周 寧(綜述),李偉彥(審校)
(南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院麻醉科,南京 210002)
嘌呤受體:緩解阿片耐受的一個(gè)潛在靶點(diǎn)
周寧△(綜述),李偉彥※(審校)
(南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院麻醉科,南京 210002)
摘要:神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在阿片類藥耐受的發(fā)生和維持中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞上嘌呤受體的激活可誘導(dǎo)其合成和釋放促炎因子、神經(jīng)活性物質(zhì)等,參與神經(jīng)病理性疼痛及阿片耐受的形成和維持。靶向抑制嘌呤受體的各種亞型在神經(jīng)病理性疼痛和阿片耐受的研究中已取得初步進(jìn)展,其可能成為緩解阿片耐受的重要治療靶點(diǎn)。因此,理解嘌呤受體的結(jié)構(gòu)和生物學(xué)功能可能為臨床治療阿片耐受提供新的選擇。
關(guān)鍵詞:嘌呤受體;阿片耐受;膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞
阿片類藥的耐受現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重影響疼痛的治療效果、增加不良反應(yīng),如頭暈、惡心、嘔吐、便秘等[1],這限制了其在臨床上的廣泛應(yīng)用。阿片耐受的機(jī)制包括阿片受體的脫敏及谷氨酸N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體和谷氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的功能改變[2],但是這些并沒有完全闡明阿片耐受的確切機(jī)制。近年來膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化在阿片耐受發(fā)生和維持中的作用逐漸被認(rèn)識(shí),其中膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞表達(dá)的嘌呤受體成為人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。嘌呤受體活化刺激膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞合成和釋放的促炎因子、神經(jīng)活性物質(zhì)等與阿片耐受的發(fā)生和維持密切相關(guān),因此嘌呤受體可能是緩解阿片耐受的一個(gè)重要靶點(diǎn),現(xiàn)就相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1嘌呤受體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能
嘌呤受體分為P1和P2受體兩大類,P1受體主要由腺苷激活,屬G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體家族,包括A1、A2A、A2B、A3四類;P2受體主要由核苷酸激活,分為兩個(gè)家族,親離子受體(P2X)和代謝型G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體(P2Y)[3]。已有7種P2X受體(P2X1~7)和8種P2Y受體(P2Y1、P2Y2、P2Y4、P2Y6、P2Y11~14)亞型被克隆[4]。
P2X受體屬于配體門控離子通道家族且對(duì)Na+和K+具有等滲透性,對(duì)Ca2+具有顯著滲透性的陽離子選擇性通道[5-6]。到目前為止分子克隆已經(jīng)鑒別出能編碼P2X受體亞基的7種基因(P2X 1~7)。所有P2X亞基具有兩個(gè)跨膜區(qū)和具有細(xì)胞內(nèi)N端、C端及跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域之間的長胞外環(huán)[6-7]。考慮到電流動(dòng)力學(xué),脫敏率及對(duì)激動(dòng)劑和拮抗劑的靈敏度,7個(gè)同效P2X受體的每一個(gè)和至少4個(gè)異源受體顯示了不同的電生理和藥理學(xué)性能[8]。當(dāng)它們中的每一個(gè)或兩個(gè)在細(xì)胞中異源的表達(dá),ATP就會(huì)引起一個(gè)快速或慢速鈍化內(nèi)向電流。快速內(nèi)向電流在表達(dá)P2X1或P2X3受體的細(xì)胞中被觀察到,慢速鈍化內(nèi)向電流在那些表達(dá)包括4個(gè)異源受體的所有其他受體中可以觀察到[5-6]。因此,被ATP反復(fù)活化的P2X1和P2X3引起了明顯的ATP誘導(dǎo)反應(yīng)的脫敏。α,β亞甲基ATP是ATP的類似物,能激活P2X4/6,對(duì)包括P2X1或P2X3在內(nèi)的P2X受體也是有用的激動(dòng)劑[6]。
P2Y受體是糖基化后集中在(41~53)×103的308~377個(gè)氨基酸蛋白。這7個(gè)跨膜區(qū)中P2Y受體的三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)有共同的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體。P2Y被嘌呤、嘧啶核苷酸或有亞基依賴的異源三聚體G蛋白的糖核苷酸所激活[3]。對(duì)核苷酸活化的反應(yīng),重組體P2Y受體能通過Gαq/11激活磷脂酶C-三磷酸肌醇通路,重組體P2Y受體輪流釋放胞內(nèi)鈣并激活蛋白激酶C或影響腺苷酸環(huán)化酶并通過Gαi/o改變環(huán)腺苷酸水平[3]。
2P2X受體與阿片耐受
2.1P2X4受體在體外培養(yǎng)的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中通過直接的μ受體信號(hào)嗎啡增強(qiáng)了小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞Ca2+結(jié)合適配器分子1的表達(dá)和P2X4受體介導(dǎo)的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的遷移[9]。P2X4受體推進(jìn)了嗎啡耐受并調(diào)節(jié)嗎啡誘導(dǎo)的脊髓膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞反應(yīng)性。另外,血管周圍的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在嗎啡耐受中發(fā)揮重要作用而P2X4受體的表達(dá)調(diào)節(jié)了血管周圍小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞特異性巨噬細(xì)胞單抗2的表達(dá)。嗎啡通過磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/絲蘇氨酸蛋白激酶通路和μ阿片受體依賴的方式增強(qiáng)了P2X4受體介導(dǎo)的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞遷移。P2X4受體在慢性疼痛中起作用,P2X4受體功能的藥理學(xué)抑制劑和P2X4受體表達(dá)的反義寡聚核苷酸抑制了L5脊神經(jīng)橫斷引起的觸誘發(fā)痛[10]。小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞P2X4受體的活化刺激腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子的合成和釋放[11],而腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子是神經(jīng)元環(huán)路中重要的抗阿片肽,它的分泌增加會(huì)抑制嗎啡的鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)[12]。P2X4受體反義寡聚核苷酸減弱了連續(xù)嗎啡注射引起的鎮(zhèn)痛耐受的形成,減弱了嗎啡誘導(dǎo)的脊髓中P2X4受體、Ca2+結(jié)合適配器分子1、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白和μ阿片受體的表達(dá)而增加了特異性巨噬細(xì)胞單抗2表達(dá)[9]。
2.2P2X7受體P2X7受體是ATP門控非選擇性陽離子通道[13]。研究表明,P2X7受體在促炎因子白細(xì)胞介素1β[14]和腫瘤壞死因子α[15]的形成中發(fā)揮重要作用。P2X7受體拮抗劑或靶向小干擾RNA阻斷P2X7受體在疼痛行為測(cè)試和體內(nèi)的脊髓細(xì)胞外記錄及體外脊髓的整個(gè)細(xì)胞記錄方面能減弱嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛耐受[16]。鞘內(nèi)注射選擇性P2X7受體抑制劑Brilliant Blue G(BBG)能明顯減少嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛效能的降低,P2X7R的上調(diào)和小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活化,此外,靶向干擾脊髓P2X7受體顯示了相似的耐受減弱效果。p38 絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38MAPK)作為各種胞外刺激的轉(zhuǎn)換器,調(diào)節(jié)炎性因子的釋放[17],且參與和小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞相關(guān)的嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛耐受的形成[18]。脊髓P2X7受體的藥理學(xué)拮抗劑和小干擾RNA抑制劑都抑制了脊髓小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和p38MAPK的活性,表明p38MAPK是嗎啡耐受中P2X7受體活化的下游因子[19]。P2X7受體介導(dǎo)的谷氨酸釋放可能是引起N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體活化的重要成分。慢性嗎啡下調(diào)谷氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,而谷氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的活化減弱了嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛耐受[20]。研究表明,P2X7受體的活化減弱了谷氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白效能[21]。P2X7R更可能通過破壞谷氨酸的釋放和吸收的平衡而引起嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛耐受。P2X7受體拮抗劑BBG明顯減弱了慢性嗎啡引起的脊髓感受傷害敏感神經(jīng)元興奮性的增加。胞外ATP,P2X7受體內(nèi)源性配基,在神經(jīng)元和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的聯(lián)系中扮演功能依賴性信號(hào)分子[22]。許多因素包括炎癥、酸中毒、受體活性和胞膜去極化都能觸發(fā)神經(jīng)元和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中ATP的釋放。谷氨酸能誘導(dǎo)脊髓和腦皮質(zhì)的膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放過量的ATP[23]。慢性嗎啡能增加嗎啡耐受大鼠腦脊液中谷氨酸的濃度,這可能導(dǎo)致局部胞外環(huán)境中高濃度的ATP從而觸發(fā)脊髓P2X7受體的活化[24]。因此,活化的P2X7受體通過正反饋引起ATP和谷氨酸的釋放,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)嗎啡耐受中P2X7受體的持續(xù)活化[25]。
3P2Y受體與阿片耐受
3.1P2Y6受體培養(yǎng)的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞表達(dá)P2Y6受體[26],并且外周神經(jīng)損傷后脊髓中P2Y6信使RNA的表達(dá)明顯增多,這個(gè)時(shí)間過程與觸誘發(fā)痛是一致的。小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中P2Y6的功能仍然不清楚,尿苷二磷酸,P2Y6的激動(dòng)劑添加到培養(yǎng)的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞易化了噬菌作用[26]。注射紅藻氨酸誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)損傷引起了海馬小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中P2Y6受體的上調(diào)。紅藻氨酸誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)損傷導(dǎo)致胞外尿苷三磷酸的增加,在體內(nèi)外它立刻被代謝為尿苷二磷酸。從受損神經(jīng)元中滲漏的尿苷二磷酸引起了P2Y6受體依賴的噬菌作用。神經(jīng)元損害時(shí)P2Y6受體上調(diào),可能通過傳感擴(kuò)散性的尿苷二磷酸信號(hào)對(duì)噬菌作用起感受器的作用[27]。
3.2P2Y12受體P2Y12受體是神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)者之一[28-29]。鞘內(nèi)注射P2Y12受體拮抗劑,如MRS2395和ARC69931MX或P2Y12受體的反義寡聚核苷酸,明顯抑制了脊髓神經(jīng)損傷[29]和坐骨神經(jīng)損傷[28]引起的神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的發(fā)生。Cui等[18]證實(shí),脊髓小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞p38MAPK的活化介導(dǎo)了嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛耐受的發(fā)生,通過抑制脊髓小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞p38MAPK能減弱外周炎癥引起的痛覺高敏。靶向p38MAPK的藥物可抑制阿片類藥物耐受、依賴等不良反應(yīng),增強(qiáng)其鎮(zhèn)痛效能,減少藥物用量。坐骨神經(jīng)損傷后p38MAPK的磷酸化總是能被P2Y12受體拮抗劑或反義寡聚核苷酸完全抑制[28]。
4結(jié)語
中央神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活在嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛耐受和神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的發(fā)生和維持中發(fā)揮重要作用的觀點(diǎn)得到廣泛認(rèn)可,而嘌呤受體通過激活中央神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)活性物質(zhì)、促炎因子的合成與釋放,參與神經(jīng)病理性疼痛和嗎啡耐受的產(chǎn)生和維持。進(jìn)一步觀察嘌呤受體在中央神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及其他器官的分布,探討其下游的信號(hào)通路,能更好地理解其在神經(jīng)病理性疼痛、嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛耐受及其他相關(guān)疾病中的作用機(jī)制,為臨床上治療相關(guān)疾病提供新選擇。
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Purinoceptor:the Potential Therapeutic Target for Opioid Tolerance
ZHOUNing,LIWei-yan.
(DepartmentofAnesthesiology,NanjingGeneralHospitalofNanjingMilitaryCommand,Nanjing210002,China)
Abstract:Gliocyte plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of tolerance to opioid analgesia.Purinoceptor activation on glial cells can induce the synthesis and release of proinflammatory cytokines and neuroactive substances,which are involved in the development and maintenance of the neuropathy pain and opioid tolerance.Targeting inhibition of purinoceptor subtypes in neuropathic pain and opioid tolerance has made preliminary progress,therefore,purinoceptor may become the important therapeutic targets to alleviate opioid tolerance.Therefore,understanding of the structure and biological function of purinoceptor may provide a new choice for the clinical treatment of morphine tolerance.
Key words:Purinoceptor; Opioid tolerance; Gliocyte
收稿日期:2013-11-04修回日期:2014-06-29編輯:相丹峰
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.04.045
中圖分類號(hào):R441.1
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)04-0693-03