祖國的花朵，請不要意外凋零

Margaret Chan， secretary-general of World Health Organization （WHO） said： “A country's future lies in the youth， and we can't lose them in traffic accidents.” Indeed， nearly 186，300 children under the age of 18 die from traffic accidents each year in the world， that is to say， one child dies young every four minutes. In fact， traffic accident is one of the four causes of children death who are above 5 years old， and the mortality rate in the developing countries is three times than that of the developed.

The third United Nations Global Road Safety Week， from May 3rd to 10th， 2015， themed by “Children and Road Safety”， aims to take actions to protect children through focusing on the dilemma of global children road safety. How to ensure children’s road safety is a problem for us to ponder.

世界衛(wèi)生組織總干事陳馮富珍曾說，“一個國家的未來在于其年輕人，我們不能在道路交通事故中失去兒童?！钡拇_，每年全世界有186，300名左右18歲以下的兒童死于道路交通事故，也就是說，每四分鐘就有一個兒童在公路上過早死亡。事實上，道路交通傷害是所有五歲以上兒童的四大死因之一，而在發(fā)展中國家道路交通死亡率更是發(fā)達國家的三倍。

2015年5月3日-5月10日，是第三個聯(lián)合國全球道路安全周，以“兒童和道路安全”為主題，旨在通過強調(diào)全球兒童道路安全的困境，采取行動以更好地保證他們的安全。如何確保兒童的交通安全，避免“花朵”的意外凋零？這確實是一個值得我們深思的問題。

Worrying situation of road safety

for children in China

中國兒童的道路安全狀況令人堪憂

On Feb.2nd， 2012， a child of 5 years and a half old was crashed 15.5 meters away by a car when crossing the road guided by the head of a kindergarten in Shenyang Liaoning Province.

On Feb.19th， 2013， Mrs.Hu of Shenyang， carrying her 10-month baby， encountered a car accident on the road back home. Mrs.Hu was thrown out of the car while her baby dropped from her arms and survived luckily.

On Mar.12th， 2014， a traffic accident occurred in Ningbo： a father hit his daughter to death who was playing behind the car. He was then reversed the car and did not see his daughter.

2012年2月7日，在沈陽明沈線鑫寧家園前由東向西，一幼兒園園長在帶一名五歲半的孩子過馬路時，孩子被由南向北行駛的機動車撞出15.5米后死亡。

2013年2月19日，沈陽的胡女士抱著10個月大的兒子，回家途中遭遇車禍，胡女士和兒子及司機都從副駕駛門里被甩出，兒子從懷中掉出來，幸運生還。

2014年3月12日，寧波鄞州集士港發(fā)生一起交通事故：16個月大的女兒在車后玩耍，父親沒有看到，倒車時將其撞倒，最終孩子搶救無效死亡。

On May 25， 2015 Ruirui was hold in his mother’s arms in car when the whole family finished their travel to Lishui and back to Beijing. Suddenly the driver rear-ended the front car due to tailgating， leading to Ruirui jumping out of his mother’s arms and crashing into front windshield. After hospital invalid he was dead.

……

Lots of similar cases happen every year or even every day.

2015年5月25日，睿睿一家人乘車出行準備從麗水回北京，6個月大的睿睿被媽媽抱著坐在副駕駛位置。高速上因司機跟前車過近造成兩車追尾。巨大的沖撞力下，睿睿一瞬間脫離媽媽懷抱，頭部猛得彈到了車子的前擋風(fēng)玻璃上，后經(jīng)醫(yī)院搶救無效死亡。

類似的事例還有很多很多，與其說每年都在發(fā)生，不如說幾乎每天都在上演。

Dr. Shihede， representative of WHO in China， pointed out in an interview that over 10 thousand Chinese children died from traffic accidents. A Research Report on Road Traffic Injury of Chinese Children demonstrates two shocking data： 19620 traffic accidents involving children occurred in 2013， and 3749 of them caused children death.

However， many facts show that most people don’t concern about children’s safety and protection.

世界衛(wèi)生組織駐華代表施賀德博士在接受媒體采訪時指出，每年有超過1萬名中國兒童死于交通意外。另據(jù)《中國兒童道路交通傷害狀況研究報告》顯示，2013年全國涉及兒童道路安全事故共計19620起，導(dǎo)致兒童死亡的事故3749起。以上出現(xiàn)的兩個數(shù)據(jù)令人觸目驚心。

然而，從種種現(xiàn)象來看，絕大多數(shù)人并沒有真正把兒童安全保護放在心上。

“The situation of road traffic injury of Chinese children has become a common concern and pressing problem which is increasingly severe.” Lin Miao of judicial expertise department of China Automotive TechnologyResearch Center said that the mortality rate of Chinese children due to traffic accident was 2.5 times of that of Europe and 2.6 times of America's.

Chinese children’s road safety has been so severe that cannot be ignored.

“中國兒童道路交通傷害的形勢日趨嚴峻，現(xiàn)已成為社會普遍關(guān)注并亟待解決的問題?！痹?月6日聯(lián)合國兒童基金會與新探健康發(fā)展研究中心共同舉行的兒童道路安全媒體沙龍中，中國汽車技術(shù)研究中心司法鑒定所林淼表示，每年中國兒童因交通事故的死亡率是歐洲的2.5倍，美國的2.6倍。

中國兒童的道路安全狀況，已經(jīng)到了非重視不可的地步了。

Illegal car driving is

the main reason

機動車違法是最主要原因

On May 7th， 2015， A Research Report on Road Traffic Injury of Chinese Children was published by WHO， showing that road traffic injury being the second major cause of Chinese children from the age 0 to 17.

In fact， those young lives’ death on road can be avoided.

2015年5月7日世界衛(wèi)生組織在有關(guān)主題宣傳活動上發(fā)布了《中國兒童道路交通傷害狀況研究報告》?！秷蟾妗凤@示，道路交通傷害已成為中國0～17歲兒童傷害致死的第二位死因。

而這些小生命在道路上的逝去，原本能夠避免。

Starting from 2009， China’s production and sales scale of automobiles has ranked the first in the world with rapid development of ownership. The Report indicates that the number of vehicle ownership has reached 250 million， of which 137 million is automobile， and drivers has mounted to 279 million with highway mileage of 4.346 million km. Surging number of cars， together with bikes， motors， and pedestrians， contributes to complex road traffic situation. Compared with adults， children are more vulnerable to traffic accidents because of their physical， mental and behavior traits.

According to the Report on Road Traffic Accidents， 3749 of 19620 accidents have caused death of 3749 children under 18.

2009年起，中國的汽車產(chǎn)銷規(guī)模持續(xù)位居世界第一位，汽車保有量快速增長?！秷蟾妗凤@示，截至2013年年底，中國機動車保有量達到2.5億輛，汽車1.37億輛，公路通車里程434.6萬公里，機動車駕駛2.79億人次。激增的汽車與自行車、摩托車、行人等共同構(gòu)成了日益復(fù)雜的道路交通環(huán)境。相對于成人，孩子由于身體、智力的特點和行為特征，在道路交通安全中容易受到傷害。

據(jù)2013年的道路交通事故報告，19620起道路交通事故中，導(dǎo)致兒童死亡的事故共計3749起，3994名18歲以下的少年兒童死亡。

The Report analyzes that illegal driving is the main reason leading to road traffic accidents， with a high percentage of 86.09%. Wang Qiang， officer of Traffic Management Bureau Ministry of Public Security， pointed out that： “Walking and taking automobiles are the primary means of transportation that bring injuries to children.

According to a survey from the journalist， excessive speed accounts for 30% of death causes in high-income countries， while 50% in low-income and meddle-income countries. Roads next to school， residential areas and commercial districts are great threatens to children’s safety.

In London， cars must be driven within 30 km per hour near school and residential districts according to the regulation， and deceleration strip and obstacles are also be installed. Children from 0 to 14 have benefit from speed-limited zones since their set-up， mortality of pedestrians and riders decreasing considerably. Obviously， it is crucial to decelerating vehicles for the protection of children on road.

《報告》分析，機動車違法是導(dǎo)致涉及道路交通事故的最主要原因，比例高達87.09%?！皞鰞和钪饕慕煌ǔ鲂蟹绞绞遣叫泻统藱C動車?！惫膊拷煌ü芾砭指毖惨晢T王強指出。

據(jù)記者調(diào)查后了解，高收入國家約三分之一、低收入和中等收入國家高達半數(shù)致死性道路交通事故的成因是速度過快。學(xué)校、居民區(qū)和商業(yè)區(qū)旁邊公路給兒童帶來了重大風(fēng)險。

英國倫敦針對學(xué)校和居民區(qū)周邊規(guī)定了每小時30公里的限速，并且在這些街道上還設(shè)置了減速帶和障礙物。自這些“20邁已足夠快”限速區(qū)建立以來，0-15歲兒童已經(jīng)從中獲益，行人和騎車人的死亡數(shù)量都有了大幅下降?？梢姡档蜋C動車速度對于保護道路上的兒童至關(guān)重要。

Low popularity of

child safety seats

兒童安全座椅普及率嚴重不足

Shi Hede， representative of WHO in China， has paid great attention to road safety of Chinese children. He used plenty of questions to express his anxiety： why do so many people ride without a helmet？ Why are so many people in car without wearing seat belts？ Why do so many automobiles run in cycling lanes？ Why don’t so many children use a safety seat？

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration （NHTSA）’s investigation shows that child safety seat has saved 8325 American children’s lives in 2006. Researches on the protective effect of child safety seat suggest that， 71% infancy （under 1 year old） and 54% preschool children （from 1 to 4 years old） who use the safety seat are in low mortality rate.

Actually， children safety seat has been proved fairly helpful in various researches， thus regulations of many countries force parents to install one in their cars. For instance， in Great Britain every child under 12 years old must use a safety seat or other devices for protection unless he or she is over 1.35 meters tall. Additionally， relevant regulations are specified in terms of different ages. Children at the age of 2 or below can be carried in a car in front or rear seat equipped with a safety seat approved safe by the European Union. For 3 years old， they must sit in rear seat equipped with protective installation. For 4 to 6， they must use a heightened child seat， and 6 to 12 must use heightened cushions， etc.

對中國的兒童道路安全，世界衛(wèi)生組織駐華代表處代表施賀德表示了強烈關(guān)注。他曾經(jīng)連續(xù)用了多個“為什么”表達他的擔(dān)憂：在北京，為什么有這么多人騎車不戴頭盔？為什么有那么多人乘坐機動車不系安全帶？為什么有這么多的機動車占道？為什么有那么多的孩子不用安全座椅？

美國道路交通安全委員會（NHTSA）的調(diào)查顯示，2006年兒童安全座椅挽救了約8325名美國兒童的生命。對兒童安全座椅保護效果的研究則表明，71%的嬰兒（ 1歲以下） 及54%學(xué)齡前兒童（ 1- 4 歲） 由于使用兒童座椅而減少了死亡。

事實上，兒童安全座椅的效用已經(jīng)在各種研究中得到證實，在很多國家都制定法律強制有兒童的父母在車內(nèi)安裝兒童安全座椅。如英國規(guī)定，“ 除非身高超過1.35米， 否則每個12歲以下的兒童在乘車時都需使用兒童座椅等兒童保護裝置”。針對不同的年齡段，該法律中還進一步細化了兒童座椅的使用規(guī)定，“年齡在2歲或不滿2歲的兒童可以乘坐車前座或后座，但必須使用經(jīng)過歐盟安全認可的兒童座椅。年滿3歲的兒童， 必須使用兒童固定防護裝置， 坐在有安全帶的后座。4至6歲的兒童須使用兒童加高座椅， 而6到12歲的兒童須使用加高坐墊”等。

In China， however， despite of local regulations in Shanghai， Shandong and other places， there is no national legislation for the usage of child safety seat. In 2014， Report on Status Usage of Child Safety Seat published by Shanghai United Road Traffic Safety Scientific Research Center investigates 1248 Chinese children and finds out usage rate of safety seat is only 3.9%， higher than 2.3% in 2009 but still in low level.

May 25th， 2015， a theme activity -- “Protecting Child from Product Injuries -- Safety Move of Child Safety Seat” was held by Department of Supervision on Inspection of General Administration of Quality Supervision， Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China （AQSIQ）， National Working Committee on Children and Women under the State Council， and Certification and Accreditation Administration of China. It published Findings on Status of Urban Residents Using Child Safety Seat， revealing that although more and more Chinese children were involved in road traffic environment， usage rate of child safety remain quite low.

According to the investigation on 4350 children （age from 0 to 13） from Beijing， Guangzhou， Shanghai， Jinan and Chongqing， family car is the first choice of 34% of urban children when they go out， and it is also preferred by 60.2% children who go out every week. In spite of frequent use of private cars， only 19.7% family has used safety seats and 12.1% of children take a safety seat in latest trip. Meanwhile， misunderstandings of protective measures for child still exist. Consequently， 60.6% of children in a car have been taken after by adults， while 37.3% have worn adult safety belt.

然而在中國，關(guān)于兒童安全座椅的使用并沒有全國的立法，目前僅有上海、山東等地的地方性法規(guī)中有所規(guī)定。2014年，上海聯(lián)合道路交通安全科學(xué)研究中心發(fā)布了《中國兒童安全座椅使用現(xiàn)狀報告》，報告對1248個中國兒童進行了調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童安全座椅的使用率僅為3.9%，這比2009年的2.3%有所上升，但這個比例依舊很低。

2015年5月25日，由中國國家質(zhì)檢總局執(zhí)法督查司、國務(wù)院婦女兒童工作委員會辦公室和國家認監(jiān)委認證監(jiān)管部主辦的“守護兒童安全，遠離產(chǎn)品傷害——兒童安全座椅安全行”主題活動發(fā)布的《中國城市居民使用兒童安全座椅現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查結(jié)果》顯示，盡管中國兒童越來越多地通過乘坐家庭汽車參與到道路交通環(huán)境中，但兒童安全座椅的使用率較低。

這份對北京、廣州、上海、濟南、重慶約4350名0～13歲兒童家長進行的調(diào)查顯示，34%的城市兒童出行首選的交通方式是乘坐家庭汽車，60.2%的兒童每周都會乘坐家庭汽車出行。雖然兒童乘私家車幾率很大，但只有19.7%的家庭使用過兒童安全座椅，最近一次出行僅有12.1%的兒童乘坐了兒童安全座椅。同時，兒童在乘車出行時安全保護措施誤區(qū)較為明顯，60.6%的兒童在乘車時僅僅由大人看管，37.3%的兒童乘車時佩戴過成人安全帶。

Wang Hongyan， professor from Automotive College of Tongji University， contributed the low usage rate of child safety seat mainly to parents’ lack of knowledge about it. Over 60% of parents doubt about the effectiveness of the safety seat， and others give it up because of baby’s unwillingness， complex installation， occupy space， etc.

A national legislation is of utmost urgency to popularize child safety seat， or it will not come to every family’s home with a baby in future.

同濟大學(xué)汽車學(xué)院王宏雁教授表示，兒童安全椅普及率低，最大的原因還是家長對兒童座椅的了解不足，超過六成的家長對于兒童安全座椅是否有用持懷疑態(tài)度。也有家長因為孩子不愿意坐、拆裝麻煩、占用車內(nèi)空間等原因而棄用安全座椅。

兒童安全椅的普及狀況表明，全國性的強制立法已經(jīng)刻不容緩，否則兒童安全座椅的普及還將遙遙無期。

Lacking the safety sense of

riding with a helmet

缺乏騎車戴安全頭盔的意識

Report on Status of Global Road Safety of 2013 of WHO pointed out that pedestrian， bicycle and motor riders account for 50% of mortality rate of disadvantaged road users， a notable number as so many teenagers going to school by bike. According to relevant statistics， death risk and grievous injury would decrease by 40% and over 70% respectively with a safety helmet whose cushion could absorb the most impulsion and minimize injuries especially the head.

Researches showed that risk of brain or head trauma of a rider without a helmet is twice the number of that wearing a helmet， and risk of serious injury and death reached four times. The Ten Strategies to Insuring Child Traffic Safety released by WHO also revealed that wearing a helmet is the most effective means to reduce the risk of brain injuries during riding bikes and motors for children. Bicycle riders of each age group using helmet properly could decrease the risk of head injury by 69%， while motor-riders could decrease risk of grievous injury by 70% and death by 40%. The Vietnam government force all motor-riders including children to wear a helmet through legislation by the end of 2007.

世界衛(wèi)生組織《2013年道路安全全球現(xiàn)狀報告》指出，行人、自行車與摩托車駕駛者等“弱勢道路使用者”占死亡總數(shù)的50%。減去占1/3的行人，自行車與摩托車駕駛者的死亡比例接近20%，這是一個不可忽略的數(shù)字，要知道許多青少年都是騎車上學(xué)。而統(tǒng)計數(shù)字表明，安全頭盔能夠?qū)⑺劳鲲L(fēng)險降低40%，將嚴重傷害風(fēng)險降低70%多。這是因為頭盔中的緩沖襯墊可以吸收受到的大部分沖量，將受傷、尤其是受頭部外傷的可能性降到最低。

有研究表明，未戴頭盔的騎車者受到腦外傷或頭外傷的機率是戴頭盔騎車者的兩倍；因重傷死亡的機率更高達四倍。世界衛(wèi)生組織發(fā)布的《確保兒童交通安全十大策略》中更明確表示，對兒童而言，戴頭盔是減少騎乘自行車或者摩托車時頭部受傷風(fēng)險最有效措施。各年齡組的騎自行車者恰當(dāng)使用頭盔可以將頭部受傷風(fēng)險降低69%，騎乘摩托車的人則可以將頭部嚴重受傷風(fēng)險降低70%多，將死亡風(fēng)險降低40%。2007年底，越南政府就通過法律，強制規(guī)定所有摩托車駕乘者必須戴頭盔，其中也包括兒童。

Statistics from NHTSA indicated that though 70% of bicycle fatality relating to head injury， merely 20% to 25% riders wore a helmet. Riding without wearing a helmet is a principal incentive of child accidental casualties. In China， neither adults nor children are accustomed to wearing a helmet， otherwise traffic injury rate of children is sure to decline.

美國國家公路交通安全管理局的統(tǒng)計表明，70%的自行車死亡事故涉及頭部受傷，但只有20%-25%的騎行者會戴頭盔，騎車不戴頭盔已經(jīng)是兒童意外傷亡的最大誘因之一。而在中國，安全頭盔的普及率只會更低，無論是大人還是孩子都沒有騎車戴頭盔的習(xí)慣。如果每個騎車的孩子都佩戴安全頭盔，那么兒童的交通傷亡率一定會有所降低。

Course of children traffic safety should be listed in compulsory education

兒童交通安全教育應(yīng)納入

強制性課程

Su Fengjie， standing vice director of National Working Committee on Children and Women under the State Council， said that teenagers of 0 to 14 years old would amount to 222 million up to the end of 2012， about 16.4% of the national total population.

A research group conducted a special survey on cognition of child going out by a car， and found that traffic dangers exist everywhere in urban and rural areas with children sitting on the passenger seat， arms or legs outside of the car， and no safety equipment was installed.

據(jù)中國國務(wù)院婦兒工委辦公室常務(wù)副主任蘇風(fēng)杰介紹，截至2012年底，中國0至14歲青少年兒童達到2.22億人，占全國總?cè)丝诘?6.4%。

有研究組曾針對孩子出行的乘車認知開展了專項調(diào)研。調(diào)研顯示，無論在城市還是鄉(xiāng)村，兒童乘坐副駕駛位置、乘車時肢體伸出車外等交通安全風(fēng)險隨處可見，未使用任何約束裝置。

Since Chinese citizens commonly lack the consciousness of traffic safety and experience of safe on board， and social atmosphere of attaching importance to child traffic safety has not shaped. Wang Linhong， director of national center for chronic disease of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention （CDC）， contended that there was no compulsory course for child traffic safety formulated by Chinese government， and cooperation between various departments and provinces were not adequate. Consequently， parents and children had little knowledge of avoiding and dealing with the traffic accidents， and finally most children did not forming a habit of abiding by traffic regulations.

To improve the environment of child traffic safety， we can start from optimizing traffic safety facilities on roads around the schools， establishing safe activity places for children. Even in Kenya of Africa， local government has taken several measures to ensuring a safe environment around school， such as marking pedestrian crosswalk， walkway， cycle path and limiting speed of 30km/hour， installing deceleration strip and encouraging the use of backpack with reflective tapes. In a word， it is of great importance to provide safe school surroundings for protecting children.

中國公民存在交通安全意識薄弱、乘車安全經(jīng)驗相對缺乏等現(xiàn)狀，更未形成全社會重視兒童交通安全的氛圍。中國疾控中心慢病中心主任王臨虹認為，目前還沒有國家統(tǒng)一制定的兒童交通安全教育強制性課程，各地也缺乏長期有效的多部門合作，造成兒童及其家長對避免事故、應(yīng)對事故和如何逃生缺乏了解，導(dǎo)致兒童作為乘員、行人等身份參與道路交通時，沒有普遍養(yǎng)成遵守交通規(guī)則的習(xí)慣。

改善兒童交通安全環(huán)境，可從優(yōu)化學(xué)校周邊道路交通安全設(shè)施、建設(shè)兒童安全活動場所等方面入手。即使在非洲肯尼亞地區(qū)，地方當(dāng)局也會采取一些措施使學(xué)校周邊更安全，包括建設(shè)人行橫道、專用步道和自行車道路及減速帶；執(zhí)行每小時30公里的限速；鼓勵兒童使用反光雙肩背包，使他們更容易被看到等等。提供安全的學(xué)校周邊環(huán)境對于確保兒童安全而言十分必要。

Parents should shoulder the responsibility to change present situation

改變現(xiàn)狀，家長也要承擔(dān)起責(zé)任

Children should be regarded as special group to be paid attention to in traffic accidents. On one hand， children have their own features different from adults， especially toddlers who are more disadvantaged due to limited physical， cognition and social development. On the other， current traffic environment is tailored for adults， making children being more vulnerable to road risks than other groups. Hence， proper direction of traffic safety for children is very essential and a parents’ major responsibility as well.

在道路交通安全事故中，兒童是應(yīng)該作為特殊的對象受到關(guān)注的，之所以強調(diào)特殊，主要是因為兒童的行為特點不同于成年人，尤其是幼童，他們的身體、認知和社會發(fā)育有限，在道路交通中比成人更弱勢。而我們?yōu)榻煌▍⑴c者提供的交通環(huán)境又主要是針對成年人的。這就使得在交通參與者中本來就處于弱勢的兒童群體，受到較其他人群更嚴重的安全威脅。所以，對兒童進行安全教育的指導(dǎo)，同樣是非常重要的，這主要是家長的責(zé)任。

A Survey on the Behavior of Traffic Safety for Children Pedestrians in Kunming revealed that parent’s education and guidance on theoretical knowledge would significantly reduce the traffic risks of children. As a result， parents should firstly enhance their awareness of traffic safety and then strengthen children’s safety consciousness through practical education and directions， helping cultivate a good traffic habit. In order to achieve that goal， mandatory legislation should be taken into consideration.

There are many accidents in our life. Some can be predicted while others cannot. Traffic safety is always on the way. The one needing education on life and safety is not limited to children， but also our adults. If only we can wake from those bloody lessens and avoid tragedies involving “flowers of the country” again.

一篇題為《昆明市兒童行人交通安全行為研究》的調(diào)查就表明，如果父母加強對兒童的理論知識教育和實際行動指導(dǎo)，會大大降低兒童在參與道路交通中的危險。父母需要提升自己的交通安全意識，以自己的實際行動教育和引導(dǎo)兒童，提高兒童交通安全意識，培養(yǎng)他們良好的交通習(xí)慣。要盡量實現(xiàn)這一點，同樣可以考慮強制性立法。

世間有很多意外，有些我們能夠預(yù)見，但有些則無法避免。交通安全永遠在路上。需要接受生命與安全教育的，不僅有孩子們，更多的還應(yīng)該是我們成人。但愿我們能從這些血的教訓(xùn)中驚醒：不再讓“祖國的花朵”意外凋零，不再讓悲劇重復(fù)上演。