19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初匈牙利文學(xué)中的色情、性與情色描寫(xiě)

斯蒂文·托托西·德·澤普特奈科

（美國(guó)普渡大學(xué)）

19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初匈牙利文學(xué)中的色情、性與情色描寫(xiě)

斯蒂文·托托西·德·澤普特奈科

（美國(guó)普渡大學(xué)）

本文討論了阿帕德·洛伊（即拉斯洛·雷西）的詩(shī)歌、芮妮·埃爾多斯和伊洛娜·庫(kù)茲托蘭尼·哈莫斯的小說(shuō)以及斯普蘭·弗洛里·弗里斯達(dá)特拉男爵夫人的回憶錄，這些文本中有露骨的色情描寫(xiě)以及情色指涉。本文認(rèn)為，這些文本有助于研究19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初的匈牙利城市社會(huì)和生活。埃爾多斯的小說(shuō)雖不在討論時(shí)期之內(nèi)，但因其體現(xiàn)了女性情色文學(xué)寫(xiě)作在現(xiàn)代匈牙利文學(xué)中的重要性，系與前列文本一脈相承，故一并加以論述。

情色文學(xué)；歐洲文學(xué)；匈牙利文學(xué)；現(xiàn)代主義女性作家；文學(xué)社會(huì)學(xué)

Keywords：erotic literature；European literature；Hungarian literature；Modernist women writers；sociology of literature

Notes on Author：Steven T?t?sy de Zepetnek taught comparative literature at the University of Alberta and comparative media and communication studies at the University of Halle-Wittenberg，as well as at various universities in the U．S．a(chǎn)nd Asia，and since 2000 he bas been working at Purdue University．In addition to about 200 peerreviewed articles he has published three dozen single-authored books and collected volumes in fields of the humanities and social sciences，most recently the collected volumes

Companion to Comparative Literature

，

World Literatures

，

and Comparative Cultural Studies

（with Tutun Mukherjee，2013），

Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies

（with Louise O．Vasvari，2011），

Mapping the World

，

Culture

，

and Bordercrossing

（with I-Chun Wang，2010），and

Comparative Central European Holocaust Studies

（with Louise O．Vasvari，2009）．

In the present study about eroticism and pornographyin the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century of Hungarian literature I discuss the poetry of árpad Lowy（aka Laszlo Rethy，1851 1914），the novels of Ilonka Kosztolanyi nee Harmos（1885 1967）and Renee Erdos（1879 1956），and the memoir of baroness Spleny··nee baroness Flora Freist?dtler（1874 1944）．It may appear curious why a study of erotic literature in Hungarian would appear in a learned journal published in the P．R．of China．The context is that the lack of the study of erotic literature is not only the case in Hungary and Central and East European cultures and scholarship including Poland or Hungary，a similar situation exists in Chinese scholarship．For example，when in 2013 I tried to find Chinese scholars to conduct a research project on modern erotic literature in general and in modern Chinese literature in particular，the response was that a research project about eroticism—let alone pornography—is not something they would like to engage in．My objective is to raise interest in erotic literature in Chinese and thus the publication of my article in．I define“erotic literature”as a genre with three types of text in which the erotic is narrated progressively：the erotic，the sexual，and the pornographic imagery in their expression and versions．Progressively explicit is understood as descriptions of the erotic imagery from the implicit erotic to the more explicit sexual to the most explicit，i．e．，pornographic．“Erotic literature”is thus employed as an umbrella term and is understood by levels of linguistic and imaginary explicitness．Unlike in West European cultures and literatures and similar to other Central and East European literatures（i．e．，Czech，Polish，etc．），there are few texts in Hungarian literature with erotic and pornographic content（on erotic literature in Hungarian see T?t?sy de Zepetnek， “Hungarian”；inliterature altogether see Brulotte and Phillips；on sexuality and adultery see Foster，F(xiàn)oster，Hadady；Hamburger and Hamburger；Lawson）．With regard to Hungarian culture，Tamas Becsy writes that in the country's society the erotic and adultery in particular—the latter a principal act of“deviation”had to be kept secret owing to the rule of decorum and when because of course it happened，in literature it appeared according to the convention to mask it．Becsy also writes that any description of the sexual act itself did not occur．However，there are examples of eroticism and pornography in both old and modern Hungarian literature，although mostly suppressed or censored in its time or later．Current studies of interest include the 2002 volume of pornographic drawings collected by Tony Fekete（F．T．）entitled/and Tünde Csasztvay's 2009．（The Chase of Butterflies at Night：The World of Prostitution in Historical Hungary）the latter of contains various texts collected from the nineteenth and twentieth century such as short narratives，jokes，and images（i．e．，postcards，newspaper and magazine drawings，etc．）of sexual and pornographic content；Zsuzsanna Arany，．（Devil's Chants：The Evil and the Erotic in Literature），（Veszprem：Muveszetek Haza，2004）；Davidhazi，Peter．“Egy testresz hult helye avagy erotika es elfojtas az irodalomt?rtenetben”（“The Disappearance of a Body Part or Eroticism and Its Suppression in Literary History”），48．12（2004：15 21）；Tamas Olah，ed．（Chapters from the History of Sexuality），（Budapest：Pult，1986）；JanosPelle，“Meg es meg？Erotika es irodalom” （“More and More？Eroticism and Literature”），16．3（2005：65 72）；Susan Zimmermann，“A magyar nomozgalom es a‘szexualis kerdes'a XX．szazad elejen”（“The Hungarian Women's Movement and the‘Question of Sexuality’at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century”），42（1999：49 66）；Iren Zoltvany，（Eroticism and Literature），（Budapest：Szent-Istvan-Tarsulat，1924）．I begin with a short introduction to eroticism in Hungarian literature prior to the subject of my study，the late nineteenth and early twentieth century．

In the fifteenth century the writer and tutor of Renaissance King Matthias Corvinus，Janus Pannonius（aka Janos Csezmiczei， 1434 1472），published poetry in Latin of not only erotic，but in some cases pornographic content，for example“Lucia，you want to fuck；so let's make it happen；but I have this stipulation；/During it put a brake on your arse's horrid roar/You promise；and because I do not believe it，so you pledge：/and even so my dick doesn't believe this story” （unless indicated otherwise，all translations are mine） （“Lucia，baszni akarsz；legyen ugy；am az kik?tesem，/fekezd ezalatt segged rut morajat．/Igered；s mert nem hiszem el，hat zalogot adsz ra：/meg?gy sem hisziel fütyk?s?m ezt a meset”．Pal Rez，ed．（Hungarian Erotics），（Budapest：Magveto，1986），12．And here is an example with reference to adultery in Pannonius's poetry：“While the bed of another crunches under you，loose woman/Severus，you spare your wife's bed too much/Like Hodus，who could drink wine at home/but instead goes to get drunk in nearby taverns”（“M?g mas agya ropog，leder，alattad，/nod agyat，Severus，nagyon k?meled．/Mint Hodus，ki aszut ihatna otthon，/s a szomszed lebujokba jar vedelni”．Two centuries later Istvan Gy?ngy?si（1629 1704）wrote a long poem—

Csalard Cupido

（1695）（Deceitful Cupid）—with the intention to warn against the perils of love．One section of the long poem is a list of the variations of adultery，for example，the wife's interest in having sex with employees of the husband：“My wife often fell underneath my physician”（“Borbelyom ala dolt sokszor felesegem”）． Tibor Klaniczay，（History of Hungarian literature）（Budapest：Akademiai，Vol．2，1964），195．Of interest is that in Gy?ngy?si's poem it is the husband whose side is taken and this bent toward the man remains the case in the majority of later texts，thus an af firmation of men's privileged position in Hungarian society and culture（on pre-modern Hungarian erotic literature see Bene；Erdelyi；Jakubovich and Pais；Rez）．Sandor Bene，“Politika，paraznasag es hazassagt?res a magyar irodalmi hagyomanyban．Bethlen Miklos Velenceben” （“Politics，Naughtyness，and Adultery in Hungarian Literature：Miklos Bethlen in Venezia”）．，．（Eros，Sleep，and Rapture in Old Hungarian Literature and the Millennial History of Love），ed．Geza Szentmartoni Szabo，（Budapest：Universitas，2002：299 324）；Erdelyi，Gabriella．“Szerettem egyszer egy not．Hazassagk?tes es hazassagt?res 1500 k?rül”（“Once I Loved a Woman：Marriage and Adultery in Hungary around 1500”），（49，2008：165 178）；Jakubovich，Emil，and Dezso Pais，eds．（Reader of Old Hungarian Literature），（Pecs：Danubia，1929）；Rez，Pal，ed．（Hungarian Erotics），（Budapest：Magveto，1986）．From the seventeenth to the early twentieth century，texts with implied erotic—i．e．not sexual or pornographic—content include Mihaly Csokonai Vitez's（1773 1805）

Lilla

songs and the comic epic

Dorottya

，both with erotic symbolism and Pal Nemeti（eighteenth century）whose poetry is infused with erotic tones．After the birth of the novel in Hungarian（mid-nineteenth century），eroticism appears in prose，but only implicitly—the reader has to imagine the sexual situation—and in almost all cases consummation or sexual desire is described as exemplification of consequences as a punishment for thetransgression of social codes and punishment is executed virtually in all cases to the woman．Examples of this genre of implied eroticism in poetry and prose occur in texts of canonical authors in the period I am discussing include Janos Arany（1817 1882），Istvan Toldy（1844 1879），Zsigmond Justh（1863 1894），Bela Revesz（1876 1944），Zsigmond Moricz（1879 1942），Endre Ady（1877 1919），Gyula Krudy（1878 1933），Zsigmond Moricz（1879 1942），Margit Kaffka（1880 1918），Lajos B?ro（1880 1948），Jozsi Jeno Tersanszky（1888 1969），Mihaly Babits（1883 1941），Erno Szep（1884 1953），Dezso Kosztolanyi（1885 1936），Geza Csath（1887 1919），and Zsolt Harsanyi（1887 1943）．Judit Kadar，“Irok，felesegek，szeretok．Modern ertelmisegi nok a huszadik szazad eleji magyar irodalomban（Erdos Renee，Csinszka，Harmos Ilona，T?r?k Sophie）”（“Writers，Wives，Lovers：Intellectual Modern Women in Hungarian Literature at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century［Renee Erdos，Csinszka，Ilona Harmos，Sophie T?r?k］”），（，2004．07．24．），10；Ilona L'Homme，“Az erotikus noi k?lteszet fogadtatasa a XX．szazad elejen”（“The Reception of Women's Erotic Poetry at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century”），（3，2003），468 478．Further，there were also novels published in the period discussed but owing to the perception of“no artistic merit” （i．e．，popular culture type texts associated with for example Harlequin romances）such are not listed in histories of Hungarian literature．For example，there was writer and journalist countess Sarolta Vay de Vaja et Luskod（1859 1918），who was born a woman but was raised as a man and whose case was analyzed by psychologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing．AnnaBorgos，“Mi ez a nagy sikoly？Noiseg，testiseg es pszichoanal?zis haboru elotti magyar no?rok muveiben（Erdos Renee，Brody Lili，T?r?k Sophie）” （“What is This Great Scream？：Womenhood，Corporeality，and Psychoanalysis in the Work of Women Writers before the War［Renee Erdos，Lili Brody，Sophie T?r?k］”）．？（Lay Readers？：Possibilities of the Analysis of Non-Professional Reading），ed．Zsofia Lorand，Tamas Scheibner，Gabor Vaderna，and Gy?rgy Vari（Budapest：L'Harmattan，2006），51 64．Vay wrote reports and fictions although without explicit erotic content，in many instances with focus on matters of love and relationships；the 1888 anonymous novel with pornographic text and images about lesbian love

Julia es a nok

（Julia and Women）；Irma Nagy's—likely a pseudonym—1908

Bun?s szerelmek

．

Egy urilany vallomasai

（Guilty Loves：Confessions of a Young Lady［the actual book cannot be found in Hungary or elsewhere］）；the 1909 novel by“A Def rocked Monk”entitled

Fekete misek

．

Papok es apaczak bunei

（Black Mass：Sins of Priests and Nuns；see Anonymous）with a pornographic narrative including blasphemy；NandorUjhelyi's（1888 1933）1918

Egy ferfi szerelmei

（A Man's Loves），a novel with erotic descriptions banned in Hungary in 1920．Ujhelyi published several novels about adultery，prostitution，homosexuality，lesbianism，and transgenderism LaszloKelecsenyi，“Egy erotikus emigrans”（“An Erotic Emigrant”）（14．8，2002）1026 1036．；and Sandor Nadas's（1883 1942）1919 novel

Krisztina sorsa

（The Fate of Krisztina）．Similar to literature，in the visual arts there are less than few works with sexual or pornographic content：notable examples include the drawings of count Mihaly Zichy de Zich et Vasonyke? （1827 1906）． Another member of this prominent aristocratic family of Hungary—count Tivadar Zichy de Zich et Vasonkeo（1908 1988）—published a number of erotic novels including the 1936．．（Orgia Ltd．：Description of Morality in an Imagined City）and the 1937．．．！，（One Needs to Know How to Love．．．！History of a School where Only Love was Taught）．One canonized text that underwent eroticization and rendered pornographic is Janos Arany's trilogy

Toldi

（1846 1879）．One of several assumed authors the pornographic text wasárpad Lowy（pseudonym of Laszlo Rethy）．In his

Pajzan Toldi

．

A szexualis osero eposza

（Naughty Toldi：The Epic of Sexual ur-Power）Lorant Czigany describes the genesis of the text in detail and presents the text in full． Lorant Czigany，．（Naughty Toldi：The Epic of Sexual ur-Power），（Budapest：Kortars，1997），95 96．The text in its pornographic version explodes in expressions and imagery about the sexual prowess of the protagonist—Miklos Toldi，a nobleman in the service of Louis the Great of Hungary（1326 1382）—including references to adultery about his bedding of several women（e．g．，the wife of his king：a most exceptional act in the pornographic version and thus against all decorum in Hungarian culture and literature altogether）．Lowy/Rethy is known as author of several collections of pornographic poetry：he is an exceptional figure in Hungarian literature because he was a renown scholar and director of the Hungarian National Museum's Department of Numismatics．His poetry is not only erotic and pornographic，but politicalin that his texts are against Hungarian essentialism of his time—specifically against anti-Semitism during

Magyarization

（“Hungarianization”）from13 the midnineteenth century until the interwar period of the twentieth century—when such an opinion was not accepted． Steven T?t?sy de Zepetnek，“Review of Susan Rubin Suleiman，．Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1997．232 pp．a(chǎn)nd Richard Teleky，，．Seattle：University of Washington Press，1997．217 pp．”44．2（1997）：455 459．Here is an example of Lowy/Rethy's critical ironization of Hungarian society：“Patronage．Blessed is this small country Hungary/．．．/You prosper if you have a little patronage//There is only one place where good words are useless：/if you want to fuck and your dick does not stand up．/If your dick does not know the direction，/There good patronage is worth shit” （“Protekcio． áldott kis orszag ez a Magyarorszag/．．．/Boldogulsz，hogyha van egy kis protekciod//Csak egy hely van，ahol a szep szo nem hasznal：/hogyha baszni akarsz es a faszod nemall．/Ha nem tudja faszod hol a direkcio，/Szart sem er ottan mar a jo protekcio”．árpad Lowy，［Laszlo Rethy］．（Smut is Allowed），ed．Gita Horvath（Budapest：Orient，1989），48．Lowy/Rethy's poetry contains also blasphemy，another taboo in Hungarian literature：“The Hungarian drinks wine，/and no water，/He pays a girl or a young wife with his dick．//But when he is angry，/he needs no cunt，/he fucks Christ/of Almighty God” （“Bort iszik a magyar，/nem pediglen vizet，/Lanynak，menyecskenek fasszal fizet．//De ha megharagszik，/nem kell pina ennek，/Bassza Krisztusataz/Atyauristennek”． árpad Lowy，［Laszlo Rethy］．（Smut is Allowed），ed．Gita Horvath（Budapest：Orient，1989），70．Here，in addition to blasphemy，Lowy/Rethy makes reference to adultery whereby the reference is not to the young man's wife，but to the wife of another．Another poem where he implies sexuality and adultery is“Venlegeny megnosül”（“The Old Bachelor Marries”），where—because the husband is impotent—his young wife goes elsewhere to satisfy her sexuality．Renee Erdos is the first author in the history of Hungarian literature who was able to work based solely on income from her publications． Renee Erdos，“Erdos，Renee．”（New Hungarian Biographical Lexicon），ed．Laszlo Marko（Budapest：Magyar K?nyvklub，2001．Vol．2，411 412）．Erdos was the mistress of poet Sandor Brody（ 1863 1924）who was married．She is considered the most erotic writer in Hungarian literature until post—1989 Judit Kadar，“A legerotikusabb magyar?rono：Erdos Renee”（“The Most Erotic Hungarian Woman Writer：Renee Erdos”）．5（1997）：43 47；“Erotikus，katolikus．Erd os Renee（1879 1956）”（“Erotic，Roman Catholic：Renee Erdos［1879 1956］”）．．45（2006）：http：//magyarnarancs．hu/konyv/elsullyedt_szerzok_v_erotikus_katolikus_erdos_renee_ 1879 1956 66255，［Dec．20，2014］．：she wrote poetry and prose and among her novels is

A Brüsszeli csipke

（The Lace of Bruxelles）whose main themes are eroticism and adultery．The novel did not receive favorable criticism at the time of its publication in 1930．For example the renowned（and canonized）author Endre Illes wrote that the novel is not to be read with any type of critical apparatus or analysis，but with the common readers'hungry interest in monumental kitsch（“

Abrüsszeli

”）．The novel's protagonist is Adrienne Kellerhardt，who is in an unhappy marriage which to brake she considers adultery．However，she does not consummate her love and remains in her unhappy marriage．The title of the novel refers to her family's tradition to sew a piece of Bruxelles lace to the first dress of a new-born girl．LaszloKemenes Gefin，Jolanta Jastrz bska．（Eroticism in Twentieth-century Hungarian Novels 1911 1947），（Budapest：Kortars，1998）；Jozsef Balassa，（The Wondrous Life of Renee Erdos），（Budapest：Literature，1926）；Anna Fabri，．，（To the Forbidden Beautiful Land：History of Hungarian Women Writers in Two Centuries，1795 1905）， （Budapest：Kortars，1996）；EndreIlles，“Gyontatoszek-erotika”（“Erotics of the Confessional”）．（Shadow Drawings）．By Endre Illes，Budapest：Magveto，1965，434 439）；Zoltan Iszlai，（The Historicity of Orgasm），（Budapest：élet es Irodalom，1990）．The protagonist of the novel is cheated on by her husband，which she discoversby finding prophylactics in her husband's jacket．The innovative feature of the novel—and different f rom kitsch—is that the novel does not have a happy end：instead，Erdos narrates the social norm by which the adulterous husband gets away with his actions and his wife has no choice but to acquiesce to her lot and produce children without ever experiencing an orgasm．It is the narration of the woman's erotic-sexual constitution and feelings which is unique in Hungarian literature．A further innovative and socially aware element in Erdos's novels is what she narrates in another novel，

A nagy sikoly

（The Big Scream），in which the protagonist—whose husband is away at war（World War I）—beds her young nephew and experiences an orgasm（and he，too）．Anna Borgos，“Mi ez a nagy sikoly？Noiseg，testiseg es pszichoanal?zis haboru elotti magyar no?rok muveiben（Erdos Renee，Brody Lili，T?r?k Sophie）” （“What is This Great Scream？：Womenhood，Corporeality，and Psychoanalysis in the Work of Women Writers before the War［Renee Erdos，Lili Brody，Sophie T?r?k］”）．？（Lay Readers？：Possibilities of the Analysis of Non-Professional Reading），ed．Zsofia Lorand，Tamas Scheibner，Gabor Vaderna，and Gy?rgy Vari（Budapest：L'Harmattan，2006），51 64．This scene of adultery is“realistic”because after World War I in the interwar period it was an often custom among the urban upper bourgeoisie and the gentry whose members merged into professional classes and lived in Budapest—by far the largest and most cosmopolitan city of the country—to“initiate”sons into sexuality with aunts whose husbands perished in the war instead of the son going to a bordello or worse，impregnating the maid． Steven T?t?sy de Zepetnek，“Kosztolanyi'sédes Anna：A Socio-literary Analysis with Medical Evidence．”19（1992）：69 85．Ilona Kosztolanyi nee Harmos published poetry，diaries，and novellas some of which appeared in prominent literary magazines．Of note is that Harmos published an autobiography in 1948 entitled（In Burning Shoes；see Kosztolanyi Dezsone（Ilona Harmos）］）in which she describes her experiences during the Hungarian Jewish Holocaust in 1944（see also her 2003．，，［I Was Born with a Silver Spoon in My Mouth：Memoir，Novellas，Portraits］，edited by Anna Borgos）（on Hungarian women writers and the Holocaust see Vasvari）．She was a collaborator of her husband，poet and novelist Dezso Kosztolanyi（ 1885 1936）．Harmos studied acting and subsequently was an actor in the National Theater of Hungary．Her 1909 novel

Mme Chaglonüzletei

．

Egy divatszalon rejtelmei

（The Business of Mme Chaglon：Secrets of a Dressmaker's Showroom）is about Budapest society and procured sex：although not about prostitution in the conventional context，it is about upper-class sexuality outside of marriage with“elegant”young women．Tünde Csasztvay，．（The Chase of Butterflies at Night：The World of Prostitution in Historical Hungary）， （Budapest：Osiris，2009）；JanosMiklossy，（The History of Prostitution in Budapest）（Budapest：Nepszava，1989）．The novel begins with a description of downtown Budapest at night when a young woman is approached by a man in fur coat who turns out to be a count．Their conversation reveals that the woman—born to an impoverished gentry family—was in jail previously because she killed her husband（which she denied and in fact was not sentenced）and that the man，despite her past，would like to enter into a relationship with her．He professes that what he is looking for is not young and inexperienced women，but an experienced woman like her．During their conversation he finally persuades her to take him to her apartment，where before they make love，the house superintendent attempts to kill them．They flee and the count hides Emma in his apartment．The count offers money to Emma to establish a dressmaker's showroom where she would—in addition to legitimate business—procure women for sex．The nominal“directrice”of the shop is one Mme Chaglon．Once the shop is open and running，the count frequents Emma and there are scenes in the text about their lovemaking．Emma falls in love with the count，but because he treats her as a mistress only swears to embark on revenge．One day the count sees a beautiful woman and follows her to her apartment．When he asks Emma to visit the woman—Mrs Klein，the wife of a lawyer—and suggests to Emma to offer her dresses to an exorbitant cost and when the woman—who would like to have the dresses—rejects the idea，Emma should suggest to her to sleep with the count．The plot succeeds and the procurement of the affair takes off．Next，an older woman—Mrs Greller，wife of a wealthy banker—requires Emma's intervention to bed a young officer of the Hussars．Emma receives good money for her work and thinks of developing her business into a high-society“meeting”of married men and women for affairs．The plot develops further in that the count loses interest in Mrs Klein and has Emma organize that he beds the lover of the officer instead．The scene when Mrs Greller and the count make love—the husband of the woman is abroad—is curious and suggests Harmos's interest in depicting the idea of the“new woman”：when Mrs Greller is ready to make love，she calls her maid to undress her in f ront of the count，who is confused and the narration extends to histhoughts how the woman being undressed in f ront of him is of a kind，independent not only in her extramarital affairs but also in her behavior in the boudoir．While this reading of the scene may appear curious because the notion of independence of the“new woman”of the late nineteenth century does not extend to the narration of a situation where a servant is in some ways part of a sexual encounter，Harmos's narration is interesting precisely because she not only makes the maid part of the scene，but includes the count's thoughts on the good looks of the maid．In other words，we have the implied reference to the“new woman”in a threesome and this is even more an act of the

epater le bourgeois

than a narrative about sexual procurement and adultery at the time of the novel's publication．Steven T?t?sy de Zepetnek，“Hesse's‘Das erste Abenteuer’：A Socio-literary Analysis．”29．3（1993：253 260）；“Margit Kaffka and Dorothy Richardson：A Comparison．”11．1（1996：77 95）；“Sexuality and Eroticism in Musil's．”30．2（1997）：131 147．The plot becomes further complicated when the husband of Mrs Greller arrives at Emma's shop to pay his wife's expenses and falls for Emma resulting in double adultery by both Grellers（husband and wife）．Harmos expands the story further and it is about，among others，Greller's fetish for woman when they are praying（including nuns）and thus their first encounter takes place in a church followed by Emma's procurement of Mrs Klein to bed Greller in a nun's attire．The novel continues with further escapades，including a baron for whom Emma procures for good money women．Baroness Flora Freist?dtler's 1908 memoir

életem

．

Szerelmeim

．

Szenvedeseim

（My Life．My Loves．My Sufferings），although not fiction in the traditional designation but a memoir，is nevertheless a relevant text because of its explicit references to sexuality including adultery．Gy?rgy K?ver's article“Bujalkodastol a nymphomaniaig．Freyst?dtler Flora t?rtenetei”（“From Fornication to Nymphomania：The Stories of Flora Freyst?dtler”）contains much detail about the family's background and doings including their finances：the family was ennobled as barons in 1873（Freyst?dtler de K?vesgyür）and several members received military and other dignitary orders from the Emperorof Austria and King of Hungary Franz Josef I． Flora Baro Spleny··neFreist?dtler，életem．Szerelmeim．Szenvedeseim（My Life．My Loves．My Sufferings），（Budapest：Kereskedelmi Reklamvallalat，1908：115 116）；Endre Ady，“A pesti arisztokratak”（“Aristocrats in Pest”）．245（1912：6 7）；D．Csaba Veress，（Past and Present of Totvazsony）（Veszprem：Balatonfüred-Csopak Taja Sz?vetkezet，1994）．Freyst?dtler was educated in Switzerland and married as a seventeen-year-old．The marriage was unhappy and within one year she took lovers．In the memoir Freyst?dtler describes how she came to believe in the freedom of a woman unconstrained by social mores and how she practiced it，although with the qualification of sexual f reedom after she divorced while at the same time she rebuts the criticism of adultery．Her second husband was baronárpad Splenyde Mihald（1864 1919）but soon she was left by him too and she later divorced him．After her husband left her，she traveled to European cities—Berlin，Paris，Rome，etc．—where she was welcome in high society and had a number of relationships．The memoir contains several passages about her adulterous relationships，for example“I looked into his two burning eyes lit by inner fire and encouraged him．‘Don't take me too far and protect me．’But I did not flee．I was proud to cheat on my husband” （“Beleneztem belso tuztol ego ket szemebe es b?ztattam ot． ‘Ne vigyen nagyon messzire es or?zzen．’De nem akartam sz?kni．Büszke voltam ahhoz，hogy az uramat megcsaljam”）and“He tempted，cajoled like the serpent did Eve．．．I was without doubt excited，could not sleep nights，and brooded over how anyone could of fer horribly large amounts of money for embraces in which there is no love” （“Csab?tott，csalogatott，mint k?gyo azévat．．．Engem tagadhatlanul izgatott azügy，ejszakakon at nem aludtames azon t?rekedtem，hogy adhat valaki horribilis?sszegeket olyan?lelesekert，amikben nincs szerelem”．At the same time，she expressed disillusionment with men and their world and women and their relationship with men：“My loving heart was hit one after another by the most bitter disappointment．．．I need to knead thirty men into one if I want to be happy”（“Szerelmes sz?vemet egymasutanertek a legkeserubb csalodasok．．．Harmic ferfit kellett volna egygye gyurnom，ha boldog akartam lenni”）．Freyst?dtler died in 1944 inBudapest by then in poverty as she spent all her inheritance．

In conclusion，the texts discussed contain descriptions about and references to eroticism and pornography and despite the fact that such texts are not and would not be accredited with any type of status in Hungarian literature，they are relevant about the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Hungarian urban society and life．Of note is that apart from Lowy/Rethy among the writers of erotic literature—when the text is expressly erotic or pornographic and not implied—men produced little and this is a curious situation because in other European literatures of eroticism or pornography（e．g．，F(xiàn)rench，German，Italian，English）such writers are men in the majority and few women authors．In Hungarian culture it was women authors who expressed their ideas，thoughts，and sentiments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century．Owing to the then prevailing social and moral codes，these texts suggest that in Hungarian culture and literature—because of the subservient situation of women who even lose their name upon marriage and are called Mrs X and the husband's surname and first name（this is still a practice in Hungary today），some women writers—whether canonized authors or not—expressed opinions and sentiments in fictional texts which went against the norm．This ought to be analyzed in more studies than to date available in Hungary or elsewhere in order to understand Hungarian society and culture in general and women's situation and artistic expression in particular．

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Erotika es irodalom

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Eroticism，SexuaIity，and Pornography in the Late Nineteenth-and EarIy Twentieth-century Hungarian Literature

Steven T?t?sy de Zepetnek

（Purdue University）

Steven T?t?sy de zepetnek discusses the poetry ofárpad Lowy aka Laszlo Rethy（1851 1914），the novels of Renee Erdos（1879 1956）and Ilonka Kosztolanyi nee Harmos（1885 1967），and the memoir of baroness Splenynee baroness Flora Freist?dtler（1874 1944）．These texts contain explicit descriptions about and references to eroticism and pornography and the argument is that these texts are relevant for the study of the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Hungarian urban society and life．Although Erdos's novels are outside of the period discussed，they are included because her novels'relevance represents a continuum of previous texts published with regard to the main argumentation of the study，namely the importance of women's erotic writing in modern Hungarian literature．

S．T．德·澤普特奈科先后在阿爾伯塔大學(xué)、哈勒 維滕貝格大學(xué)任教，教授比較文學(xué)、比較傳媒研究等課程，還曾任職于美國(guó)和亞洲的多所高等學(xué)府。自2000年起，在美國(guó)普渡大學(xué)工作。除發(fā)表200多篇見(jiàn)解獨(dú)到的學(xué)術(shù)文章，還出版人文和社科領(lǐng)域?qū)Ｖ臀募?6部。近期合著文集有《比較文學(xué)、世界文學(xué)和比較文化研究指南》（2013）、《匈牙利文化比較研究》（2011）、《世界、文化與跨 界》（2010）以 及《中 歐大屠殺比 較研究》（2009）。