How’s the job search going?
M: Hi,Sharon. I had no idea it would take so much time. It sure makes it difficult to prepare for final exams. How about you?
W: I was lucky. There seems to be a shortage of high school teachers now. I applied to three schools,and each one offered me a position.
M: That’s great. Which one did you like?
W: I haven’t decided yet. Of course,it would be easiest for me to stay here in New York or go back home to Boston. But I may go to California.
M: That would be a big move.
W: So,tell me about your plans.
M: Well, I applied to six newspapers. Last week,I had an interview with New York Times.
W: How did it go?
M: No so well. I think they’re looking for people with some experience.
W: Have you had any other interviews?
M: No,not yet. It seems that everyone wants to be a writer these days. There just aren’t that many jobs out there.
W: That’s too bad.
M: Yes. I had hoped to have a job lined up by graduation. That doesn’t seem likely now.
W: What will you do if you can’t find a job?
M: In that case,I’ll begin working on a master’s degree in the fall.
W: Good luck!
Q: Who are the speakers?
A.Fellow students.
B.Laid-off workers.
C.High school teachers
典型的人物關(guān)系推理判斷題。全文沒有提及說話者具體的關(guān)系,要從對話的內(nèi)容,推斷出他們的關(guān)系是Fellow students。
第二,推斷說話者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。此類題目考查的是學(xué)生的聽力綜合素質(zhì),根據(jù)對話中所提供的特定情境和談話內(nèi)容、背景,對說話人的身份、職業(yè)、關(guān)系、談話場所進行揣摩,推斷說話者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度,聽出其中的“言外之意”。提問方式有:What can we learn from the conversation? What can we know about the man/woman? What does the man/woman mean? 例如:2014年3月第2題:
W: These DVDs will be due back on Thursday the 7th.
M: How much more should we pay to keep them another week?
Q: What are the speakers talking about?
A.Buying DVDs.
B.Borrowing DVDs.
C.Sharing DVDs.
此題屬于典型的場景推斷理解。從對話的“due back”、“keep them another week”兩個點判斷,說話者是借而不是買DVD。
當然,要想掌握這些解題策略,還要靠平時的訓(xùn)練養(yǎng)成。一要關(guān)注良好的解題習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成,平時要養(yǎng)成仔細審題的習(xí)慣,而且要在重點設(shè)問的單詞下做個記號,有意提醒自己該題到底在考什么,是推斷,是細節(jié),是理解還是概括,只有在聽之前做到心里有數(shù),才能在聽的過程中有重點,才能舍取信息,縮小“包圍圈”,做到如魚得水。二要關(guān)注良好心理狀態(tài)的養(yǎng)成。高考聽力測試其實是對考生心理素質(zhì)的大檢測,過于緊張焦慮的情緒往往容易產(chǎn)生恐懼心理。要使學(xué)生在考試中能正常運用這些策略,那么在平時訓(xùn)練中就要有意給學(xué)生營造這種緊張狀態(tài),克服怯場心理。三是力求橫向拓寬,覆蓋面廣,學(xué)生能舉一反三,觸類旁通。只有實現(xiàn)“練”與“法”的有機結(jié)合,才能切實提高英語聽力水平。
參考文獻
[1]羅之慧.高中學(xué)生英語聽力發(fā)展的教學(xué)對策[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)),2011(8)
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