學(xué)習(xí)同位語，巧析長句

同位語概述

用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在抽象名詞fact，idea，news，hope，belief，thought，truth，doubt，suggestion，warning， instruction，reason，information， question等之后，對這些名詞進行說明或解釋。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞除連詞that，whether外，還有連接代詞what， which， who， 以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等。

It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health. 吸煙危害健康，這是事實。

I have no idea what you mean.我一點兒也不明白你的意思。

There is no doubt that he is guilty. 毫無疑問，他是有罪的。

1. 由從屬連詞that，whether引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。

The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.

他們比賽獲勝的消息很快傳遍了整個學(xué)校。

析：they had won the game說明The news的全部內(nèi)容，因此該句為同位語從句。

The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once. 將軍下達了戰(zhàn)士們立即過河的命令。

析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部內(nèi)容，且意義完整，因此應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我們將討論運動會是否會如期舉行的問題。

析：the sports meeting will be held on time意義不完整，應(yīng)加“是否”的含義才能表達the problem的全部內(nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

2. 由連接代詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。

The question who should be the first has not been settled.誰應(yīng)該是第一名的問題還沒有定下來。

You can have no idea what he said.你根本想不到他說了些什么。

3. 由連接副詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。

例1：I have no idea when he will be back.

析：he will be back意義不完整，應(yīng)加“什么時候”的含義才能表達idea的全部內(nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

例2：I have no impression how he went home， perhaps by bike.

析：he went home意義不完整，應(yīng)加“如何”的含義才能表達impression的全部內(nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

4. 當(dāng)主句的謂語較短，而同位語從句較長時，同位語從句常后置。

如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.

5. 定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。

（1） 同位語從句相當(dāng)于名詞，它對其前的名詞起補充說明或進一步解釋其內(nèi)容的作用；而定語從句的功能相當(dāng)于形容詞，它對其先行詞起修飾、描述或限制作用。

如：The report that he was going to resign was 1.

析：因為the report was that he was going to resign 句意通順，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位語從句。

例1：Information has been put forward more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

A. while B. that

C. when D. as

析：答案為B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是information的內(nèi)容，且information不在從句中作成分，所以該句為同位語從句。

例2：She heard a terrible noise， brought her heart into her mouth.

A. it B. which

C. this D. that

析：答案為B。分析語境含義、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句子成分可知，該句為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為a terrible noise，且它在從句中作主語。

（2） 引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)某種成分，作賓語時可省略；而引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連接詞，在從句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。

例1：It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information has been put forward.

A. what B. that

C. when D. as

析：答案為B。that has been put forward為information的修飾性定語，且information在從句中作主語，所以該句為定語從句。

例2：I cant stand the terrible noise she is crying loudly.

A. it B. which

C. this D. that

析：答案為D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的內(nèi)容，且the terrible noise不在從句中作成分，所以該句為同位語從句。

（3） 引導(dǎo)定語從句的when，where是關(guān)系副詞，不但在句中充當(dāng)句子成分，還有與其含義相當(dāng)?shù)南刃性~；而引導(dǎo)同位語從句的when，where是連接副詞，雖可以在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，但沒有與之含義相當(dāng)?shù)南刃性~。

Gone forever are the days when Chinese people were bullied. 中國人民受欺侮的時候一去不復(fù)返了。（定語從句，the days與when構(gòu)成含義相當(dāng)?shù)拇钆潢P(guān)系）

I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么時候回來。（同位語從句，idea與when在含義上沒有任何搭配關(guān)系）

（4） 同位語從句的先行詞應(yīng)是表示抽象概念的詞，如：idea， belief， conclusion， impression， fact， news， idea， thought， hope， order， suggestion， belief等，而定語從句的先行詞是各種抽象概念的詞或具體概念的詞。

He expressed the hope that he would write a novel someday. 他表示希望有一天能寫小說。（同位語從句）

I will never forget the days when we were in Liangxiang together. 我永遠忘不了我們在良鄉(xiāng)的日子。（定語從句）

（5） 一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣should+動詞原形表示。should可省。

如：This is our only request that this （should） be settled as soon as possible. 這就是我們唯一的請求：盡快解決這個問題。

小試牛刀

A. 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空

1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.

2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.

3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.

4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.

5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow？

6. —I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

—Is that you had a few days off？

7. Word came I was wanted at the office.

8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster？

9. The teacher didnt tell me we were wrong.

10. Its generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.

B. 單項填空

1. The fact she works hard is well known to us all.

A. that B. what

C. why D. which

2. The fact he was successful proves his ability.

A. that B. what

C. which D. why

3. The news he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.

A. what B. that

C. why D. when

4. His suggestion the meeting be delayed was turned down.

A. which B. that

C. / D. it

5. I have no idea he will start.

A. when B. that

C. what D. /

6. Ive come from the government with a message the meeting wont be held tomorrow.

A. if B. that

C. whether D. which

7. The thought he might fail in the exam worried him.

A. when B. which

C. what D. that

8. The order the prisoner be set free arrived too late.

A. which B. whether

C. that D. what

9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patients fear he would die of the disease.

A. that B. as

C. of which D. which

10. He often asked me the question the work was worth doing.

A. whether B. where

C. that D. when

參考答案

A.1. that 2. what 3. What， whether 4. that 5. Who

6. why 7. that 8. which 9. where

10. whatever

B.1—5 AABBA 6—10 BDCAA

（作者：毛春霞，泰州市第三高級中學(xué)）