被逐出校園的四個(gè)歷史人物

by Evan Andrews

翻譯：思葦

People / 人物

被逐出校園的四個(gè)歷史人物

Four Historical Figures Who Were Kicked Out of School

by Evan Andrews

翻譯：思葦

薩爾瓦多·達(dá)利Salvador Dalí

教育或許是取得成功的關(guān)鍵之一，不過讓不守規(guī)矩的學(xué)生聊感安慰的是，事實(shí)上，有些在歷史上極具影響力的人物在其少年時(shí)代也曾經(jīng)被逐出校園。大多數(shù)人被開除是因?yàn)閻鹤鲃』蛘咂渌晟佥p狂的舉動(dòng)，但也有一部分人——他們被趕出學(xué)校的原因正是他們后來(lái)賴以成名的品性德行。從薩爾瓦多·達(dá)利到埃德加·愛倫·坡，一起來(lái)了解一下這四位曾被學(xué)校開除的歷史人物吧。

In 1922, future Surrealist icon Salvador Dalí entered the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando in Madrid. Dalí had only applied[申請(qǐng)]to the school after being encouraged by his father, and from the beginning, he was none too impressed with its faculty[全體教員]. “I immediately understood that those old professors covered with honors and decorations[獎(jiǎng)?wù)耛could teach me nothing,” he later wrote. While he became known for his bold[大膽的]painting style, Dalí was suspended[使停學(xué)]from the Academy in 1923 for leading a student protest[抗議]against the faculty selection process[過程，步驟]. He returned to San Fernando the following year, only to be expelled for good[永久地]in 1926 after he said that none of his professors were skilled enough to grade his work. Later, Dalí entered the Paris art world, grew his unique[獨(dú)特的]upturned[朝上的]moustache and began working together with members of the Surrealist movement. By 1931, hehad worked on two flms and completed The Persistence of Memory, his most well known painting.

1922年，未來(lái)的超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義代表人物——薩爾瓦多·達(dá)利入讀位于（西班牙）馬德里市的皇家圣費(fèi)爾南多美術(shù)學(xué)院。達(dá)利是在父親的鼓勵(lì)下才去報(bào)讀這所學(xué)校的，他從一開始就對(duì)這里的師資力量完全不感興趣?！拔荫R上就明白了，這些從頭到腳都是各種頭銜和獎(jiǎng)?wù)碌睦辖淌诟静粫?huì)讓我學(xué)到東西，”他后來(lái)這樣寫道。盡管他以大膽的繪畫風(fēng)格備受贊譽(yù)，但由于帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生抗議教師選舉程序問題，達(dá)利在1923年被趕出校門。他在第二年回到圣費(fèi)爾南多復(fù)課，但在他表示沒有一位教授有水平評(píng)價(jià)自己的作品后，他于1926年被永久開除出校。后來(lái)，達(dá)利進(jìn)軍巴黎藝術(shù)界，留起了獨(dú)特的上翹小胡子，并開始與超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的成員合作。到了1931年，他已經(jīng)參與過兩部電影的制作，還完成了其生平最有名的作品——《記憶的永恒》。

超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義

超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是在法國(guó)開始的文學(xué)藝術(shù)流派，源于達(dá)達(dá)主義，于1920年至1930年間盛行于歐洲文學(xué)及藝術(shù)界，對(duì)視覺藝術(shù)的影響力深遠(yuǎn)。它的主要特征，是以所謂“超現(xiàn)實(shí)”、“超理智”的夢(mèng)境、幻覺等作為藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的源泉，認(rèn)為只有這種超越現(xiàn)實(shí)的“無(wú)意識(shí)”世界才能擺脫一切束縛，最真實(shí)地顯示客觀事實(shí)的真面目。超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義常被稱為超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)，或簡(jiǎn)稱為超現(xiàn)實(shí)。

In 1830, future literary[文學(xué)上的]legend Edgar Allan Poe resigned[辭職]a post in the U.S. Army to attend the United States Military[軍事的]Academy at West Point. Poe had previously[先前]left the University of Virginia after drinking and gambling[賭博]his way into a mountain of debt, and it appears that his time at the Point was just as bad. He endured[忍耐]the school’s strict military discipline[紀(jì)律]and thrived[茁壯成長(zhǎng)]in his studies, but following a fight with his foster father, John Allan, he decided to try and get himself kicked out. He stopped attending classes, and passed his time at a local watering hole[賣酒處]. In total, Poe collected more than 200 offenses[過錯(cuò)；犯罪]and demerits[過失]on his way to being dismissed from West Point in January 1831. Before leaving, the 22-year-old convinced[說(shuō)服]several of his classmates to donate[捐贈(zèng)]money to fund the printing costs for his third book of poems, simply titled Poems.

1830年，未來(lái)的文學(xué)奇人埃德加·愛倫·坡辭去他在美軍的職務(wù)，入讀美國(guó)西點(diǎn)軍校。早年的坡在（美國(guó)）弗吉尼亞大學(xué)念書時(shí)由于酗酒問題以及賭博欠下了一屁股債務(wù)而離開，現(xiàn)在看來(lái)他在西點(diǎn)期間的表現(xiàn)也一樣糟糕。他能夠遵守這里嚴(yán)格的軍紀(jì)，學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)很好，但是在與養(yǎng)父約翰·愛倫鬧翻以后，坡決定故意滋事，好讓自己被開除。他不再去上課，在當(dāng)?shù)匾粋€(gè)酒吧里消磨時(shí)日。坡在此期間總共犯下了兩百多次違紀(jì)過失，在1831年1月被西點(diǎn)軍校開除。離校之前，這個(gè)年僅22歲的年輕人成功說(shuō)服幾個(gè)同班同學(xué)給他捐錢，為自己的第三本詩(shī)歌集湊到了出版費(fèi)用——這本書被很簡(jiǎn)單地命名為《詩(shī)集》。

埃德加·愛倫·坡Edgar Allan Poe

注：AWOL或awol是absent without leave的縮寫，即擅離職守的、沒有請(qǐng)假便缺席的。

馬龍·白蘭度Marlon Brando

One of actor Marlon Brando’s most famous flm roles came in 1953’s The Wild One, where he played the leader of a rebel[叛逆者]motorcycle gang. The biker character may have been pretty easy for Brando, a troublemaker who supposedly[據(jù)推測(cè)]once rode a motorcycle through the halls of his high school in Libertyville, Illinois. “I was forever being sent to the principal’s[校長(zhǎng)]office to be disciplined[懲罰],” Brando later wrote of his high school days. Thanks to poor grades and plenty of bad behavior, ranging from[從……到……]throwing firecrackers to writing a class essay[短文]on a roll of toilet paper, Brando was eventually[最后]expelled from Libertyville High in 1941. He then transferred[轉(zhuǎn)移]to Shattuck Military Academy in Minnesota, where he continued to show no respect for authority[權(quán)威]. In 1943, Brando was put on probation[察看]and confined[限制]to campus for talking back to an officer during a drill[軍事訓(xùn)練]. When he ignored[無(wú)視]the order and headed out for a day on the town, he was charged with being AWOL注and dismissed. Having been expelled from two different schools, Brando moved to New York and started acting. He made his Broadway debut[初次登場(chǎng)]only one year later.

演員馬龍·白蘭度其中一個(gè)最有名的銀幕角色出自1953年的《飛車黨》，他在里面飾演一個(gè)叛逆機(jī)車團(tuán)伙的老大。對(duì)白蘭度來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)飛車族角色也許并不是什么難事——據(jù)說(shuō)這個(gè)搗蛋鬼有一次還騎著摩托車從他那位于（美國(guó)）伊利諾伊州利伯蒂維爾的高中走廊上飛馳而過?！拔依鲜潜淮虬l(fā)去校長(zhǎng)辦公室挨訓(xùn)，”白蘭度后來(lái)記述自己的高中生涯時(shí)這樣寫道。由于成績(jī)太差以及一連串不良行為——從亂丟鞭炮到將作文寫在一卷廁紙上等等，白蘭度最終在1941年被利伯蒂維爾高中開除。他隨后轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)到明尼蘇達(dá)州的沙特克軍事學(xué)院，在那兒繼續(xù)藐視權(quán)威。1943年，由于在一次訓(xùn)練中對(duì)教官頂嘴，白蘭度被罰留校觀察。他無(wú)視命令跑到鎮(zhèn)上玩了一天，因而被指控擅離職守（AWOL），最后被開除出校。被兩所學(xué)校拒之門外的白蘭度搬到了紐約，開始他的演藝事業(yè)。僅僅一年之后，他就在百老匯首次登臺(tái)亮相。

貝尼托·墨索里尼Benito Mussolini

During his school days in the 1880s and 90s, Italian Fascist dictator[獨(dú)裁者]Benito Mussolini had a bad reputation[名聲]for bullying, stealing and general defiance[蔑視]toward his teachers. “More than once I came back home with my head bleeding from a blow with a stone,” he later wrote of his many fghts, “but I knew how to defend[防衛(wèi)]myself.” When he was nine, Mussolini’s parents sent him to a strict Catholic boarding school in the hope that the priests could smooth off his rough edges. The boy didn’t take to[喜歡]church discipline, however, and in 1893 he was expelled after he stabbed a fellow student in the hand with a knife and threw an inkpot at a priest who tried to discipline him. Mussolini was sent to another boarding school, where he was nearly expelled a second time for yet another stabbing. Despite seemingly not caring about school, Mussolini later got a teaching certifcation[證明書]and occasionally worked as an educator. Perhaps not surprisingly, the future dictator was known for his sternness[嚴(yán)厲], and was nicknamed “the tyrant[暴君]” by his students.

十九世紀(jì)八九十年代，意大利法西斯獨(dú)裁者貝尼托·墨索里尼當(dāng)時(shí)還是一名學(xué)生，以欺負(fù)同學(xué)、偷雞摸狗和對(duì)師長(zhǎng)的公然蔑視而臭名昭著。“我不止一次回到家時(shí)都是被石頭砸了一臉血，”他后來(lái)對(duì)自己的多次打架這樣描述道，“不過我懂得如何自衛(wèi)?！本艢q那年，墨索里尼的父母將他送去一所要求嚴(yán)格的天主教寄宿學(xué)校，希望牧師們能夠磨平他那粗暴的棱角。然而，這個(gè)男孩壓根就不喜歡教會(huì)的規(guī)條。1893年，他用小刀捅傷了同學(xué)的手，還將墨水瓶扔到試圖管教他的牧師身上，因而被逐出校園。墨索里尼隨后被送到另一所寄宿學(xué)校，差點(diǎn)因?yàn)橛忠黄鹜比耸录辉俅伍_除。盡管他看起來(lái)對(duì)學(xué)校毫無(wú)興趣，但墨索里尼后來(lái)取得了教師資格證，斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地從事著教育者的工作。也許不會(huì)讓人意外的是，這位未來(lái)的獨(dú)裁者以嚴(yán)厲著稱，學(xué)生們還給他起了“暴君”這個(gè)花名。

語(yǔ)法小提示

關(guān)于“開除”的表達(dá)

既然本文講的是被逐出校園，那么就來(lái)看看哪些詞可以表達(dá)“開除、解雇”這個(gè)意思吧。同學(xué)們可以先試著在文中找出表達(dá)這個(gè)意思的單詞或詞組，再對(duì)照下文，看看有沒有找漏哦。

1) kick sb. out (of) 是非正式用法，意指“開除，攆走”，特別指用比較暴力極端的方式。如：He was kicked out of college for cheating.(他因?yàn)樽鞅锥粚W(xué)校開除。)

2) expel [Ik′spel] (過去式和過去分詞均為expelled) 經(jīng)常和from連用，表示“把……(從學(xué)校、俱樂部等) 開除”，一般是因?yàn)閲?yán)重違反了規(guī)定。如：If I catch you smoking in the school grounds again, you’ll be expelled.(如果再讓我撞見你在學(xué)校操場(chǎng)上抽煙，你非被開除不可。)Expel也有“趕走；驅(qū)逐(尤指逐出一個(gè)國(guó)家)”的意思。如：After the outbreak of fighting, all foreign journalists were expelled. (戰(zhàn)斗開始后，所有外國(guó)記者都被驅(qū)逐出境。)

3) dismiss [dIs′mIs]是比較正式的用法，和from連用表示“解雇，開除，免職”之意。如：If you are late again, you’ll be dismissed from your job.(如果你再遲到，就將被解雇。)

以上三個(gè)例子都可以在文中找到，我們?cè)賮?lái)看看短語(yǔ)get the boot ，大家知道它是什么意思嗎？沒錯(cuò)，也是解雇的意思。解雇和boot(靴子)有什么關(guān)系呢？原來(lái)，俚語(yǔ)the boot就是“解雇，革職”的意思，記住boot用單數(shù)而不是復(fù)數(shù)哦。所以你可以說(shuō)“They gave her the boot.”或者“She got the boot.”(她被開除了。)