第11街道大橋公園：華盛頓的新市民空間

撰文：斯科特·卡拉特茲 翻譯：鄺嘉儒

隨著歷史上的第11街道大橋被新修的橋梁所取代，華盛頓市迎來(lái)了一個(gè)千載難逢的機(jī)會(huì)——將連接國(guó)會(huì)山與阿納卡斯蒂亞河?xùn)|部社區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施改造為該市的第一個(gè)高架公園：一個(gè)集藝術(shù)、環(huán)境教育與健康娛樂(lè)為一體的新社區(qū)廣場(chǎng)。

位于阿納卡斯蒂亞河上方的第11街道大橋公園將成為美國(guó)首都獨(dú)一無(wú)二的新空間——支撐著社區(qū)高雅的審美、健康的身體、優(yōu)美的環(huán)境以及和諧的經(jīng)濟(jì)。作為串聯(lián)沿河區(qū)域計(jì)劃的關(guān)鍵鏈接，它將成為鄰里社區(qū)的人們聚會(huì)、休閑、娛樂(lè)、散步、騎行的圣地。而對(duì)每個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)，第11街道大橋公園有潛力成為贊美阿納卡斯蒂亞河，其環(huán)境修復(fù)以及沿河社區(qū)的歷史文化的標(biāo)志性建筑。

第11街道大橋公園的實(shí)現(xiàn)有賴于市政府與非營(yíng)利性機(jī)構(gòu)市政廳教育美術(shù)娛樂(lè)學(xué)院跨河橋梁建筑（THEARC-Building Bridges Across the River）的通力合作，市政廳教育美術(shù)娛樂(lè)學(xué)院（THEARC:Town Hall Education Arts Recreation Campus）位于阿納卡斯蒂亞河河?xùn)|，面積約110 000平方尺（約12 222m2），內(nèi)設(shè)合作機(jī)構(gòu)包括科克倫藝術(shù)學(xué)校（the Corcoran School of Art）、美國(guó)華盛頓芭蕾舞團(tuán)（the Washington Ballet）、萊文音樂(lè)學(xué)校（Levine School of Music）以及國(guó)家兒童醫(yī)療中心診所（National Children Medical Center clinic）。建設(shè)第11街道大橋公園的想法最開始由華盛頓規(guī)劃辦公室主任海瑞特·翠高寧（Harriet Tregoning）提出，她于2011年4月與斯科特·卡拉特茲（Scott Kratz，本項(xiàng)目的總監(jiān)）取得聯(lián)系，并獲得后者的支持與幫助，將這座年事已高的大橋改造成一個(gè)創(chuàng)造性的廣場(chǎng)，作為首都獨(dú)一無(wú)二的居民與游客集會(huì)勝地。在隨后的兩年半里，項(xiàng)目組與當(dāng)?shù)鼐用?、企業(yè)主、教會(huì)領(lǐng)袖以及市議員召開了超400次商討會(huì)，收集與確定公眾的考慮與需求。經(jīng)總結(jié)，得出以下理念：公園應(yīng)該是一個(gè)多性能空間，全市居民都可以在其中觀賞日常劇場(chǎng)、音樂(lè)會(huì)或舉辦社區(qū)聚會(huì)等活動(dòng)；它將成為一種公共藝術(shù)，闡述該地區(qū)豐富的歷史；包含一個(gè)環(huán)境教育設(shè)施；作為都市農(nóng)業(yè)背景，為種植/豐收節(jié)日服務(wù)；成為一個(gè)老少咸宜的21世紀(jì)玩樂(lè)空間；包含一個(gè)供皮劃艇?？颗c出發(fā)的碼頭。

上述的項(xiàng)目理念支持了第11街道大橋公園的4個(gè)目標(biāo)：（1）利用藝術(shù)作為催化劑，重新連接阿納卡斯蒂亞社區(qū)與國(guó)會(huì)山；（2）通過(guò)建立一個(gè)安全的居民鍛煉與玩樂(lè)場(chǎng)地，創(chuàng)造一個(gè)健康社區(qū)；（3）連接社區(qū)與阿納卡斯蒂亞河——展現(xiàn)歷史悠久的、不可替代的自然資源；（4）激發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)活力，吸納新投資，促進(jìn)就業(yè)。

2014年3月，第11街道大橋公園啟動(dòng)了一個(gè)全國(guó)性的設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽，以將這些由各社區(qū)提出的項(xiàng)目意見(jiàn)升華為完整的理念。同時(shí)還成立了設(shè)計(jì)監(jiān)督委員會(huì)，以評(píng)審競(jìng)賽文件以及每個(gè)階段的報(bào)送。委員會(huì)由來(lái)自華盛頓市各地的居民代表組成——來(lái)自文化、藝術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、健康與環(huán)保社區(qū)的成員。他們的建議對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)委會(huì)的最終決定具有重要的影響力。

在競(jìng)賽的每一個(gè)階段，由5名全國(guó)知名專家組成的設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)委會(huì)從第一階段提交的作品中挑選出前四名設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)，并以我們的社區(qū)目標(biāo)為基礎(chǔ)做出最終決定。評(píng)委會(huì)由來(lái)自城市設(shè)計(jì)、建筑、風(fēng)景園林、社區(qū)參與以及公共衛(wèi)生各領(lǐng)域的專家組成，成員包括：哈利·羅賓森（Harry Robinson）；霍華德大學(xué)（Howard University）建筑學(xué)院名譽(yù)院長(zhǎng)米歇爾·普萊德（Michaele Pride）；新墨西哥大學(xué)（University of New Mexico）對(duì)外宣傳與參與學(xué)院副院長(zhǎng)、城市設(shè)計(jì)師托尼·格里芬（Toni Griffin）；紐約大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院（City College of New York School of Architecture），備受贊譽(yù)的風(fēng)景園林師卡蘿·瑪雅·里德（Carol Mayer Reed）以及華盛頓大學(xué)（University of Washington）公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)霍華德·弗魯姆金博士（Howard Frumkin）。

最終的4個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)是：巴爾摩里事務(wù)所與CRP事務(wù)所聯(lián)合體（Balmori Associates /Cooper, Robertson & Partners）、OMA 與歐林事務(wù)所聯(lián)合體（OLIN / OMA）、斯托斯景觀都市主義設(shè)計(jì)公司與HY建筑事務(wù)所聯(lián)合體（Stoss Landscape Urbanism / H?weler +Yoon Architecture）、WRT與NEXT事務(wù)所聯(lián)合體（Wallace Roberts & Todd (WRT) / NEXT Architects ）。

經(jīng)過(guò)為期7個(gè)月的全國(guó)性競(jìng)賽，OMA 與歐林事務(wù)所聯(lián)合體最終獲得了競(jìng)賽評(píng)審會(huì)的肯定。除了評(píng)審會(huì)的一致肯定外，OMA 與歐林事務(wù)所聯(lián)合體鼓舞人心的設(shè)計(jì)還收到了由社區(qū)利益相關(guān)者組成的“設(shè)計(jì)監(jiān)督委員會(huì)”的最高評(píng)價(jià)，同時(shí)收獲了超1 100個(gè)民意投票中的最高票數(shù)。

華盛頓市政府對(duì)本項(xiàng)目已投入了1 450萬(wàn)美元的投入，而第11街道大橋公園項(xiàng)目的全體員工現(xiàn)正全力投入建設(shè)工作，爭(zhēng)取在2018年夏天為人們帶來(lái)一個(gè)超越期待的公園開幕。

斯科特·卡拉特茲/第11街道大橋公園項(xiàng)目總監(jiān)

As the old 11thStreet automobile bridges from Washington D.C.'s Capitol Hill to its east of the river communities are replaced, the city has a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to repurpose this infrastructure into the city's first elevated park: a new community venue over the Anacostia River for the arts, environmental education and healthy recreation.

The 11thStreet Bridge Park will be a place unlike any other in the nation's capital-one that supports the community's artistic, physical,environmental and economic health. A critical link connecting regional initiatives along the river, it will be a place for gathering and entertainment for neighboring communities, a playful destination for some and a pedestrian or bicycle link for others.And for everyone, the 11thStreet Bridge Park has the potential to be an iconic architectural symbol celebrating the Anacostia River, its environmental restoration, and the culture and history of the communities along it.

The 11thStreet Bridge Park is a collaboration between the D.C. Government and the non-profit Building Bridges Across the River at THEARCTown Hall Education Arts Recreation Campus-a 110,000 square-foot facility east of the river that houses such partners as the Corcoran School of Art,the Washington Ballet, the Levine School of Music,and a National Children Medical Center clinic. The idea for the 11th Street Bridge Park first originated with Harriet Tregoning, Director of the D.C. Office of Planning who, in April, 2011, reached out to Scott Kratz, now the project Director, to help realize the opportunity to re-purpose an aged out freeway bridge into a venue of creative placemaking, serving as a destination gathering place unlike any other in the nation's capital for both residents and tourists.Over the next two and a half years, staff led more than 400 meetings with local residents, business owners, church leaders and city councilmembers to identify civic concerns and needs. These concepts include: performance spaces where residents from across the city can gather for regular theater,music and community events; public art that tells the rich history of the region; an environmental education facility; urban agriculture that can serve as a backdrop for planting/harvest festivals; a 21stcentury playspace for those of all abilities; and kayak/canoe launches on the river below.

These programming concepts support the 11thStreet Bridge Park's four goals which are:Using the arts as catalyst, reconnect the neighborhoods of Anacostia and Capitol Hill ; Create a healthy community by establishing a safe place for residents to exercise and play;Connect the community with the Anacostia River-an historic and irreplaceable natural resource; Generate economic activity,including new investment and jobs.

In March of 2014, the 11thStreet Bridge Park launched a nation-wide design competition to manifest these community inspired programming ideas into a full concept. A Design Oversight Committee was formed to review the competition brief and review submissions at each stage. The committee was comprised of residents from across the city- members of the cultural, artistic,economic, health and environmental community.Their comments informed the Design Jury's final selection process.

At each phase of the competition, a Design Jury of five nationally recognized professionals winnowed the first-stage submissions to the top four teams and made the final selection based on our community-generated goals. The jury was comprised of professionals in urban design,architecture, landscape architecture, community engagement and public health. This five-member design jury included: Harry Robinson, emeritus dean of architecture, Howard University; Michaele Pride, associate dean for public outreach and engagement, University of New Mexico; urban designer Toni Griffin, City College of New York School of Architecture; award-winning landscape architect Carol Mayer Reed; and Dr. Howard Frumkin, dean of public health at the University of Washington.

The four final teams were: Balmori Associates/Cooper, Robertson & Partners; OLIN / OMA;Stoss Landscape Urbanism / H?weler + Yoon Architecture; Wallace Roberts & Todd (WRT) /NEXT Architects.

After a seven-month nationwide competition,the OMA + OLIN design was unanimously selected by the competition jury. In addition to a unanimous jury selection, OMA + OLIN's inspirational design received the highest marks from the competition's "Design Oversight Committee"comprised of community stakeholders and the most votes in a public poll of over 1,100 participants.

The Washington D.C. government has committed $14.5 million to the project and 11thStreet Bridge Park staff are working to match these funds for an expected opening in the summer of 2018.