女性參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)

\"Sports now become a universal language， a common denominator which can break down all barriers and impediments. It is also a global industry and its practice can exert widespread impact. Most importantly， it is a powerful tool to boost progress and development，\" said by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on International Day of Sport for Development and Peace on April 6， 2015.

As Ban has said， sports are strength. UN Women and International Olympic Committee also appeals the society to give female equal opportunities in participation in sports. Michelle Kwan， former figure skating champion， an American-born Chinese said， when women can fully participate in sports， social affairs， school education and job competition， they can help to create a more powerful and stable society.

“體育已成為一種世界語言，是一個(gè)能夠打破所有壁壘和障礙的共同分母。體育還是一個(gè)全球性產(chǎn)業(yè)，其實(shí)踐可以產(chǎn)生廣泛的影響。最重要的是，它是一個(gè)推動(dòng)進(jìn)步和發(fā)展的強(qiáng)大工具”。2015年4月6日，聯(lián)合國秘書長潘基文在“體育促進(jìn)發(fā)展與和平國際日”上發(fā)表致辭。

正如潘基文所言，體育，是一種力量。聯(lián)合國婦女署和國際奧委會(huì)也呼吁給予女性平等機(jī)會(huì)參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。前美國華裔花樣滑冰冠軍關(guān)穎珊表示，當(dāng)女性能夠充分參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)、社會(huì)事務(wù)、學(xué)校教育及職場競爭時(shí)，她們都能夠幫助創(chuàng)造更強(qiáng)勁且更穩(wěn)定的社會(huì)。

Huge zest of women for sports

女性對(duì)體育的熱情凸顯

Sports have different connotations and denotation in different historical periods and bear different political meanings. Statistics showed that， in the era of colonialism， participation in international sports events was considered as a proof of sovereignty interdependency in the international system for countries. In Cold War， if one country could host sports events and topped in the metal ranking， it equaled to declare its advantage in ideology. In the 21st century， sports are more looked upon as an industry. In 2015， China's Government Work Report mentions \"to expand education culture， sports consumption， develop national fitness programs， competitive sports and sports industry.\"

Recently， the global sports consultancy body Rapucom released a survey report -- Women and Sports covering 24 countries and regions in America， Europe and Asia. Among the interviewed women， 50% said they were interested in sports； while for male this ratio is 69%.Women differ in preference of sports by geography. Soccer gains more love and preference among US women， and 59% of the interviewed US women under 30 said they would pay close attention to soccer game. The Australian women prefer tennis， Australian Rules football and cricket. The Top three favorite sports for UK women are tennis， football and track.

體育在不同的歷史時(shí)期有著不同的內(nèi)涵和外延，甚至承擔(dān)著不同的政治要義。資料顯示，參加國際性體育比賽在殖民主義時(shí)代，被認(rèn)為是證明國家在國際體系中主權(quán)獨(dú)立的證據(jù)之一。在冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，若一國能承辦一場賽事并在獎(jiǎng)牌榜上領(lǐng)先，就意味著該國意識(shí)形態(tài)的優(yōu)越。及至21世紀(jì)，體育已更多地被看作是一項(xiàng)產(chǎn)業(yè)。2015年，在中國《政府工作報(bào)告》中，更提及了“擴(kuò)大教育文化體育消費(fèi)，發(fā)展全民健身、競技體育和體育產(chǎn)業(yè)。”

近日，全球體育咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)Repucom發(fā)布《女性與體育》的調(diào)查報(bào)告顯示，覆蓋美洲、歐洲和亞洲的24個(gè)國家及地區(qū)被調(diào)查的受訪女性中，超過50%的人表示自己對(duì)體育感興趣，而男性的這項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)有69%。不同區(qū)域的女性對(duì)不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目有著自己的偏愛，足球在美國女性中開始越來越受重視和喜愛，有59%的30歲以下受訪女性表示她們會(huì)關(guān)注足球比賽；澳大利亞女性則偏愛網(wǎng)球、澳式橄欖球和板球；英國女性最喜歡的分別是網(wǎng)球、足球和田徑。

As is shown above， women not only love sports but also take full part in it. Today， women run on the football grasslands， which constitutes a beautiful landscape. In the playgrounds in America， Europe， Asia and so on， women are all present. Women also do their part in large-scale sports events. An increasing number of women shed their sweats under the basketball stands or along tennis wall and in other sports fields.

Compared with these international hubs， in conflict-ridden places like Palestine， women show mounting enthusiasm in sports. The joint founder and former captain of Palestine women football team Hani said， before the founding of the team， there are only 5 girls playing football in the streets around the whole Palestine. Till now， advocated and directed by her， there are women football teams catering to all age groups in Palestine.

Besides， national women football game is played in Palestine， and quite a number of Palestine women fall into sports including \"cut it\". Palestine also founds its national women cricket team and host national women cricket tournament to enhance the development of women cricket game in the country.

正如以上數(shù)據(jù)顯示，女性在喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目的同時(shí)也在積極的參與其中。當(dāng)前，綠茵場上馳騁的已不僅僅是男性，女性進(jìn)入到足球運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目中，成為一道亮麗的風(fēng)景線。不論是美洲、歐洲、亞洲等眾多國家的城市綠茵場上都能看到女性的身影，而且各大獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)賽事上女性也都當(dāng)仁不讓。與此同時(shí)，在籃球架下、網(wǎng)球攔網(wǎng)前，還有其他運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目，日益增多的女性在體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中揮灑著汗水。

與一些廣為人知的國際熱點(diǎn)區(qū)域相比，另一些較為動(dòng)蕩的區(qū)域如巴勒斯坦，女子參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的熱情也在日益高漲。該國女子足球隊(duì)聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人和前任隊(duì)長哈尼·塔爾杰在公開場合表示，在球隊(duì)組建之前，整個(gè)巴勒斯坦與她一樣在街頭踢球的女孩子只有5個(gè)。至目前，在她的倡議及帶動(dòng)下，巴勒斯坦女足各個(gè)年齡段都成立了球隊(duì)。

此外，巴基斯坦也開展著本國的女子足球比賽，并且相當(dāng)多的巴基斯坦女性喜歡快走等運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目。包括為了促進(jìn)該國女子板球運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展，巴基斯坦也組建了國家板球隊(duì)，并舉辦了該國的女子板球錦標(biāo)賽。

Sexism frequently occurs

in sporting events

性別歧視在體育項(xiàng)目中頻現(xiàn)

Many years ago， the French educationalist Pierre de Coubertin exclaimed in his Ode to Sports， Sports， you are peace yourself！ You build a pleasant connection among all peoples. You were born in the rational， organized and technical strength competition， make all youth in the world to learn and respect each other and make the different ethic qualities the momentum of peaceful contest.

However， Coubertin's attitude towards women was that he strongly supported women's participation in sports education， but opposed women's participation in competitive sports. In the second Olympic Games in Paris in 1900， golf and tennis were listed as informal woman sports. In the subsequent Olympic Games， women also appeared in the playground， but the genres of sports for women are still limited. Some even said， women can not join in track and field events including middle and long distance race and high jump.

After experiencing transition and development of many phases， women and sports are not antagonistic or unblendable any more. Women sports have achieved progress and voices appealing women's equal participation in sports is mounting. Nevertheless， till now， just like Kwan said before， women did not gain prominent equal chances of participation of sports like men. Especially for Muslim countries， Pakistan women usually concealed their faces with black armband， and bodies with long robes. Worse still， they were not allowed to take the field in T-shirts and sports shorts. In some provinces， male coached is not allowed to teach women players.

Meantime， International Sports Association President Elizabeth Parker once said openly， the gender inequality in sports is most reflected in the difference in fees， sponsorship and coverage for men and women players and teams.

早年前，法國教育家皮?！さ隆ゎ櫚莸┰谄洹扼w育頌》中曾贊嘆：體育，你就是和平！你在各民族間建立愉快的聯(lián)系。在有節(jié)制、有組織、有技藝的體力較量中產(chǎn)生，使全世界青年互相尊重和學(xué)習(xí)，使不同民族特質(zhì)成為高尚而和平競賽的動(dòng)力。

不過資料顯示，顧拜旦對(duì)女性的態(tài)度是，他非常支持女子體育教育，反對(duì)女子公開參與競技體育。1900年的第2屆巴黎奧運(yùn)會(huì)，高爾夫球和網(wǎng)球兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目均被列為非正式的女子比賽項(xiàng)目。隨后的幾屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)上出現(xiàn)了一些女運(yùn)動(dòng)員的身影，但是女性在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上可參與的項(xiàng)目仍然受限制。甚至有人提出，女性不能參加中長跑、跳高等田徑項(xiàng)目。

雖然，經(jīng)歷了數(shù)個(gè)階段的變遷和發(fā)展，女性與體育不再是對(duì)立不可融合的，并獲得了一些進(jìn)步，對(duì)給予女性平等參與體育項(xiàng)目的呼聲也在與日俱增。但是，直至今日，正如開篇關(guān)穎珊所表示的，女性獲得參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的平等機(jī)會(huì)并不如男性那樣顯著。特別是穆斯林國家，巴基斯坦女性通常都是黑紗蒙面，用長袍將身體遮得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)，而且她們也通常不被允許穿T恤和運(yùn)動(dòng)短褲上場比賽，甚至有些省份男教練員不可以執(zhí)教女隊(duì)員。

與此同時(shí)，國際體育社會(huì)學(xué)會(huì)主席伊麗莎白·派克曾公開表示，體育上的性別不平等體現(xiàn)在男女運(yùn)動(dòng)員、運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)在經(jīng)費(fèi)和贊助上的差異以及報(bào)道上的差異等四個(gè)主要領(lǐng)域。

Statistics showed that， compared with previous Olympics， 2012 London Olympics has bigger share of women players， from the perspective of opportunities and contest structure feature provided by the Event， there is still a large gap. \"For instance， men players outnumbered women players by 1，233， male sports outnumbered female sports by 30. Although women boxing were first listed as Olympic sports item， the boxing ranking for female is still very few，\" stressed by Parker.

She also pointed out the implicit inequality in the process of sports. \"To attract the audience， from Ping Pong to boxing， more and more women players are requested to wear skirts to increase attendance. Moreover， male players do not need this， but women players need to take the gender test -- they should display their gender feature in front of the judge.\" Racial discrimination goes hand in hand with gender inequality. \"For example， a black woman player of South Africa has aroused huge controversy，\" added by Parker.

Besides， she said， \"although it's the first time that Saudi Arabia sent women players to the Olympics， it aroused heated dispute when a women player wanted to take off the headcloth. And among so man disputes， women players's own voice is always neglected.\"

雖然2012年倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)女性運(yùn)動(dòng)員的參與比例較之以往有所升高，但是從倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)提供的機(jī)遇和競爭結(jié)構(gòu)性特點(diǎn)來看，仍有很大差異。“譬如，男性參賽人數(shù)比女性多1233人，男子項(xiàng)目比女子項(xiàng)目多30個(gè)。盡管拳擊首次作為女性項(xiàng)目被納入奧運(yùn)會(huì)，但給女性設(shè)置的拳擊等級(jí)還是非常少的。”伊麗莎白·派克強(qiáng)調(diào)。

她也指出了一些在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中的隱性不平等現(xiàn)象?！盀榱四軌蛭^眾，從乒乓球到拳擊，日益增多的女性被要求穿短裙來提高上座率。而且男性不需要經(jīng)過性別測試，女性卻有性別測試的環(huán)節(jié)，參賽女性必須在評(píng)委面前裸體展示性別特征?！迸c性別歧視相伴隨的還有種族歧視，“比如南非有個(gè)黑人女性運(yùn)動(dòng)員就引起很大爭議。”派克補(bǔ)充道。

此外，伊麗莎白·派克還表示，“盡管沙特阿拉伯把女性運(yùn)動(dòng)員第一次送到奧運(yùn)會(huì)賽場，但其中一個(gè)女性運(yùn)動(dòng)員要去包頭巾，就引起了很大爭議。而且在眾多的爭議中，女性運(yùn)動(dòng)員本身的聲音總是未被聽到，遭到忽視。”

Women's equal participation in sports is important

女性平等參與體育至關(guān)重要

\"Sports help youth to cultivate equality， tolerance， respect and understanding and other quality. Sports activities and games help youth to step over the barriers of language and culture and communicate and talk with each other. It is the best platform for youth to build global citizenship，\" said by assistance to Director-General of United Nations Education， Scientific and Cultural Organization Hans.

Just as what he had said， from so many cases， we can notice that sports are irreplaceable in enhancing peaceful coexistence among youth groups. Statistic shows that， in 1960s and 1970s， some cities were troubled by fights and bowls of young people. To address this issue， one of the measures the government had taken was to set up hundreds of basketball courts in the streets and lands in cities with free opening， which did not only consume the surplus energy of youth， but also harmonized their relationship among them and between them and the society.

Likewise， the importance of women's participation in sports in enhancing gender equality and social stability goes without saying.

“體育培養(yǎng)年輕人平等、包容、尊重和理解等品質(zhì)，體育活動(dòng)、體育賽事讓年輕人跨越語言、文化的阻隔，相互交流，對(duì)話。這是塑造年輕人全球公民精神的最好平臺(tái)?！甭?lián)合國教科文組織總干事助理漢斯在接受媒體采訪時(shí)表示。

正如他所言，在眾多案例中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，在促進(jìn)青年群體之間的和平共處中，體育有其不可替代性。據(jù)公開資料顯示，上世紀(jì)六七十年代，美國一些城市少年打架斗毆頻頻，政府為化解這一矛盾，采取的措施之一就是在城市的街頭巷尾圈起幾百個(gè)籃球場，為孩子們免費(fèi)開放。這樣不僅化解了青年人過剩的精力和時(shí)間，也使得他們之間及社會(huì)的關(guān)系變得友善。

同樣，女性參與體育項(xiàng)目對(duì)促進(jìn)性別平等和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，作用不言而喻。

Prince Albert II of Monocco emphasized in the high-level session of the first UN Assembly on environment， \"Sports is useful for gender equality and women empowerment. It can help prevent conflicts， consolidate peace and compensate cultural difference， enhance mutual trust and friendship as a non-violent tool.\"

Hani once said， as the generation growing up in war and suffering， it is football that gives her life a gleam of light. Sports are the universal language. The minute you take the field， regardless of your nationality， faith and gender， you will find that everyone is equal. As for her identity as a woman，\" in the field， I only have one goal to go all out to achieve my value. No matter what kind of challenges I encounter， I face it with my teammate and with them I chase our common dream.\"

Kwan also said， empowering women through sports participation does not only provide them with apparatus， but also gives them a change to chase dreams.

Also， an expert said， women's participation in sports does not only touch on the relationship between women and society， but also on the improvement of women's position， and the establishment of women's values. And whether women can equally participate in sports also relate on whether women's consciousness of their independent right can be improved， whether their political position can be lifted， and whether the can gain development， etc.

摩納哥元首阿爾貝二世親王在首屆聯(lián)合國環(huán)境大會(huì)高級(jí)別會(huì)議上強(qiáng)調(diào)，“體育有助于性別平等和女性賦權(quán)，防止沖突，鞏固和平，并能以一種非暴力的方式彌補(bǔ)文化差異，增進(jìn)互信和友誼?！?/p>

哈尼·塔爾杰曾表示，作為在戰(zhàn)爭和痛苦中成長起來的一代，是足球給了她生活的一線光明。體育是全人類的語言，只要踏上球場，無論你是什么國籍、信仰，是男還是女，所有人都是平等的。以她個(gè)人的女性身份而言，“在球場上，只有一個(gè)目標(biāo)，就是全力以赴去實(shí)現(xiàn)自我價(jià)值。不論遇到怎樣的挑戰(zhàn)，與隊(duì)友一起面對(duì)，一同實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想?！?/p>

關(guān)穎珊也表示，通過參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)加強(qiáng)女性賦權(quán)并不只是提供給她們器械，而是意味著提供給她們一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)去追求夢(mèng)想。

此外，也有專家呼吁，女性參與體育不僅關(guān)系到女性與社會(huì)的關(guān)系，也關(guān)系到女性地位的提升以及女性價(jià)值觀樹立等問題，而女性能否平等參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)也關(guān)系到能否促進(jìn)女性自主權(quán)力意識(shí)的提高以及女性政治地位的解放，還有女性自身的發(fā)展等。

Indeed， from Hani， we can find that， the changes brought by her positive participation in sports are not only physical but also psychological， \"In the field， your race， religious faith， fear and hatred will all disappear.\"

The Special Adviser to the United Nations Secretary-General on Sport for Development and peace Wilfried Lemke said， \"Sports have the ability to endow personal capability and bring a person's morality values to the forefront. It can play a strategic role in passing on life skills. It can transmit conductive and encouraging information in major issues， thus pushing social transformation.\"

Parke gave suggestion on how to erase gender inequality， \"establish real gender equality in terms of laws， cost， safety and other aspects； expand propaganda towards women； strengthen women's leadership. Women should not only participate in the games of Olympics， but also in its construction and management.\"

實(shí)際上，從哈尼·塔爾杰身上我們可以看到，她積極參與足球運(yùn)動(dòng)帶來的改變不僅有身體上的還有精神上的，“在足球場上，無論你是什么種族、什么宗教信仰，恐懼、憎恨的情緒都會(huì)離去?！?/p>

對(duì)此，聯(lián)合國體育促進(jìn)發(fā)展與和平特別顧問萊姆克（Wilfried Lemke）也在公開場合建言，“體育具有賦予個(gè)人權(quán)能和將一個(gè)人的道德價(jià)值觀帶向最前沿的能力。它在傳遞生活技能方面可以發(fā)揮戰(zhàn)略性的作用，并可在重大問題上傳播有益和令人鼓舞的信息，從而推動(dòng)社會(huì)變革?！?/p>

而就如何消除性別不平等，伊麗莎白·派克也公開給予了建議，“應(yīng)在法律、經(jīng)費(fèi)、安全等方面都建立真正的男女平等；加大對(duì)女性的宣傳；加強(qiáng)女性的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力。女性不僅參加奧運(yùn)會(huì)，還要在建設(shè)、管理上全方位參與?！?/p>