國際社會努力終止兒童體罰

International Efforts to End Corporal Punishment of Children

Compiled by S. Anantha Krishnan with inputs from Ms. Turid Heiberg Head of Children's Unit， Council of the Baltic Sea States （www.childcentre.info）

本文由S·阿納塔·克里什楠撰寫，并參考Turid Heiberg女士提供的資料。

Turid Heiberg女士為波羅的海理事會兒童部門負(fù)責(zé)人（www.childcentre.info）

The United Nations Secretary General in 2009 announced the appointment of Marta Santos Pais （Portugal） as his Special Representative on Violence against Children （SRSG）.

The SRSG is a global independent advocate in favour of the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against children. The SRSG acts as a bridge builder and a catalyst of actions in all regions， and across sectors and settings where violence against children may occur. She mobilizes action and political support to maintain momentum around this agenda and generate renewed concern at the harmful effects of violence on children; to promote behavioural and social change， and to achieve effective progress.

The SRSG convenes each year a Cross-Regional Round Table on violence against children. This important annual forum enables regional organizations and institutions to assess progress achieved， reflect on trends and common concerns， share planned initiatives and identify opportunities for cross-regional cooperation.

聯(lián)合國秘書長于2009年宣布任命Marta Santos Pais（葡萄牙）為暴力侵害兒童問題特別代表（聯(lián)合國秘書長特別代表）。

這位聯(lián)合國秘書長特別代表是一位全球性的獨立倡導(dǎo)者，支持阻止和消除一切形式的侵害兒童的暴力。這位聯(lián)合國秘書長特別代表在可能發(fā)生兒童暴力的所有區(qū)域、所有部門和所有社會背景下都發(fā)揮著橋梁搭建者和行動催化劑的作用。她組織行動并動員政治支持，以維持有利于該日程的契機(jī)，形成人們對暴力侵害兒童的不斷關(guān)注;推動行為和社會改變，實現(xiàn)有效的進(jìn)步。

該聯(lián)合國秘書長特別代表每年組織一次有關(guān)暴力侵害兒童問題的跨區(qū)域圓桌會議。這個重要的年度論壇使地區(qū)組織和機(jī)構(gòu)可以測評已達(dá)成的進(jìn)步，總結(jié)目前趨勢和共同關(guān)注，分享計劃的倡議并識別跨區(qū)域合作的機(jī)遇。

In 2014， for the first time， the Round Table also addressed a priority area of common concern： the prevention and elimination of violence in early childhood.

The meeting also showed convergence in crucial areas of concern and called for violence against children to be recognized as a priority within the post-2015 development agenda.

2014年，圓桌會議首次強(qiáng)調(diào)了一個共同關(guān)注的重中之重：預(yù)防和消除發(fā)生在童年早期的暴力。

該會議也體現(xiàn)了對關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的集合關(guān)注，并呼吁將暴力侵害兒童問題列為2015年后發(fā)展議程的工作重點之一。

Early childhood is the period during which children experience the most rapid process of growth and development and also when children’s path is shaped. As highlighted by the significant research presented at the Round Table meeting， the first 1000 days of life are crucial for a child. Surrounded by a nurturing， caring and protective family environment， children enjoy limitless opportunities for healthy development， enhanced resilience and cognitive skills， as well as strong confidence and self-esteem.

Exposure to abuse and neglect may irreversibly damage the development of children’s brain， as well as hamper their emotional and physical health， and compromise their learning potential and well-being. There is growing evidence of the benefits of early childhood programmes and good parenting and positive discipline initiatives for the prevention of violence in early years; but much beyond， the positive impact of these initiatives is equally felt on the child’s life cycle and on the prevention of the perpetuation of violence between generations.

童年的早期階段是兒童成長和發(fā)展最快的階段，也是兒童性格塑造的階段。正如圓桌會議中的重要研究所體現(xiàn)的那樣，生命的前1，000天對兒童來說至關(guān)重要。在利于培育、充滿關(guān)愛且保護(hù)性的家庭環(huán)境中，兒童享有無限的健康成長、提高彈性和認(rèn)知技能的機(jī)遇，也會形成較強(qiáng)的自信心和自尊心。

遭受虐待和忽視卻會給兒童大腦的發(fā)展造成不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的傷害，也會妨礙他們的身心健康，降低他們的學(xué)習(xí)潛力和綜合能力。越來越多的證據(jù)顯示，童年早期的育兒項目、良好的父母教育和積極的紀(jì)律啟迪對阻止童年早期的暴力頗有益處;而且，這些倡議的積極影響還會同樣作用于兒童的未來生命軌道，可以永遠(yuǎn)阻止其今后時代間的兒童暴力。

The 2015 Cross Regional Round Table will be held in Strasbourg （France）.

In 2013， Six years after the launch of the UN Global Study on violence against children， child rights experts reviewed the global progress in prohibiting corporal punishment of children， and analysed the challenges in fully respecting their dignity and physical integrity.

2015年的跨區(qū)域圓桌會議將會在斯特拉斯堡（法國）舉辦。

2013年，也就是聯(lián)合國啟動反對暴力侵害兒童國際研究的第七年，兒童權(quán)利專家回顧了全球在禁止體罰兒童方面取得的進(jìn)展，也分析了充分尊重兒童尊嚴(yán)和軀體完整所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。

“Violence against children， including corporal punishment， is a violation of the rights of the child. It conflicts with the child’s human dignity and the right of the child to physical integrity. It also prevents children from reaching their full potential， by putting at risk their right to health， survival and development. The best interests of the child can never be used to justify such practice. The need to promote non-violent values and awareness-raising among all those working with children is essential if we want this situation to come to an end.” -- Kang Kyung-wha

“暴力侵害兒童，包括體罰，是對兒童權(quán)利的侵犯。它與兒童的人類尊嚴(yán)和兒童軀體完整相沖突。它也妨礙兒童充分發(fā)揮他們的潛力，使他們的健康、生存和發(fā)展的權(quán)利遭受風(fēng)險。兒童最大的利益不能用來為此類的行為辯護(hù)。如果我們想終結(jié)這種情況，我們必須在所有與兒童接觸的人群中推廣非暴力的價值觀，提高人們的意識。”

—— Kang Kyung-wha

Kang Kyung-wha is the Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator in the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs （OCHA） "and former United Nations Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights.

Kang Kyung-wha是聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會助理秘書長，也是聯(lián)合國人道主義事務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)辦公室緊急事件副協(xié)調(diào)官，及前任聯(lián)合國人權(quán)高級副專員。

More than 80 countries have accepted recommendations to prohibit beating of children. Experts however acknowledge that advancements are made mainly outside the family setting.

Experts observe that only five per cent of the children of the world live in States which have extended the prohibition of assault to protect children from being hit in their homes and families and all other settings in their lives. Most of the world’s children can still be assaulted with impunity by those who purport to love and care for them.

A UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey， which spanned five years from 2005-2010， revealed that in selected countries in Eastern and Central Europe and Central Asia alone， more than 50 per cent of boys and girls aged 2-14 had been subjected to psychological or physical punishment by their parents or other adults of the household. These numbers were higher among most vulnerable groups such as the Roma and children with disabilities.

超過80個國家已經(jīng)接受了禁止責(zé)打兒童的建議。但專家強(qiáng)調(diào)這類進(jìn)步主要發(fā)生在家庭環(huán)境之外。

專家觀察到全世界只有5%的兒童生活在禁止家庭和其他所有環(huán)境暴力侵害兒童的國家中。世界上絕大多數(shù)兒童仍然受到那些聲稱愛和關(guān)心他們的人的暴力侵害。

從2005年起至2010年，聯(lián)合國兒童基金會開展了一項歷時5年多指標(biāo)類集調(diào)查，揭露了在東歐、中歐及中亞所選擇的國家中，超過一半的年齡在2-14歲之間的男孩女孩都遭受過家長或是家庭其他成年人精神上或肉體上的懲罰。在弱勢群體如殘疾兒童中，比例更高。

The SRSG on Violence against Children， Marta Santos Pais， makes it clear that corporal punishment can be prevented in these ways： \"By supporting caregivers in the use of non-violent child rearing practices; by promoting advocacy and social mobilization to safeguard children's dignity and physical integrity; by reforming laws to introduce a clear ban of all forms of violence including corporal punishment， we can make a real difference in the life of children， all children， everywhere and at all times\".

Child rights activist and former Chair of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child， Jean Zermatten， noted that in 2013 only 33 States had prohibited corporal punishment in all settings of children’s lives. He further pointed out that “For the Committee， there is no doubt that corporal punishment is a violation of children’s rights under the Convention of the Rights of the Child because it is constitutive of violence that causes physical， mental or sexual harm or suffering. It violates children’s human dignity and inalienable human rights， and it negatively impacts on the enjoyment of many other rights and aspects of children’s development including their psychological， health， education and social status.”

Global progress towards achieving prohibition of all corporal punishment of children in all settings is accelerating worldwide， particularly in the context of the UN Study on Violence against Children and its follow up.

As at December 2014， the total number of states with full prohibition in law is 44.

兒童暴力問題特別代表Marta Santos Pais明確表示，體罰可以通過以下方式避免：“幫助看護(hù)人使用非暴力的育兒方式;通過宣傳和動員社會來保障孩子的人格尊嚴(yán)及身體健康;通過法律改革來明確禁止各種形式的暴力行為，包括體罰，我們可以在任何時候、任何地點真正改變兒童的生活，所有孩子的生活?！?/p>

聯(lián)合國兒童權(quán)利委員會前主席及兒童權(quán)利活動家Jean Zermatten注意到，2013年只有33個國家禁止了對兒童的體罰，他同時指出，“對于該委員會來說，體罰毫無疑問違反了兒童權(quán)利公約規(guī)定的兒童的權(quán)利，因為它會造成身體、精神及性有關(guān)的傷害。它侵犯了兒童的人格尊嚴(yán)及不可剝奪的人權(quán)，同時會給其他權(quán)利和發(fā)展帶來負(fù)面影響，包括心理、健康、教育及社會地位的發(fā)展?！?/p>

全球禁止針對兒童各種形式的體罰行動正在加速運作，特別是在聯(lián)合國研究針對兒童的暴力的背景下。

截止到2014年12月，法律上全面禁止體罰的國家為44個。

Dr.Kirsten Sandberg from Norway now heads the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child.

Many studies show that over 34 years after the passage of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by the United Nations and after ratification by 193 member countries， a small number have supported this convention by explicit prohibition of corporal punishment. It also underscores the important relationship between social change and legislative change.

National bans on corporal punishment are closely associated with declining popular support for corporal punishment and parent report of spanking. However， this decline seems to begin before the passage of such law. The association between such bans and child abuse are less clear， but studies suggest a decline in abuse following legal prohibition.

來自挪威的Kirsten Sandberg博士現(xiàn)在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著聯(lián)合國兒童權(quán)利委員會。

很多研究顯示，193個國家在通過聯(lián)合國兒童權(quán)利公約后的34年里，一小部分國家通過明確禁止體罰行動支持著這一公約。它同時也強(qiáng)調(diào)了社會變化及立法變化的緊密關(guān)系。

國家對于體罰的禁止是與社會對于體罰的反對以及父母體罰孩子行為的減少緊密聯(lián)系的。然而，后者是在相關(guān)法律制定前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生的。法律的禁止與孩子遭受虐待的關(guān)系不是很明確，但是研究顯示，虐待減少之后隨之而來的是法律上的禁止。

As mentioned earlier in this article， 44 states have now prohibited all corporal punishment in all settings， including the home. Most of the countries in the Americas and Asia still do not have any ban on corporal punishment of children. Of countries with corporal punishment bans， most are in Europe， including all of the Scandinavian and near Scandinavian countries （Sweden， Norway， Denmark， Iceland and Finland）. The others are in Central or South America， one in the Middle East and one in Oceania.

In Latin America， eight states have achieved full prohibition - Argentina， Bolivia， Brazil， Costa Rica， Honduras， Uruguay and Venezuela.

Six African states have achieved prohibition – Cabo Verde， Republic of Congo， Kenya， Nicaragua， Tunisia， South Sudan and Togo.

Supreme Courts in 2 additional states – Italy and Nepal – have ruled that corporal punishment in childrearing is unlawful.

如前文所說，44個國家目前禁止了所有形式的體罰，包括在家里的。大部分的美洲及亞洲國家仍沒有任何關(guān)于針對兒童的體罰行為的禁止措施。擁有體罰禁止令的國家大部分是歐洲國家，包括所有斯堪的納維亞及其附近的國家（瑞典、挪威、丹麥、冰島和芬蘭）。其他的國家則位于中南美洲，一個在中東，一個在大洋洲。

在拉丁美洲，8個國家擁有完全的禁止令——阿根廷、玻利維亞、巴西、哥斯達(dá)黎加、洪都拉斯、烏拉圭和委內(nèi)瑞拉。

6個非洲國家擁有禁止令——佛得角、剛果共和國、肯尼亞、尼加拉瓜、突尼斯、南蘇丹和多哥。

其他2個國家的最高法院——意大利與尼泊爾規(guī)定育兒階段的體罰是不合法的。

There is more work to be done to ban all forms of corporal punishment of children. 112 countries have yet to make a commitment to prohibition of beating or any form of corporal punishment in the home.

Over 70 states have not prohibited corporal punishment in schools.

The website of the Global Initiative to end all corporal Punishment of Children provides very useful and up to date information and analysis on the subject. The Global Initiative’s aims are endorsed by UNICEF， UNESCO， the former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights， Mr Sergio Vieira de Mello and many other organizations and individuals. （http：//www.endcorporalpunishment.org/）

禁止針對兒童的各種形式的體罰還有很多工作要做。112個國家仍沒有承諾禁止在家對兒童進(jìn)行各種形式的體罰。

70多個國家沒有禁止學(xué)校對于孩子的體罰。

結(jié)束針對兒童體罰的全球倡議的網(wǎng)站提供了很多有用且及時的信心以及對于這一問題的分析。該倡議的目標(biāo)受到了包括聯(lián)合國兒童基金會、聯(lián)合國教科文組織以及聯(lián)合國人權(quán)事務(wù)高級專員Mr Sergio Vieira de Mello等很多組織和個人的支持。（http：//www.endcorporalpunishment.org/）

Government of Somalia ratifies the Convention on the rights of the child.

As the world enters into the 26th year of the Convention on the Rights of the Child， Somalia， a country ravaged by war and suffering for decades has become the 194th UN member country to ratify the Convention， setting a course to improve the lives of its youngest citizens. “By ratifying the Convention on the Rights of the Child， the government of Somalia is making an investment in the wellbeing of its children， and thus in the future of its society，” said UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake. “What can be more important than that？”

“The central message of the Convention is that every child deserves a fair start in life”.

索馬里政府批準(zhǔn)《兒童權(quán)利公約》

在《兒童權(quán)利公約》通過的第26周年之際，索馬里，這個幾十年來遭受戰(zhàn)爭與苦難的國家成為第194個批準(zhǔn)該公約的國家，并制定相關(guān)政策來提高年輕居民的生活水平?！巴ㄟ^批準(zhǔn)兒童權(quán)利公約，索馬里政府正為兒童的福祉進(jìn)行投資，而他們也是其社會的未來，”聯(lián)合國兒童基金會執(zhí)行主任Anthony Lake說，“還有什么比這個重要嗎？”

“公約的中心思想是每一個孩子都值得公平地開始他們的生活。”