吳鵬飛,苗 毅,李 強,戴存才,蔣奎榮,吳峻立,高文濤,郭 峰,陳建敏,衛(wèi)積書,陸子鵬,黃東亞
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老年急性胰腺炎臨床特點和治療分析
吳鵬飛,苗 毅,李 強*,戴存才,蔣奎榮,吳峻立,高文濤,郭 峰,陳建敏,衛(wèi)積書,陸子鵬,黃東亞
(南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院胰腺中心,南京 210029)
探討老年急性胰腺炎(AP)患者的臨床特征和診療效果?;仡櫺缘胤治瞿暇┽t(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院胰腺中心2012年1月至2014年12月期間收治的164例老年AP患者(老年組,年齡≥60歲)臨床特征和療效,并與同期收治的309例非老年AP患者(對照組,年齡<60歲)進行對比分析。老年組AP的主要病因為膽道疾病,其次為高脂血癥,老年組膽源性AP發(fā)生率明顯高于對照組(84.15%59.55%,<0.001),高脂血癥性AP發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組(9.14%31.07%,<0.001)。老年組和對照組主要全身并發(fā)癥均為臟器功能衰竭(20.12%18.77%,>0.05),但老年組全身感染和持續(xù)性全身炎癥反應綜合征發(fā)生率明顯高于對照組,兩組間差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(<0.05),兩組間局部并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率無統(tǒng)計學差異(>0.05)。老年組重癥急性胰腺炎(SAP)發(fā)生率與對照組相當(18.90%18.77%),但病死率明顯高于對照組(7.93%3.56%,<0.05)。老年AP患者合并基礎疾病多,易發(fā)生全身并發(fā)癥,發(fā)展為SAP后病死率高,臨床應予以早期診斷和有效治療,可改善老年AP患者的預后。
胰腺炎,急性;老年人;臨床特點;治療
急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是臨床常見的急腹癥,大多數(shù)患者病程呈自限性,預后良好。20%~30%的AP患者臨床經過兇險,發(fā)展為重癥急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP),總體病死率為5%~10%[1,2]。近年來,老年AP的發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)逐年上升的趨勢,且老年AP的臨床表現(xiàn)及診治具有一定特殊性。本研究收集南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院胰腺中心收治的老年AP患者臨床資料,并對其臨床特點和治療效果進行回顧性分析。
收集2012年1月至2014年12月期間南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院胰腺中心收治的AP患者473例,其中老年組(年齡≥60歲)164例,男性81例,女性83例,年齡60~91歲,中位年齡68.5歲;對照組(年齡<60歲)309例,男性176例,女性133例,年齡17~59歲,中位年齡45.0歲。
所有患者均根據《中國急性胰腺炎診治指南(2013,上海)》AP的診斷標準[3],臨床上符合以下3項特征中的2項,即可診斷為AP:(1)與AP符合的腹痛(急性、突發(fā)、持續(xù)、劇烈的上腹部疼痛,常向背部放射);(2)血清淀粉酶和(或)脂肪酶活性至少>3倍正常上限值;(3)增強CT/MRI或腹部超聲呈AP影像學改變。最新Atlanta標準(2012年)按照嚴重程度將AP分為輕度急性胰腺炎(mild acute pancreatitis,MAP)、中度重癥急性胰腺炎(moderately severe acute pancreatitis,MSAP)和SAP,SAP為符合AP診斷標準,伴有持續(xù)性(>48h)器官功能衰竭[4]。器官功能衰竭的診斷標準依據改良Marshall評分系統(tǒng),任何器官評分≥2分可定義存在器官功能衰竭[5]。
資料收集完成后,采用SPSS19.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學分析。計數(shù)資料用百分率表示,兩組間比較采用2檢驗。以<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
兩組患者首要病因均為膽道疾病,其次為高脂血癥,但老年組膽源性AP發(fā)生率明顯高于對照組,高脂血癥性AP明顯低于對照組,兩組比較差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義(<0.001);酒精性AP和特發(fā)性AP,兩組患者比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表1)。
表1 老年組與對照組病因的對比分析
老年組和對照組主要全身并發(fā)癥均為器官功能衰竭,兩組患者發(fā)生率間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05);而老年組全身感染和持續(xù)性全身炎癥反應綜合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)明顯高于對照組,兩組間差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(<0.05)。局部并發(fā)癥包括胰腺壞死、胰腺假性囊腫和腹腔出血,老年組與對照組發(fā)生率相當,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表2)。
表2 老年組與對照組并發(fā)癥的對比分析
SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome; IAH: intra-abdominal hypertension; ACS: abdominal compartment syndrome
所有患者入院均予心電監(jiān)測,吸氧,禁食,胃腸減壓,液體復蘇改善微循環(huán),抑制胃酸,抑制胰酶活性,預防/控制感染,維持內環(huán)境穩(wěn)定,營養(yǎng)支持,動態(tài)監(jiān)測器官功能等治療。當患者出現(xiàn)器官功能衰竭或原有疾病惡化時,采取積極的搶救措施,除合理補液和藥物治療外,采用連續(xù)腎臟替代療法、機械通氣等。經臨床規(guī)范化治療后,老年組患者出現(xiàn)SAP 31例(18.90%),13例死亡(病死率7.93%),其余151例患者(92.07%)均好轉出院(治愈129例,好轉22例);對照組出現(xiàn)SAP 58例(18.77%),11例死亡(病死率3.56%),其余298例患者(96.44%)均好轉出院(治愈225例,好轉73例),兩組患者間病死率差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(<0.05)。
隨著生活水平的提高及人口的老齡化,老年AP發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)逐年上升的趨勢。本組老年AP患者的病因主要以膽源性為主,膽源性AP比例達84.15%,明顯高于對照組;其次為高脂血癥,由于飲食結構的變化,各種代謝紊亂疾病導致高脂血癥明顯增加;第三為酒精性,老年組略微少于對照組。老年AP患者,由于自身合并較多的基礎疾病,如高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、腦血管疾病等,不但可使AP病情進一步惡化,而且可使原有疾病加重,故老年AP具有多病并存、病情重、合并癥多、病死率高等特點。若未得到及時有效的治療,則可能發(fā)生多器官功能不全綜合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS),最終導致患者死亡[6]。本組老年AP患者中主要并發(fā)癥為器官功能衰竭,以呼吸衰竭和腎功能衰竭為主,總體發(fā)生率為20.12%,且絕大多數(shù)患者為持續(xù)性器官功能衰竭,是造成老年AP患者高死亡率的最主要原因。
老年AP仍以腹痛為主要臨床表現(xiàn),可伴隨發(fā)熱、惡心、嘔吐等癥狀,但與非老年AP患者相比,老年AP患者腹痛發(fā)生率較低。部分老年AP患者癥狀可僅表現(xiàn)為隱痛或無腹痛,以腹脹、食欲減退、上腹不適為主要表現(xiàn),加之老年患者疼痛閾值高,敏感性低,反應能力差,易誤診誤治。因此對老年患者臨床疑診為AP時,應注重對其行進一步實驗室檢查及影像學檢查,盡早明確診斷,及時予以有效治療。目前AP的影像學檢查主要包括B超檢查和CT掃描,超聲檢查操作簡單、費用低,但具有一定的局限性,而CT掃描,尤其是增強CT掃描,不僅能很好地顯示胰腺實質水腫、胰腺周圍滲出,還能顯示較大范圍的液體積聚、出血、壞死和其他局部/全身并發(fā)癥,是診斷AP的最佳影像學檢查,臨床上應常規(guī)應用[7,8]。
老年AP的治療包括禁食、胃腸減壓、早期液體復蘇、鎮(zhèn)痛、抑制胰腺分泌和適時營養(yǎng)支持等[9]。治療期間監(jiān)測生命體征,注意水電解質、肝腎功能變化,合理應用抗生素,同時應兼治并存疾病,如原有呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病者應聯(lián)合用藥,如有心血管疾病應加用擴血管藥物并注意補液的量及速度,大部分老年AP可以通過內科治療獲得緩解[10]。若老年AP患者經過初始治療后,癥狀無改善,出現(xiàn)呼吸衰竭或低血壓的跡象,應考慮直接轉入重癥監(jiān)護病房給予積極的靜脈補液和嚴密監(jiān)護[11]。
對于存在膽囊結石的老年MAP患者,應在患病同期行膽囊切除術治療,以防止AP的復發(fā)。急性壞死性膽源性胰腺炎患者,安全的膽囊切除術應延期至急性炎癥反應消退、胰周積液吸收或穩(wěn)定>6周時進行[12,13]。老年AP患者膽總管結石持續(xù)存在可使胰管和膽管持續(xù)梗阻,導致SAP和膽管炎,解除結石導致的梗阻可降低相關并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,因此合并急性膽管炎的AP患者應在住院后24h內行內鏡下逆行膽胰管造影術(endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP)檢查和鼻膽管引流[14],膽管梗阻但無急性膽管炎的AP患者可擇期行ERCP檢查。無癥狀的包裹性壞死和假性囊腫形成的患者,不論其病變大小、位置和范圍,都不需要干預治療。SAP患者感染性壞死處于穩(wěn)定期內,外科手術、介入、內鏡等治療應至少推遲至發(fā)病4周后進行[15]。對于存在感染性壞死灶且有癥狀的SAP患者,應優(yōu)先考慮行微創(chuàng)壞死組織清除術[16]。
綜上所述,老年AP是一種老年常見疾病,臨床應早期給予明確的診斷和及時有效的治療,尤其是SAP患者,提倡在多學科綜合治療模式下進行有效的綜合治療,以期獲得最佳的治療效果,提高臨床治愈率。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Clinical features and treatment of acute pancreatitis in elderly patients
WU Peng-Fei, MIAO Yi, LI Qiang*, DAI Cun-Cai, JIANG Kui-Rong, WU Jun-Li, GAO Wen-Tao, GUO Feng, CHEN Jian-Min, WEI Ji-Shu, LU Zi-Peng, HUANG Dong-Ya
(Pancreas Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China)
To investigate the clinical features and treatment efficiency of acute pancreatitis (AP) in the elderly.The clinical data of 164 consecutive elderly patients (elderly group, aged over 60 years) with confirmed AP and 309 non-elderly AP patients (control group, younger than 60 years old) treated in our center in recent 3 years were collected and analyzed retrospectively. The clinical features and treatment efficiency were compared between the 2 groups.The most common etiology of AP in the elderly patients was biliary diseases, followed by hyperlipidemia. Compared to control group, the proportion of biliary AP was significantly higher (84.15%59.55%,<0.001); meanwhile, the percentage of hyperlipidemic AP was obviously lower (9.14%31.07%,<0.001). The main systemic complication was organ failure in both groups (20.12%18.77%,>0.05), but the incidence of systemic infection and persistent systemic inflammatory response syndrome was significantly higher in the elderly group than in the control group (<0.05), and the incidence of local complications had no statistical difference between the 2 groups (>0.05). The incidence of severe AP was similar in the two groups (18.90%18.77%), however, the elderly group had significantly higher mortality (7.93%3.56%,<0.05).The elderly patients with AP are prone to have systemic complications due to their comorbidities, and then the AP may deteriorate into severe AP with extremely high mortality. Early diagnosis and effective treatment could improve the prognosis of the elderly patients with AP.
pancreatitis, acute; elderly; clinical features; therapy
R576; R592
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.04.057
2015?02?09;
2015?03?09
南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院創(chuàng)新團隊項目
李 強, E-mail: liqiang020202@163.com