使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的七大原則

周建林

原則一：用作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，原則上要用不定式。

1. When asked why he went there，he said he was sent there _____ for a space flight.

A. training B. being trained

C. to have trained D. to be trained

解析：由于進(jìn)行航空飛行訓(xùn)練是他被派往那兒的目的，所以要用不定式，排除選項(xiàng)A 和 B。另外，由于“他”與“訓(xùn)練”為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選 D。

2. _____ this cake，youll need 2 eggs，175g sugar and 175g flour.

A. Having made B. Make

C. To make D. Making

解析：解答此題，首先要分析“_____ this cake”和“youll need 2 eggs，175g sugar and 175g flour”這兩部分之間的邏輯關(guān)系。句意為“你之所以需要這些原材料，是為了做這塊蛋糕”?！癬____ this cake”是一個(gè)目的狀語(yǔ)，所以選C。

原則二：用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，原則上要用現(xiàn)在分詞。

3. As the light turned green，I stood for a moment，not _____，and asked myself what I was going to do.

A. moved B. moving

C. to move D. being moved

解析：因?yàn)榘殡S狀語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示當(dāng)時(shí)持續(xù)了一會(huì)兒，所以選B。

4. The girl was left alone in the room，_____ bitterly.

A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry

解析：伴隨狀語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，選B。

現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)與不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生且前面常常帶一逗號(hào)，而作目的狀語(yǔ)的不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，且前面不能用逗號(hào)。

原則三：用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式。

其原則區(qū)別是：一般用現(xiàn)在分詞表示一定邏輯的結(jié)果，即結(jié)果在意料之中；不定式用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表示非邏輯的結(jié)果，即結(jié)果在意料之外。

5. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_____ in the natural light during the day.

A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let

解析：此處用現(xiàn)在分詞表示自然而然的結(jié)果，選B。

6. He hurried to the station，only _____ that the train had left.

A. to find B. finding

C. found D. to have found

解析：only to do sth. 在此表示出人意料的結(jié)果，選A。

原則四：含有被動(dòng)意義時(shí)，原則上要用過去分詞。但是，如果所涉及的動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生，就用不定式的被動(dòng)式；如果所涉及的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，就用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式。

7. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _____.

A. to be heard B. to have heard

C. hearing D. being heard

解析：根據(jù)句意，此處指的是“被聽見”，要用被動(dòng)式，因此可排除選項(xiàng)B和C。另外，由于“設(shè)法被聽見”為目的狀語(yǔ)，動(dòng)作當(dāng)時(shí)尚未發(fā)生，要用不定式，所以選 A。

8. When she came in，she was surprised to find a stranger _____ at the back of the classroom with his eyes _____ upon her.

A. seating；fixing B. to seat；fixing

C. having seated；fixed D. seated；fixed

解析：seat是強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，seated相當(dāng)于sitting。fix ones eyes upon表示“盯著看”，此處表示被動(dòng)，所以選D。

原則五：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)原則上應(yīng)與主句主語(yǔ)保持一致。

9. Faced with a bill for $10，000，_____.

A. John has taken an extra job

B. the boss has given John an extra job

C. an extra job has been taken

D. an extra job has been given to John

解析：sb. is faced with sth. 相當(dāng)于 sb. faces sth.，結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知，faced的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是John，所以選A。

10. While watching television，_____.

A. the door bell rang

B. the doorbell rings

C. we heard the doorbell ring

D. we heard the doorbell rings

解析：因?yàn)?watching 的邏輯主語(yǔ)一定是人，所以排除選項(xiàng) A 和 B。又因?yàn)樵趆ear后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的是省略了 to 的不定式，所以選項(xiàng) D 中的 rings 是錯(cuò)誤的。選C。

原則六：強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，原則上要用完成式 （根據(jù)情況可用不定式的完成式或現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）。

11. _____ from other continents for millions of years，Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world.

A. Being separated B. Having separated

C. Having been separated D. To be separated

解析：因?yàn)?Australia 與 separate 是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且 separate發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 has 之前，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式，作原因狀語(yǔ)。選C。

12. The manager，_____ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us，left the meeting room.

A. who has made B. having made

C. made D. making

解析：因?yàn)閠he manager 與 make 是主謂關(guān)系，且 make 發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 left 之前，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作狀語(yǔ)，having made 相當(dāng)于 who had made。選B。

原則七：名詞后作定語(yǔ)原則上用不定式，表示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生；用現(xiàn)在分詞，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；用過去分詞，表示動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)和完成。

13. There will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meeting _____ the day after tomorrow.

A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held

解析：因?yàn)闀?huì)議還未舉行，所以應(yīng)用不定式to hold，作meeting的后置定語(yǔ)。又由于hold與meeting之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以要用不定式的被動(dòng)式。選D。

14. There are hundreds of visitors _____ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings.

A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait

解析：此處表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)放在名詞的后面修飾名詞，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，選C。

15. “Things _____ never come again！”I couldnt help talking to myself.

A. lost B. losing C. to lost D. have lost

解析：因?yàn)閘ose與名詞things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示被動(dòng)，所以用過去分詞lost修飾。選A。引號(hào)內(nèi)為省略句，我們可以理解為：Things （which are） lost never come again?。ㄗ髡邌挝唬汉虾鈻|縣二中）

（責(zé)任編校 彭益）