在人們的理解中,公務(wù)機(jī)是最燒錢的交通工具,是富豪們燒錢的大玩具。
可有些時(shí)候,這種想法也會(huì)被顛覆,特別是對(duì)于企業(yè),一旦其選購(gòu)了適合自己的公務(wù)機(jī),在使用公務(wù)機(jī)時(shí)做到合理配置,公務(wù)機(jī)的使用成本也許會(huì)低到不可思議。有時(shí)候,企業(yè)在使用公務(wù)機(jī)時(shí)不僅不燒錢,甚至還能直接為企業(yè)盈利。
下面就請(qǐng)看企業(yè)是如何將公務(wù)機(jī)使用成本降到最低,甚至利用它盈利的。
Business Jet is often perceived to be the most “money-burning” transport vehicle.
But it is not always the case. If a company selects the right jet and deploys it in the right way, it can reduce its cost to the minimum, or even make it profitable.
Business Jet, Not Always a “Money-Burning” Toy
公務(wù)機(jī)不僅是燒錢玩具?
當(dāng)企業(yè)家們乘坐私人飛機(jī)飛來(lái)飛去時(shí),他們的“座駕”將為企業(yè)帶來(lái)巨額的花銷。人人都說(shuō)公務(wù)機(jī)使用得當(dāng),將為企業(yè)帶來(lái)利潤(rùn),可看著一摞又一摞賬單,人們不禁要問(wèn):這些花銷究竟怎么給企業(yè)帶來(lái)效益呢?
對(duì)于公務(wù)機(jī)為企業(yè)盈利的方法,人們或許還不甚了解,但這個(gè)結(jié)論還是有依據(jù)的。全球著名的安達(dá)信會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所曾做過(guò)一項(xiàng)《公務(wù)航空的效應(yīng)研究》,結(jié)果顯示在1986~1996年間,在美國(guó)有實(shí)力的大企業(yè)中,與不使用公務(wù)機(jī)的公司相比,使用公務(wù)機(jī)的公司的銷售額平均多增長(zhǎng)了7%,股票每股平均收益較前者多出30%。那么,這些公務(wù)機(jī)帶來(lái)的績(jī)效究竟從何而來(lái)呢?
一架公務(wù)機(jī),能讓企業(yè)少繳多少稅?
買一架公務(wù)機(jī),不僅能方便企業(yè)高管出行,還能令企業(yè)少繳巨額的稅款。這聽(tīng)起來(lái)有點(diǎn)莫名其妙,但卻是個(gè)顯而易見(jiàn)的事實(shí)。
公務(wù)機(jī)作為企業(yè)的固定資產(chǎn),擁有7年的折舊期。在這7年間,公務(wù)機(jī)每年將折舊12.5%,這筆折舊費(fèi)會(huì)計(jì)入企業(yè)成本,成為企業(yè)利潤(rùn)表中的減項(xiàng)。例如某企業(yè)以2100萬(wàn)美元購(gòu)買了一架賽斯納中型公務(wù)機(jī),以每年的12.5%的折舊率計(jì)算,每年折舊費(fèi)為262.5萬(wàn)美元,折合成人民幣大約為1800萬(wàn)元,按照25%計(jì)算所得稅,每年可以合理避稅約450萬(wàn)元人民幣。7年之后,這架大約1.3億元人民幣的公務(wù)機(jī)能夠?yàn)槠髽I(yè)節(jié)約稅款3150萬(wàn)元。這還不包括7年來(lái)飛機(jī)托管、使用費(fèi)用計(jì)入公司成本后沖抵的所得稅。
7年后,這架飛機(jī)雖然在財(cái)務(wù)上已折舊完畢,但在成熟的二手飛機(jī)市場(chǎng)上或許能賣出你意想不到的高價(jià)。所以一架為企業(yè)服役七八年的公務(wù)機(jī),除去抵扣的稅款以及在二手飛機(jī)市場(chǎng)的銷售所得,它實(shí)際耗費(fèi)的企業(yè)成本可以很低。
美國(guó)公務(wù)航空協(xié)會(huì)一份財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告分析曾舉過(guò)一個(gè)案例,一架灣流IV公務(wù)機(jī)5年內(nèi)為一家公司節(jié)稅1256萬(wàn)美元,而它的實(shí)際價(jià)值和固定開(kāi)支只有約650萬(wàn)美元,換言之,這家公務(wù)機(jī)在充分使用后,還為公司帶來(lái)了606萬(wàn)美元的收益。
所以說(shuō),如果選擇保值性較好的機(jī)型,從抵扣稅款方面公務(wù)機(jī)就能為企業(yè)節(jié)約許多成本。當(dāng)然,這僅僅是公務(wù)機(jī)為企業(yè)盈利的開(kāi)端,還有很多方面能夠進(jìn)一步降低企業(yè)使用公務(wù)機(jī)的成本。
移動(dòng)的廣告牌
旺旺集團(tuán)將公司價(jià)值2億元人民幣的灣流G200公務(wù)機(jī)涂上了旺旺牛奶罐一樣的紅色,機(jī)身上標(biāo)著公司的LOGO,無(wú)論飛到哪里,人們都知道它是旺旺的公務(wù)機(jī)。在北京和上海的機(jī)場(chǎng),隨便租一塊廣告牌,一年最少也要七八十萬(wàn)元,而一架在全國(guó)大城市飛來(lái)飛去的公務(wù)機(jī),它吸引眼球的程度絕對(duì)高于普通的廣告牌。從視覺(jué)宣傳的角度,一架公務(wù)機(jī)每年可以為企業(yè)節(jié)約近百萬(wàn)的廣告費(fèi)。而這僅僅是浮在表面、可以具體核算的廣告價(jià)值。
公務(wù)機(jī)是當(dāng)今最先進(jìn)的私用交通工具,并非一般企業(yè)能夠擁有,一旦擁有了公務(wù)機(jī),無(wú)疑是對(duì)一家企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力堅(jiān)挺地背書。從展現(xiàn)實(shí)力的角度,媒體對(duì)某企業(yè)購(gòu)買公務(wù)機(jī)的新聞做一次集中報(bào)道,或許比企業(yè)在某些平媒投入一年的廣告費(fèi)用更令人印象深刻。畢竟從證明企業(yè)實(shí)力的角度,擁有公務(wù)機(jī)比做廣告更客觀。
近幾年,許家印的空客A319、王健林的灣流G550、郭廣昌的達(dá)索獵鷹7X都頻頻成為新聞媒體的焦點(diǎn)。而企業(yè)高層乘坐自己的公務(wù)機(jī)出訪,無(wú)論對(duì)方是內(nèi)商還是外商,都將因你的企業(yè)擁有專用公務(wù)機(jī)而刮目相看。這一點(diǎn)從王健林和湯姆·克魯斯夫婦的那次會(huì)面就體現(xiàn)得很明顯。
不論機(jī)身LOGO宣傳,還是公務(wù)機(jī)帶來(lái)的隱性廣告效益,它每年至少能為企業(yè)帶來(lái)數(shù)百萬(wàn)元的廣告價(jià)值。隨著時(shí)間的推移,廣告價(jià)值會(huì)隨新聞性減弱而漸漸下降,但以10年計(jì)算,一架公務(wù)機(jī)最少也會(huì)為企業(yè)帶來(lái)上千萬(wàn)的廣告價(jià)值。對(duì)于一架一億元人民幣左右的中型公務(wù)機(jī),廣告價(jià)值加上抵扣稅款以及二手機(jī)銷售所得,理想狀態(tài)下,可以占到其購(gòu)機(jī)成本的一大半。
公務(wù)機(jī)如何提升企業(yè)凝聚力?
安達(dá)信會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所的《公務(wù)航空的效應(yīng)研究》中提到,公務(wù)機(jī)能夠極大地提升企業(yè)凝聚力。前面提到了抵稅、廣告價(jià)值,這些大概都能折算成真金白銀,而公務(wù)機(jī)在提升企業(yè)凝聚力方面如何帶來(lái)顯而易見(jiàn)的效益呢?
在購(gòu)買公務(wù)機(jī)之前,有實(shí)力的企業(yè)家當(dāng)然可以包機(jī)出行。不過(guò)不論在中國(guó)還是美國(guó),面對(duì)不菲的租金,一般老板只會(huì)在自己帶隊(duì)出行時(shí)才肯包機(jī)。所以說(shuō),包機(jī)服務(wù)更多是針對(duì)企業(yè)老板,而非整個(gè)企業(yè)。這一點(diǎn)在當(dāng)今中國(guó)企業(yè)界尤為明顯。
不過(guò),一旦企業(yè)擁有了自己的公務(wù)機(jī),老板無(wú)疑希望它為本企業(yè)提供的服務(wù)越多越好。這就像企業(yè)買車一樣,跑得越勤,利用率越高。所以,此時(shí)老板自然會(huì)放寬乘用公務(wù)機(jī)的尺度,企業(yè)高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)緊急商務(wù)出行一般都可以享用,公務(wù)機(jī)不再僅僅是極少數(shù)人的特權(quán)。其結(jié)果,企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)整體工作效率都會(huì)得到提高,企業(yè)對(duì)高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的吸引力也會(huì)提升,在經(jīng)常乘用公務(wù)機(jī)旅行途中,團(tuán)隊(duì)成員之間的對(duì)話交流良好機(jī)會(huì)更多,氛圍會(huì)更輕松,整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的凝聚力會(huì)提升。正因如此,安達(dá)信得出了公務(wù)機(jī)能夠極大提升企業(yè)凝聚力的結(jié)論。而且安達(dá)信的報(bào)告認(rèn)為,尤其對(duì)于上升階段的企業(yè),公務(wù)機(jī)對(duì)穩(wěn)定團(tuán)隊(duì),提升企業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展力有著非常積極的作用,而這種作用是難以用金錢來(lái)衡量的。
當(dāng)然,要實(shí)現(xiàn)這種“公務(wù)機(jī)共享”是有前提的,那就是企業(yè)擁有公務(wù)機(jī)的運(yùn)營(yíng)成本不能太高。如果企業(yè)擁有的是空客A319、灣流G550、達(dá)索獵鷹7X、環(huán)球快車6000這類超大型公務(wù)機(jī),這些大家伙一次能搭載近20人(一般高管出行無(wú)論如何也坐不滿),飛一次要消耗數(shù)十萬(wàn)元人民幣,要實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)核心團(tuán)隊(duì)共享無(wú)疑成本太高。所以,這些受中國(guó)企業(yè)家青睞的大機(jī)型帶有明顯的個(gè)人私有性。而在美國(guó),知名企業(yè)首選的常常是運(yùn)營(yíng)成本低、一次載客7至8人的中型公務(wù)機(jī)。這樣的公務(wù)機(jī)飛得越多,邊際成本越低,為企業(yè)帶來(lái)的效益越高。
When business owners fly around on business jets, their jets are incurring huge cost for their companies. But does their investment pay off? According to a study by Arthur Andersen LLP — Business Aviation in Today’s Economy, between 1986-1996, business jet operating companies showed an average 7% more sales and 30% higher earnings per share than non-operators. So how could the “money-burning” business jet generate profit for a company?
Reduce Tax
Apart from improving travel efficiency, a business jet could help a company legally reduce income tax, which is the top reason most companies decide to purchase a business jet.
As fixed asset, a business jet could enjoy a 7-year depreciation period, during which, the annual depreciation will be accounted into operating cost, therefore reducing the amount of revenue to be taxed. Take a USD 21 million medium-sized Cessna for example. Depreciated at 12.5% a year, it could add USD 2.625 million, or RMB 18 million, to cost, saving around RMB 4.5 million a year if income tax is 25%. If the business jet management fee could also be accounted into cost, it could further drive down company income tax.
According to a financial analysis of the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA), a Gulfstream IV could save a company USD 12.56 million of tax in 5 years while its cost of purchase and operation is only 6.5 million. In other words, this business jet could bring a company USD 6.06 million in profits.
In addition, a depreciated business jet could sell at a fairly good or surprisingly high price at used aircraft market. If used wisely, the seemingly money burner may as well become a money maker.
Improve Team Cohesion
According to Arthur Andersen’s study, between 1986 and 1996, business jet operating companies showed a significant higher growth of sales volume and stock price than non-operators. While these companies “purchased business jets because of good financial performance”, their business jets had greatly improved their efficiency and team cohesion.
An alternative to own a business jet is to charter one. But the high cost of charter determines it is most likely a service exclusive to business owners, whether in China or in the U.S. But once a company owns a business jet, the business owners would want to utilize the jet as much as possible. As a result, the leadership team may be able to enjoy the business jet for urgent business travels, improving their efficiency and loyalty to the company. When the whole leadership team travels together, they could also have the opportunity to have casual chats to improve cohesion and harmony of the team, the benefit of which to a company’s sustainable development will be immeasurable.
But this comes with a precondition – the operating cost of the business jet is much lower than the cost of charter jet. Medium-sized business jet, with its operating efficiency, is more competitive than other size categories. Most business tycoons in China favor the more costly large business jets. Even if the utilization goes up, the cost would still be huge. This is why many global companies prefer medium-sized business jets.
Enhance Corporate Image
Business jet is probably the most advanced and luxurious private transport vehicle today. It is a luxury not any entrepreneur could afford to buy or use. Therefore in the eyes of the public, a company that owns a business jet must be financially solid and the business jet could be seen as a symbol of corporate image. If a Chinese company purchases a business jet, it will attract public attention and media exposure if there is wide and continued public interest. The advertising effect, because of its objectivity, is much better than tens of millions of investment in commercials. When company executives travel by a business jet, it will also impress customers or supplies and gives the company an advantage in business negotiations.
結(jié)論:企業(yè)購(gòu)買公務(wù)機(jī)要有投資觀念
公務(wù)機(jī)究竟是給企業(yè)燒錢,還是為企業(yè)盈利,很大程度上取決于企業(yè)是否帶著投資觀念去買飛機(jī)。如果僅僅將公務(wù)機(jī)當(dāng)做一輛賓利或勞斯萊斯,是企業(yè)形象的體現(xiàn),是企業(yè)的交通工具,那么企業(yè)往往不會(huì)單獨(dú)核算一架公務(wù)機(jī)的成本效益。
如果企業(yè)一開(kāi)始就將自己的豪車車隊(duì)定位為可以出租盈利的經(jīng)營(yíng)資源,開(kāi)始就分析自己適合買什么樣的車,如何增加它的產(chǎn)值,公務(wù)機(jī)最終是有可能成為企業(yè)盈利工具的。
通過(guò)以上分析,我們已經(jīng)知道一架公務(wù)機(jī)(尤其是運(yùn)營(yíng)效率高的中型公務(wù)機(jī)),通過(guò)抵稅、廣告價(jià)值、二手機(jī)價(jià)值、企業(yè)凝聚力等方面能為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造效益,能大大降低其運(yùn)營(yíng)成本。事實(shí)上,如果這架飛機(jī)能夠進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)化運(yùn)營(yíng),它的運(yùn)營(yíng)成本會(huì)更低,甚至實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利。
The Investment Perspective of Business Jet
If a company could realize the direct and indirect benefits mentioned above, the investment on business jet could be deemed as successful. From an investment perspective, a company buys a business jet not to make money, but to have the most advanced vehicle, similar to a car in this sense. You don’t rely on it to make profit, but could use it to help the company more profitable. There is no need to calculate the cost benefit of a business jet. Whether it is worthwhile to own a business jet depends on how it could facilitate the development of your business.