羅伯特·雷德福與圣丹斯電影節(jié)

∷宋云峰

提起著名演員、電影導(dǎo)演和制片人羅伯特·雷德福（Robert Redford）和北美著名的圣丹斯電影節(jié)（Sundance Film Festival，每年1月在美國猶他州滑雪勝地帕克城舉辦），讀者們都耳熟能詳，但說到這兩者之間的關(guān)系，知道的人恐怕不多。二者均與20世紀(jì)60年代的一部經(jīng)典影片《虎豹小霸王》（Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, 1969）有著不可分割的聯(lián)系。

羅伯特·雷德福的電影成就

雷德福于1936年8月18日出生于美國加州的圣莫尼卡（Santa Monica）。由于長得金發(fā)碧眼、高大帥氣，自20世紀(jì)60年代以來他主演并導(dǎo)演了多部經(jīng)典影片，雷福德成為了70年代和80年代的電影偶像。曾因?qū)а荨镀胀ㄈ恕罚∣rdinary People，1981）獲得奧斯卡最佳導(dǎo)演獎；2002年獲得奧斯卡終身成就獎。

雷德福的演藝生涯肇始于電視節(jié)目并曾獲得艾美獎提名：

Redford’s career—like that of almost all major stars who emerged in the 1950s—began in New York,where an actor could find work both in television and on stage. Starting in 1959, he appeared as a guest star on numerous programs, including, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Twilight Zone, and Captain Brassbound’s Conversion, among others. Redford earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont (ABC, 1962).One of his last television appearances was on October 7,1963, on Breaking Point, an ABC medical drama about psychiatry（精神病學(xué)）.

在電影上取得初步成功后，雷德福開始擔(dān)心自己陷入金發(fā)碧眼、高大帥哥的固化形象，從而謝絕了類似的人物角色的片約，并在導(dǎo)演喬治·羅伊·希爾（George Roy Hill）執(zhí)導(dǎo)的反映兩名江洋大盜生活的《虎豹小霸王》中與保羅·紐曼（Paul Newman）合作并取得突破，成為名利雙收的大明星：

After this initial success, Redford became concerned about his blond male stereotype image and turned down roles in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?and The Graduate. Redford found the property（特性）he was looking for in George Roy Hill’s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), in which he was paired for the first time with Paul Newman. The film was a huge success and made him a major bankable（演員等富有號召力的）star, cementing（鞏固）his screen image as an intelligent, reliable, sometimes sardonic（嘲笑的，譏諷的）good guy.

羅伯特·雷德福

隨后在1973年出演的兩部影片《往日情懷》（The Way We Were）和《騙中騙》（The Sting）令他在接下來的三年內(nèi)都是票房翹楚，也使他成為20世紀(jì)70年代首屈一指的巨星。期間，雷德福出演的電影經(jīng)典還有根據(jù)菲茨杰拉德小說改編的《大亨小傳》（The Great Gatsby, 1974）和揭露水門事件的《總統(tǒng)班底》（All the President’s Men, 1976）。1980年，雷德福拍攝了導(dǎo)演處女作《普通人》（Ordinary People, 1980），該片獲得當(dāng)年奧斯卡最佳導(dǎo)演及最佳影片獎。

His overall career was flourishing（處于旺盛或活躍時期）with the critical and box office hit The Way We Were (1973) and the biggest hit of his career: The Sting(1973), which became one of the top 20 highest grossing（賣座的）movies of all time when adjusted for inflation and for which he was also nominated for an Oscar.Between 1974 and 1976, exhibitors（電影院經(jīng)營者）voted Redford Hollywood’s top box-office name. His hits included The Great Gatsby (1974), and the popular and acclaimed All the President’s Men (1976).

20世紀(jì)80年代和90年代，風(fēng)格和形象日漸成熟老道的雷德福繼續(xù)出演和導(dǎo)演票房和評論俱佳的電影，例如，與斯特里普一起主演的《走出非洲》（Out of Africa,1985），和布拉德·皮特一起主演并親自執(zhí)導(dǎo)的影片《大河戀》（A River Runs Through It, 1992），與黛米·摩爾主演的《不道德的交易》（Indecent Proposal, 1993），與米歇爾·法伊弗主演的《舍不得你》（Up Close and Personal, 1996），以及令斯嘉麗·約翰遜嶄露頭角的《馬語者》（The Horse Whisperer, 1998）。

進入21世紀(jì)，雷德福還投資并監(jiān)制了反應(yīng)拉美革命家格瓦拉青年生活的“公路片”《摩托日記》并受到好評：

Redford stepped back into producing with The Motorcycle Diaries (2004), a coming-of-age（成長的）road film about a young medical student, Ernesto“Che” Guevera, and his friend Alberto Granado. It also explored political and social issues of South America that influenced Guevara and shaped his future. With five years spent on the film’s making,Redford was credited by director Walter Salles for being instrumental（有幫助的）in getting it made and released.

《虎豹小霸王》與圣丹斯電影節(jié)

除了從事自己熱愛的電影事業(yè)，雷德福利用自己的影響力，積極扶持獨立電影的發(fā)展，在猶他州發(fā)起并設(shè)立了圣丹斯電影節(jié)。圣丹斯電影節(jié)和雷德福的成名作《虎霸小霸王》有著密不可分的聯(lián)系：

With the financial proceeds（收益）of his acting success, starting with his salaries from Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and Downhill Racer, Redford bought an entire ski area on the east side of Mount Timpanogos northeast of Provo, Utah, called “Timp Haven”, which was renamed “Sundance”, after the name of the character he played in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.

在雷德福的努力下，一系列鼓勵和支持獨立電影的機構(gòu)、機制和放映活動在其莊園附近的（猶他州）帕克城成立或舉行。第一屆獨立電影節(jié)（當(dāng)時的名稱為“猶他/美國電影節(jié)”）于1978年舉辦，雷德福擔(dān)任電影節(jié)主席。1985年，電影節(jié)以雷德福在《虎豹小霸王》中飾演的圣丹斯小子（The Sundance Kid）命名，并延續(xù)至今。

He founded the Sundance Film Festival, Sundance Institute, Sundance Cinemas, Sundance Catalog, and the Sundance Channel, all in and around Park City, Utah, 30 miles north of the Sundance ski area. The Sundance Film Festival caters（迎合，滿足）to independent filmmakers in the United States and has received recognition from the industry as a place to open films. In 2008, Sundance exhibited 125 feature-length films from 34 countries, with more than 50,000 attendees.

電影節(jié)在鼓勵和支持美國及國際獨立電影制作、發(fā)行和放映方面提攜和發(fā)掘了許多優(yōu)秀影片和電影人，例如：凱文·史密斯、羅伯特·羅德里格斯、昆汀·塔倫提諾、史蒂芬·索德伯格等獨立導(dǎo)演的小眾作品都是在圣丹斯電影節(jié)上獲得認(rèn)可或成功的。這些小眾影片包括《女巫布萊爾》、《落水狗》、《陽光小美女》以及《瘋狂店員》等。

自從1981年在帕克城成立圣丹斯研究院（Sundance Institute）以來，雷德福一直致力于扶植獨立電影，為獨立電影人提供他們所需要的幫助。雷德福還極力促成設(shè)立24小時圣丹斯電視頻道，宣傳放映獨立電影。

Since founding the nonprofit Sundance Institute in Park City, in 1981, Redford has been deeply involved with independent film. Through its various workshop programs and popular film festival, Sundance has provided muchneeded support for independent filmmakers. In 1995,Redford signed a deal with Showtime to start a 24-hour cable television channel devoted to airing independent films. The Sundance Channel premiered on February 29,1996.

當(dāng)然，隨著圣丹斯電影節(jié)的影響力和規(guī)模的持續(xù)擴大，有人批評該獨立電影節(jié)越來越成為電影公司宣傳新作的戰(zhàn)場和影星們拋頭露面的陣地。為此，電影節(jié)組委會努力使電影節(jié)回歸展示獨立電影的本質(zhì)：

The festival has changed over the decades from a lowprofile venue（舉辦場地）for small-budget, independent creators from outside the Hollywood system to a media extravaganza（鋪張華麗的演出或比賽等）for Hollywood celebrity actors, paparazzi（狗仔隊）, and luxury lounges set up by companies not affiliated（加入，合作）with Sundance. Festival organizers have tried curbing（控制，約束）these activities in recent years, beginning in 2007 with their ongoing Focus On Film campaign.