一、考情掃描
類別2014年2013年2012年
考點分布
原文詞匯456
轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯644
概括性詞匯1
答案不唯一題數(shù)97
原文總詞數(shù)(不含漢字)405392434
命題總詞數(shù)(含10個空格)14896140
題型樹狀圖樹狀圖樹狀圖
二、考點分析
考點一、原文詞匯
1.命題特點:此類題考查考生捕捉文中信息的能力。常占總題量的50%左右,難度不大,關(guān)鍵是信息的定位與篩選。
2.考例點撥
【考例1】 (2012·江蘇高考)Leaders tend to (71) their assistants too often.
【點撥】 此題的賓語是their assistants,主語是Leaders。根據(jù)這兩點可以快速在文中定位原句,即“many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings ...”,因此可以找到關(guān)鍵詞bother,再根據(jù)tend to do sth.詞組,可知此空填動詞原形。
【考例2】 (2011·江蘇高考)Being public figures, leaders are (77) to appear strong and capable.
【點撥】 此題根據(jù)空格后的to appear strong and capable可以快速在原文中將信息定位在“They are expected to appear strong and capable.”根據(jù)原文可知They指Leaders,因此空格填expected。原文和此題均是被動語態(tài)。
但是有少數(shù)原文詞匯題比較復(fù)雜,常表現(xiàn)在題目所在句簡短而原文所在句很長,或原文和題目所在句均很長。在這兩種情況下,由于題目所在句是對原文所在句進行了句型轉(zhuǎn)換,意思一樣,但原文詞匯顯得更加隱蔽,基礎(chǔ)差的同學(xué)往往發(fā)現(xiàn)不了。此時,考生要認(rèn)真比對信息,通過篩選和甄別,最終鎖定原文詞匯。
【考例1】 (2012·江蘇高考)Such a management style may result in greater (72) and less productivity in the assistants.
【點撥】 此題是對原文“In doing so, managers lift everyones anxiety level, which activates the part of the brain that processes threats and steals resources from the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for effective problem solving.”的轉(zhuǎn)換。由于該句和題目所在的句子相似單詞少,大大增加了難度。其實此處的result in greater anxiety與原句中l(wèi)ift everyones anxiety level意思一致。當(dāng)然填anxiety的近義詞concern或worry也正確。
【考例2】 (2011·江蘇高考)Public apology is more than a personal (71).
【點撥】 此句是對原文第一段“But when were acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. Its a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record.”的高度概括,基礎(chǔ)差的同學(xué)可能很難發(fā)現(xiàn)上述表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵詞act, performance。當(dāng)然此題填其同義詞activity也正確。不過,在做任務(wù)型閱讀時,要堅持“原文詞匯是第一位”的原則。
考點二、轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯
1.命題特點:轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯常涉及詞和短語的轉(zhuǎn)換(包括詞性、詞形轉(zhuǎn)換、同義詞和反義詞轉(zhuǎn)換、短語轉(zhuǎn)換)、句子的轉(zhuǎn)換(句型轉(zhuǎn)換和信息重新整理)。常占總量的40%~50%。由于學(xué)生英語基礎(chǔ)不扎實,常在此類題目上丟分。
2.考例點撥
(1)第一類轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯略顯簡單,即涉及詞和短語的轉(zhuǎn)換。這時,考生只需根據(jù)題目信息,在原文找到相似的信息,鎖定關(guān)鍵詞,注意詞形變化即可。
【考例1】 (2012·江蘇高考)Research findings: People perform better when thinking (76) .
【點撥】 此句對應(yīng)的原文信息是:Research shows that when people work with a positive mindset, performance on nearly every level—productivity, creativity, involvement—improves. 因此,對比之后,此題空格處填的詞與原文中的positive有關(guān),再根據(jù)其前的thinking可知應(yīng)用副詞形式,即positively。
【考例2】 (2010· 江蘇高考)Our earth is a big magnet and a little freely (71) magnetic needle lines itself with the earth magnet to point north and south.
【點撥】 此句對應(yīng)的原文信息是:So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south. 通過對比,我們可以很容易地發(fā)現(xiàn)空格處填的詞與swing有關(guān),再根據(jù)此題后有謂語動詞lines,所以此空填非謂語動詞swinging。
(2)第二類轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯則比較難。它涉及句意轉(zhuǎn)換,要求考生具有較強的文章理解能力,并能將相關(guān)信息進行概括、整合、提煉,從而完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)??忌胱龊么祟愵},必須具有扎實的英語基本功,對英語語法、詞匯熟練掌握,同時,閱讀理解能力要強。這當(dāng)然不是一天兩天能夠形成的,是一個長期積累的過程,是一個量變到質(zhì)變的過程。該類句意轉(zhuǎn)換的詞匯同樣要注意詞形。
【考例1】 (2012·江蘇高考)Positive leadership could make a big (75) to employees performance.
【點撥】 要做好此題,考生必須具有較強的語篇意識和總結(jié)概括能力。考生只有將第一層次的管理方法(逼迫式管理)和第二層次的管理方法(以人為本的管理)進行比較,才能概括出結(jié)論:積極的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)對員工的工作表現(xiàn)會產(chǎn)生重大的影響。
【考例2】 (2011·江蘇高考)Apologies not (73) offered can bring on individual and institution ruin.
【點撥】 此句對應(yīng)的原文信息是“while an apology that is too little, too late, or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin.”,對比兩句意思可知“不適宜的道歉會毀了一個人和機構(gòu)。所以要填properly / appropriately / successfully / rightly。
考點三、概括性詞匯
1.命題特點:典型的任務(wù)型閱讀題目設(shè)置分為兩欄,左邊一欄是文章提綱(passage outline),右邊欄是支持性細(xì)節(jié)或論據(jù)(supporting details)。左欄的概括性詞匯要求能夠最大程度地覆蓋右欄信息,同時具有簡潔性。雖然這類概括性詞匯在高考任務(wù)型閱讀中目前出現(xiàn)頻率低,但在平時的各類模擬考試中卻是經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的,也不排除今后的高考題中題量會有所體現(xiàn)。
2.解題技巧:其實此類概括性詞匯總體難度不大,考生只要認(rèn)真理解右欄信息內(nèi)容就能概括出左欄的詞匯。關(guān)鍵是概括性詞匯的拼寫和形式要正確。有些同學(xué)在平時的考試中,知道填哪個概括性詞匯,卻出現(xiàn)拼寫錯誤、大小寫錯誤或詞形錯誤(如單復(fù)數(shù))。因此,對于此類概括性詞匯同學(xué)們要多背多寫,加強訓(xùn)練,必將輕易攻克。
【考例】 (2013·江蘇高考)
(73) of
conscientiousness
Conscientiousness keeps an organization .
Conscientious employees at the lower levels give outstanding .
The most conscientious salespersons usually have the largest volumes of sales.
Conscientious employees are less likely to be .
【點撥】 表格右欄四點說明“盡責(zé)的重要性/功能/作用”,故第(73)空填Functions / Roles / Importance / Significance。
附:??既蝿?wù)型閱讀概括性詞匯(由于部分名詞在考試中常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),所以表中列出了其復(fù)數(shù)形式)
類別詞匯
原因reasons (for), causes (of)
影響effect, influence, impact
異同differences, similarities
優(yōu)劣benefit, advantage, disadvantage, drawback, strengths, weaknesses
目的purposes, aims, goals
建議advice, suggestions, tips
方式、方法ways (to do), ways (of doing), solutions (to doing), approaches (to doing), how (to do)
總結(jié)、結(jié)論Summary, Conclusion(首字母常大寫)
態(tài)度attitude (to / towards)
特點/征feature, characteristic
措施、行動measures, actions
種類kinds, types
步驟、過程steps, procedures, processes
出處、用途history, origin; use, function
重要、意義significance(s), importance(s), meaning(s)
定義、主題definition, theme(s), topic(s), subject(s)
三、備考策略
任務(wù)型閱讀是對已閱讀信息進行二次加工的過程,它要求考生歸納概括文中要點,整合零散信息并且把系統(tǒng)化的信息以表格等形式有序地表述出來,使零散信息條理化、明朗化、簡單化和形象化。表格是文章信息的重構(gòu)。
(一)三定:(1)定位:根據(jù)題目中的信息在原文找到相應(yīng)的信息點;(2)定性:觀察表格上下左右,注意詞的詞性和形式、大小寫等;(3)定詞:所填單詞拼寫須正確。
(二)將答案填入答題卡的空格處時,須注意對號入座,千萬不能錯位。注意順序是橫向還是縱向。
(三)掌握一些常見的概括性詞匯的正確拼寫、考試說明中詞匯的詞性變化和一些常見的詞組或句型轉(zhuǎn)換形式。
當(dāng)然,光有技巧是不行的。技巧不能代替訓(xùn)練。只有在訓(xùn)練中感悟技巧,才能錦上添花,否則只能紙上談兵,所有的策略等都是浮云。
四、常見詞性詞形規(guī)則
規(guī)則考例
1.主謂一致型A: First, teachers tend to talk about what they plan to test on.
B: What teachers says in class tends to be tested on.
2.“動詞ing”型A: Green computing started as early as 1992, when the EPA created Energy Star, which is a voluntary labeling program that promotes energyefficient computing equipment and technologies.
B: In 1992, the EPA created Energy Star program, promoting energy efficient computing equipment and technologies.
3.“動詞+副詞”型A: Teachers should let students take an active part in finishing complex meaningful tasks.
B: Let students participate actively in complex meaningful tasks.
4.“形容詞”型1. A: Physically and mentally, are we prepared to handle what may come?
B: No good physical and mental preparations.
2. A: Greater gains in body movement skills may increase confidence in physical ability.
B: Children show greater gains in body movement skills, which can make them more confident in physical ability.
5.“動詞+名詞”型A: This is a hard balance to achieve as it has to satisfy users ...
B: Green computing requires the satisfaction of users ...
6.“介詞+動詞ing”或“介詞+名詞”型A: They dont hesitate to point out your problems.
B: They can point out your problems without any hesitation / hesitating.
7.“動詞原形”型1. A: Dont slam (砰地關(guān)上) your car doors late at night.
B: When you park your car late at night, avoid slamming your car door.
2. A: They can continue to learn independently throughout their lives.
B: One goal of teaching is to educate students to depend / count / rely on themselves for lifelong learning.
3. A: Its about changing the world for people.
B: It can change the world for people.
8.“過去分詞”型1. A: Sailors died of exposure as a result of the freezing weather.
B: Being exposed to the freezing weather caused their death.
2. A: Half of the preschoolers, who were an average of 4.2 years old, participate in three 30minute active workouts.
B: Half of the preschoolers aged 4.2 on average participate in three 30minute active workouts.
(作者:衡愛明,洪澤縣第二中學(xué))