劉曉慧,楊 晨
(南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬蘇州市立醫(yī)院本部婦產(chǎn)科,江蘇 南京 215002)
絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤的臨床及病理分析
劉曉慧,楊 晨*
(南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬蘇州市立醫(yī)院本部婦產(chǎn)科,江蘇 南京 215002)
目的研究絕經(jīng)后子宮平滑肌瘤的臨床及病理特點(diǎn)。方法對(duì)2012年~2014年絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤患者92例,就其癥狀、體征、病理進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果在絕經(jīng)后病例中,有37例絕經(jīng)3年后,肌瘤直徑仍>3cm,無明顯縮小,其中有3例有逐漸增大趨勢。絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤糖尿病、高血壓及乳腺癌術(shù)后在絕經(jīng)組明顯多于非絕經(jīng)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。富于細(xì)胞型、內(nèi)膜癌、內(nèi)膜腺囊型增生、卵巢癌及子宮內(nèi)膜息肉在絕經(jīng)組明顯多于非絕經(jīng)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤并非均會(huì)縮小,并且高危因素較多,需引起高度重視。
絕經(jīng)后;子宮肌瘤
子宮肌瘤是生殖器官最常見的疾病,是性激素依賴性疾病,絕經(jīng)后大部分子宮肌瘤萎縮,但是有部分子宮肌瘤仍持續(xù)存在并有生長趨勢,其發(fā)生機(jī)制并不完全清楚,本文對(duì)2012年~2014年在我院手術(shù)治療的絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤的92例病例進(jìn)行回顧性分析,以探討絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤的臨床、病理特點(diǎn)、不萎縮的可能原因及相關(guān)疾病。
1.1 一般資料
收集我院2012年~2014年絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤手術(shù)患者92例,患者年齡50~80歲,平均年齡60.93歲;絕經(jīng)平均年數(shù)9.22年;另選絕經(jīng)前因子宮肌瘤手術(shù)患者102例作為對(duì)照。
1.2 入院情況
絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤患者以子宮肌瘤為主要診斷收入院者54例,占58.7%,肌瘤平均直徑(4.83±3.21)cm;以絕經(jīng)后陰道出血入院者13例,占14.13%,肌瘤平均直徑(4.97±4.22)cm;以子宮脫垂入院者12例,平均年齡>60歲,占13.04%,肌瘤平均直徑(3.02±2.89)cm;因乳腺癌術(shù)后入院者6例,占6.52%,平均肌瘤直徑(2.9.8±1.81)cm ;以尿頻、腹部包塊、陰道排液、下腹痛等收入院者8例,平均肌瘤直徑(5.97±8.86)cm;乳腺癌合并陰道出血1例。絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤的直徑(cm),每個(gè)肌瘤取兩個(gè)象限的平均數(shù),如有多個(gè)肌瘤,直徑相加。見表1。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。所有計(jì)量資料用“”表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分率(%)表示,多組間比較采用x2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
表1 絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤患者入院的癥狀及肌瘤的大小
絕經(jīng)后子宮異常出血13例(14.13%),糖尿病5例(5.43%),高血壓22例(23.91%),乳腺癌術(shù)后6例(6.52%),糖尿病、高血壓及乳腺癌術(shù)后在絕經(jīng)組明顯多于非絕經(jīng)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。另外在絕經(jīng)后患者中,有37例絕經(jīng)3年后,肌瘤直徑仍>3cm,無明顯縮小,占36.96%;其中有3例有逐漸增大趨勢,占3.26%。見表2。
富于細(xì)胞型在絕經(jīng)組明顯多于非絕經(jīng)組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。內(nèi)膜癌、內(nèi)膜腺囊型增生、卵巢癌及子宮內(nèi)膜息肉在絕經(jīng)組明顯多于非絕經(jīng)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
表2 絕經(jīng)前后兩組患者的臨床表現(xiàn) [n(%)]
表3 絕經(jīng)前后兩組患者子宮肌瘤及并發(fā)癥的病理類型 [n(%)]
子宮肌瘤是性激素依賴性良性腫瘤,子宮肌瘤的大小及生長與體內(nèi)雌孕激素的水平及子宮肌瘤內(nèi)雌孕激素的受體水平密切相關(guān),絕經(jīng)后體內(nèi)雌孕激素均低,大部分子宮肌瘤隨著子宮的縮小而縮小,但是仍有小部分絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤繼續(xù)增長,可能有絕經(jīng)后仍有腎上腺皮質(zhì)來源的雄激素轉(zhuǎn)化為雌激素,同時(shí)肥胖婦女脂肪中存在少許雌激素,也是雌激素的來源之一。有研究表明芳香化酶在圍絕經(jīng)及絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤生長中起關(guān)鍵作用[1]。
Van den Bosch研究表明絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤50%持續(xù)存在, 子宮內(nèi)膜癌的發(fā)病率為25/10萬,子宮肉瘤的發(fā)病率為0.7/10萬,無對(duì)抗性的雌激素治療和他莫昔芬治療易導(dǎo)致子宮肉瘤[2]。Norian等研究表明TGF-β3可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的形成,促進(jìn)子宮肌瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,可能是絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤不萎縮的原因之一[3]。Malik等研究表明纖維連接蛋白mRNA在子宮肌瘤組織表達(dá)高于正長平滑肌組織,絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤表達(dá)亦有升高趨勢,故提示纖維連接蛋白參與絕經(jīng)后非萎縮型子宮肌瘤的生長[4]。Ciarmela等報(bào)道治療子宮肌瘤不僅需治療絕經(jīng)前期的婦女,也需治療絕經(jīng)后的婦女,絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤并不總是萎縮[5]。Peddada等研究表明子宮肌瘤不同時(shí)期的增長速度不同,可以在任何年齡自發(fā)萎縮,并不總是在絕經(jīng)后[6]。同樣的研究提示非洲裔婦女超過45歲后子宮肌瘤的增長速度并不降低。Pasetto研究表明,雖然絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤萎縮甚至消失,但是仍然有絕經(jīng)后才出現(xiàn)的子宮肌瘤,圍絕經(jīng)期新出現(xiàn)的肌瘤很可能增長迅速,需警惕惡變[7]。
絕經(jīng)后陰道出血與生殖道惡性腫瘤的關(guān)系,Dawood研究發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)后陰道出血有子宮內(nèi)膜炎占生殖道惡性腫瘤的發(fā)病率約6%,所以需要提起高度重視并全面檢查[8]。Sahdev報(bào)道子宮內(nèi)膜癌的發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)因素包括肥胖、激素、他莫昔芬、糖尿病及高血壓[9]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)后糖尿病及高血壓的發(fā)病明顯高于對(duì)照組,因絕經(jīng)后陰道出血與生殖道惡性腫瘤相關(guān),需引起高度重視。
絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤與乳腺癌關(guān)系,Dunn等報(bào)道絕經(jīng)后最重要的雌二醇的來源是脂肪和乳房所以看來絕經(jīng)后的激素水平是激素相關(guān)的癌癥危險(xiǎn)因素[10]。內(nèi)源性雌激素是絕經(jīng)后乳腺癌的重要因素。有研究表明乳腺癌患者血清中雌激素水平變對(duì)照組增高15%。本文中乳腺癌術(shù)后子宮肌瘤有不萎縮情況,故導(dǎo)致手術(shù),防止惡變。
子宮肌瘤的病理提示,絕經(jīng)組有富于細(xì)胞型、子宮肌瘤變性、內(nèi)膜腺囊型增生及子宮內(nèi)膜息肉在絕經(jīng)組明顯多于非絕經(jīng)組。本研究病理示富細(xì)胞型在絕經(jīng)組明顯多于非絕經(jīng)組,Guan研究表明富于細(xì)胞型子宮平滑肌瘤和子宮平滑肌肉瘤的主要區(qū)別在于核分裂像的計(jì)數(shù)[11]。子宮肉瘤核分裂像≥10/10HP,細(xì)胞顯著異型,并伴有凝固性壞死,而富于細(xì)胞核分裂像<4個(gè)核分裂計(jì)數(shù)/10個(gè)高倍視野,無核的不典型增生,無腫瘤細(xì)胞壞死。Esteban等報(bào)道富于細(xì)胞型平滑肌瘤1例,術(shù)后4年發(fā)現(xiàn)肺結(jié)節(jié),行結(jié)節(jié)切除術(shù),病理報(bào)道為平滑肌肉瘤[12]。子宮富于細(xì)胞型平滑肌瘤是子宮交界性平滑肌瘤的一種特殊類型,一般預(yù)后良好,但在組織病理學(xué)上與子宮肉瘤易于混淆,且近年來其發(fā)病率顯著增高,應(yīng)引起重視。
本研究中絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤變性主要為玻璃樣變及囊性變,Okamoto T等報(bào)道子宮肌瘤體積增大,可能是玻璃樣變或囊性變時(shí)快速聚集過多細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)導(dǎo)致,一般肌瘤細(xì)胞的數(shù)目變少,但是KI-67陽性的細(xì)胞有12%細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞數(shù)目在緩慢增加,導(dǎo)致肌瘤絕經(jīng)后仍增長[13]。Kew等報(bào)道一例患者絕經(jīng)10年中子宮肌瘤持續(xù)增大后惡變,子宮肌瘤一般在生育年齡增加,絕經(jīng)后因激素水平的降低而萎縮[14]。提示如絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤增大需高度懷疑惡變的可能。絕經(jīng)后子宮肌瘤仍有惡變的可能性,即使絕經(jīng)后,巨大的肌瘤仍建議手術(shù)防止惡變。
絕經(jīng)后子宮內(nèi)膜息肉發(fā)病率較高,Hileeto等報(bào)道絕經(jīng)后特別是65歲后子宮內(nèi)膜息肉惡變率約32%[15]。Orvieto 等闡明146位患子宮內(nèi)膜息肉的絕經(jīng)后婦女中有4位有不典型增生,建議有內(nèi)膜息肉的絕經(jīng)婦女應(yīng)切除息肉[16]。
雖然大多數(shù)子宮肌瘤絕經(jīng)后會(huì)縮小,但是需警惕無變化及持續(xù)增長的子宮肌瘤,需積極治療,防止惡變。
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Clinical and pathological analysis of postmenopausal
uterine leiomyoma
LIU Xiao-hui,YANG Chen*
(Department of obstetrics andgynecology suzhou municipal hospital affiliated to nanjing medical university, Jiangsu Nanjing 215002,China)
ObjectiveOf this study were to investigate the characteristic of clinical and pathology of hysteromyoma in the menopause.MethodsA prospective observational study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics andgynaecology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital comprising of 92 consecutive cases presenting with postmenopausal hysteromyoma .Detailed history was obtained and a thorough clinical examination was conducted. Data were entered into hospital computer database system. Mean±SD were calculated for the diameter of hysteromyoma percentage was calculated for types of histopathological findings.ResultsIn the postmenopausalgroup, there are 37 cases three years after menopause,which fibroids is stillgrester than 3cm in diameter and no obvious reduction ,including 3cases with increasedgradually. The overall incidence of diabetes, hypertension, hysteromyoma and breast carcinoma history in the menopause was significantly higher than that of in premenopause(P<0.05). Comparison of the incidence of endometrial carcinoma ,ovarian cancer, endometrial polyp,cellular leiomyoma and cystic hyperplasia of endometrium between, the postmenopausalgroup and the pretmenopausalgroup, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).ConclusionNot all of hysteromyoma in the menopause will be narrowing. The overall incidence ofgenital tract malignancies in patients presenting with hysteromyoma in the menopause is high , therefore, it needs to be taken seriously and requires prompt and thorough investigations.
Postmenopause;Hysteromyoma
R737.33
B
劉曉慧.副主任醫(yī)師.電話:13771983169 郵箱:liuxiaohui68@126.com
楊 晨.副主任醫(yī)師.電話:18012785363 郵箱:1135056284@qq.com
蘇州市科技局(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):SYS201255)