Effects of Applying Bio-bacterial Fertilizer on Aroma Components of Flue-cured Tobacco

Yanqiu JING,Yuzhen GAO,Weifeng WANG,Jinfeng ZHU,Xiuxiu YUAN,Baolin ZHANG, Yuyuan CHENG,Huaiqi LI,Yuehua ZHANG,Ping LU*

1.Henan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry,Zhengzhou 450002,China;

2.Technology Research and Development Center,Gansu Tobacco Industry Co.,Ltd.,Lanzhou 730050,China;

3.Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Provincial Branch of CNTC,Nanning 530022,China;

4.Luohe Branch of Henan Tobacco Company,Luohe 462000,China;

5.Nanyang Branch of Henan Tobacco Company,Nanyang 47300,China;

6.Chinese Tobacco Industrial Company in Henan,Zhengzhou 450000,China

Effects of Applying Bio-bacterial Fertilizer on Aroma Components of Flue-cured Tobacco

Yanqiu JING1,Yuzhen GAO2,Weifeng WANG3,Jinfeng ZHU4,Xiuxiu YUAN1,Baolin ZHANG1, Yuyuan CHENG5,Huaiqi LI6,Yuehua ZHANG6,Ping LU6*

1.Henan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry,Zhengzhou 450002,China;

2.Technology Research and Development Center,Gansu Tobacco Industry Co.,Ltd.,Lanzhou 730050,China;

3.Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Provincial Branch of CNTC,Nanning 530022,China;

4.Luohe Branch of Henan Tobacco Company,Luohe 462000,China;

5.Nanyang Branch of Henan Tobacco Company,Nanyang 47300,China;

6.Chinese Tobacco Industrial Company in Henan,Zhengzhou 450000,China

[Objective]This research aimed to investigate the effects of bio-bacterial fertilizer on quality of flue-curved tobacco.[Method]The various concentrations of bio-bacterial fertilizer were applied to flue-cured tobacco as leaf fertilizer and base fertilizer respectively.[Result]The effect of bio-bacterial fertilizer on flue-cured tobacco differed among different treatments.Compared with the control,the bio-bacterial fertilizer significantly affected the quality of flue-cured tobacco.Among all the treatments,Treatment 3(leaf fertilizer)showed the best treatment effect,and it significantly improved the quality of flue-cured tobacco.[Conclusion]The bio-bacterial fertilizer showed significant improving effect on quality of flue-cured tobacco if spayed as leaf fertilizer.

Bio-bacterial fertilizer;Plasmid pigment;Neutral aroma components; Flue-cured tobacco

B io-bacterial fertilizer contains a large amount of biological bacteria.The activities of biological bacterial can not only improve soil physical and chemical properties and increase soil organic matter content,but also dissolve potassium,release phosphorus and fix nitrogen.After the bio-bacterial fertilizer is applied to soil,the biological bacteria will multiply rapidly,forming into dominant community.They can decompose the fixed nitrogen in soil that cannot be directly absorbed and utilized,providing available nitrogen to plants[1-4].In the previous studies on application of biobacterial fertilize in tobacco,the biobacterial fertilizer is mostly used as base fertilizer.There are rare reports on the application of bio-bacterial fertilizer,as leaf fertilizer in tobacco,especially on the effect of bio-bacterial fertilizer on quality of flue-cured tobacco.In this study,based on conventional fertilization,the bio-bacterial fertilizer was applied to flue-cured tobacco as base fertilizer and leaf fertilizer respectively so as to investigate the effect of bio-bacterial fertilizer on quality of flue-cured tobacco.

Material and Methods

Material

The test was carried out in the test field located in Baohe Village, Wuyang County,Luohe City,Henan Province in 2013.The test soil had moderate fertility,with pH value of 7.16,organic matter content of 12.04 g/kg,available nitrogen content of 12.08 mg/kg,available phosphorus content of 50.21 mg/kg and available potassium content of 142.78 mg/kg. The tested tobacco cultivar was Zhongyan 100 with row and plant spacing of 120 cm×55 cm.The to-

Test design

The randomized block design was adopted.A total of four treatments were arranged,including T1(water, CK),T2(base fertilizer),T3(leaf fertilizer)and T4(base fertilizer+leaf fertilizer).There were three replicates for each treatment.The bio-bacterial fertilizer was buried in soil as base fertilizer(diluted in water with a dilution of 200)or sprayed on tobacco leaves as leaf fertilizer(diluted in water with a dilution of 500).The treatment was carried out on the 45thand 70thd since the transplanting.When the bio-bacterial fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer, the application amount was 500 ml per plant;when the bio-bacterial fertilizer was applied as leaf fertilizer,both the front and back of tobacco leaves were spayed.For the field cultivation,the row and plant spacing was 120 cm× 50 cm,and the conventional fertilization was carried out.There were 100 tobacco plants per plot.

Determination of indicators and methods

Conventional ingredients in tobacco leavesThe water-soluble sugar, reducing sugar,total nitrogen,proteins,nicotine,potassium and chlorine contents in the flue-cured tobacco leaves were determined in accordance with YC/T 59-2002,YC/T 160-2002, YC/T 161-2002,YC/T 162-2002,YC/T 166-2002 and YC/T 173-2003,respectively.

Plasmid pigment contentThe plasmid pigment content in flue-cured tobacco leaves was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography(YC/T 382-2010).The pretreatment of tobacco leaves samples were performed as follows:A certain amount(2 g)of tobacco leaves was weighed and placed into a flask;in the flask,a certain volume of 90%acetone was added;after sealed,the flask was placed in ultrasonic for 20 min;the solution was filtered,and the obtained supernatant was added in the chromatogram vial.

Main neutral aroma components

The aroma components in the tobacco leaf samples were extracted with simultaneous distillation extraction method.The extract was first extracted with dichloromethane,and then concentrated to 1 ml in a rotary evaporator.The aroma components in the finally obtained extract were determined qualitatively using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HP6890-5975 GC-MS,US).

Results and Analysis

Effects of different treatments on aroma components in tobacco leaves

There were many aroma components in tobacco leaves.Some aroma components had relatively low contents,and some had extremely low contents.The aroma components are commonly classified according to the differences in chemical functional groups,aroma precursors and both chemical functional groups and aroma precursors.To facilitate the analysis, the characteristics of main aroma components were determined combining with different genotypes.If classified according to the differences in aroma precursors,the aroma components were divided into five categories, including carotenoids degradation products,neophytadiene,aromatic amino acids degradation products, Maillard reaction degradation products and cembratriendid alkyl degradation products.

Effects of different treatments on degradation products of plasmid pigment

The plasmid pigment degradation products mainly divided into carotenoids degradation products and chlorophyll degradation products.The carotenoids degradation products contain many types,but the chlorophyll degradation products are primarily neophytadiene.As shown in Table 1,among all the four treatments,T3 showed the highest total content of carotenoids degradation products, which was 3.42%higher than that of T1;T1 showed the lowest total content.There were no significant differences in total content of chlorophyll degradation products among all the treatments.The carotenoids degradation products covered many types, among which,the β-Damascenone, farnesyl acetone and β-Damascone showed the highest contents.In all the four treatments,the total contents of β-Damascenone,farnesyl acetone and β-Damascone all accounted for more than 66%of the total carotenoids contents.The content of neophytadiene,a chlorophyll degradation product,ranked as T3＞T4＞T2＞T1,and it differed significantly among all the treatments except between T3 and T4. The neophytadiene content accounted for more than 90%of the total degradation products amount of plasmid pigment.So the variation of total degradation products contents of plasmid pigment was in line with the variation of neophytadiene content among different treatments.

Effects of different treatments on degradation products of aromatic amino acids

In the degradation products of aromatic amino acids in flue-cured tobacco leaves,the neutral aroma components mainly included benzaldehyde(almond aroma,cherry aroma),phenylacetaldehyde(sweet flower fragrancy similar to hyacinth flavor; bitter under high concentration,but sweet fruit flavors after diluted),benzyl alcohol(soft sweet jasmine-like scent) and phenethyl alcohol(sweet and gentle aroma of roses and honey), which all had high contents in fluecured tobacco leaves.Table 2 showed that there were no significant differences in degradation products contents of aromatic amino acids in tobacco leaves among different treatments. T3 had the highest total amount of degradation products of aromatic amino acids,followed by T4,and T2 had the lowest total amount.

Effects of different treatments on Maillard reactants contents

Maillard reaction products and their degradation products are important constitutes of aroma of tobacco. The furfural is a major reaction product,and its aroma is characterized by bread flavor and butter flavor,endowing the tobacco flavor with a sweet taste.The furfuryl alcohol has the fla-vors of cereals and oil,and it can increase the concentration of tobacco aroma.The 2-acetyl-pyrrolo can enhance the sweetness of tobacco flavor,making the tobacco flavor soft.As shown in Table 3,T1 showed the highest total Maillard reactants amount (16.45 μg/g),followed by T3(16.31 μg/g),and T4 showed the lowest Maillard reactant amount(12.58 μg/g). Among all the Maillard reaction products,furfuryl showed the highest content,and it accounted for more than 55%of the total Maillard reactants amount.In terms of furfuryl content, there were significant differences among all the treatments except between T1 and T3 and T2 and T4.

Table 1Effects of different treatments on carotenoids degradation productsμg/g

Table 2Effects of different treatments on degradation products of aromatic amino acids μg/g

Table 3Effects of different treatments on Maillard reactantsμg/g

Conclusions and Discussion

Chlorophyll is one the substances of which the contents vary most greatly during the maturity and processing of tobacco leaves.Neophytadiene is the main degradation product of chlorophyll,and it is an important terpene compound in tobacco leaves. The neophytadiene itself has a certain aroma,and it can also be transformed into low molecular aromatic compounds[5].Zhou et al.[6]considered that the ratio between neophytadiene content and the other aroma components content may be one of the main factors in the formation of aroma in tobacco leaves.In the tobacco leaves sprayed with bio-bacterial fertilizer,the neophytadiene content was relatively high, but the neophytadiene content in T3 was higher than that in T4.As precursors for many aroma components, carotenoids play an important role in the formation of aroma in tobacco leaves.The aromatic degradation products of carotenoids have weak stimulating smell but high quality.They make great contributions for the aroma in tobacco leaves,and are also important components affecting the quality and quantity of aroma in tobacco leaves[6].The variation of neophytadiene among all the four treatments in this study was also consistent with the study results of Zhou et al[6].In the tobacco leaves sprayed with bio-bacterial leaf fertilizer,the neophytadiene content was relatively high,and it was highest in T3.In the degradation products of non-plasmid pigment,the main volatile aroma components include the metabolites of aromatic amino acids, Maillard reaction products and cembratriendid alkyl degradation products, of which the amounts were all increased compared with those of the control in this study.T3 showed the highest total degradation products amount of aromatic amino acids.Considering the Maillard reactants,the four treatments ranked as T1＞T3＞T2＞T4,but none significant differ-ences were found among them.Combining with the coordination among aroma components contents,based on the conventional fertilization,applying a certain amount of bio-bacterial fertilizer as leaf fertilizer can effectively improve the intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves.

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Responsible editor:Xiaoxue WANG

Responsible proofreader:Xiaoyan WU

施用生物菌肥對烤煙香味物質(zhì)成分的影響

景延秋1，高玉珍2，王衛(wèi)峰3，朱金峰4，袁秀秀1，張豹林1，程玉淵5，李懷奇6，張?jiān)氯A6，魯平6*
（1.河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)煙草學(xué)院/煙草行業(yè)煙草栽培重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，河南鄭州450002；2.甘肅煙草工業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司技術(shù)研發(fā)中心，甘肅蘭州730050；3.中國煙草總公司廣西壯族自治區(qū)公司，廣西南寧530022；4.河南省煙草公司漯河市公司，河南漯河462000；5.河南省煙草公司南陽市公司，河南南陽47300；6.河南中煙工業(yè)公司，河南鄭州450000）

[目的]為了研究生物菌肥對烤后煙葉的提質(zhì)增效的效果。[方法]用不同濃度的生物菌肥進(jìn)行葉面噴肥和土壤施肥。[結(jié)果]不同處理對煙葉內(nèi)在化學(xué)成分的影響不同。與對照相比，微生物菌肥對烤煙的品質(zhì)都有顯著的改變，其中表現(xiàn)最好的為處理③葉面施肥，它對煙葉品質(zhì)有所提高。[結(jié)論]葉面噴施微生物菌肥在烤煙品質(zhì)上表現(xiàn)出較好的效果。

生物菌肥；質(zhì)體色素；中性致香物質(zhì)；烤煙bacco plants were transplanted on May 25thand topped on August 2nd.A total of 18-22 leaves were retained per plant.In the field,the tobacco plants were all cultivated and managed in accordance with the high-quality tobacco leaves cultivation and production measures.The middle-layer roasted tobacco leaves were sampled for index determination.

河南省煙草公司資助項(xiàng)目（HYKJM201203，HYKJ201305）。

景延秋（1972-），女，河南南陽人，副教授，博士，研究方向：農(nóng)業(yè)（煙草）化學(xué)，E-mail：jingyanqiu72t@163.com。*通訊作者，工程師，E-mail：xyluping@126.com。

2015-01-27

修回日期 2015-05-28

Supported by Funding Projects of Henan Provincial Tobacco Company(HYKJM201203, HYKJ201305).

*Corresponding author.E-mail:xyluping@126.com

Received:January 27,2015 Accepted:May 28,2015