付彩云 黃厚斌
【應(yīng)用研究】
七葉皂苷鈉治療糖尿病黃斑水腫的療效觀察
付彩云 黃厚斌
Accepted date:Jul 11,2014
From theDepartmentofOphthalmology,ChinesePLAGeneralHospital,Beijing100853,China
Responsible author:HUANG Hou-Bin,E-mail:huanghoubin@hotmail.com
七葉皂苷鈉;糖尿??;黃斑水腫
目的 探討七葉皂苷鈉治療糖尿病黃斑水腫的療效及安全性,為臨床治療提供一定的參考依據(jù)。方法 通過光學(xué)相干斷層掃描檢測98例糖尿病黃斑水腫患者服用七葉皂苷鈉片治療前后的黃斑水腫厚度,同時檢測不同治療時間雙眼視力,進(jìn)一步分析其治療糖尿病黃斑水腫的效果,治療同時監(jiān)測患者服藥期間不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況,評價其安全性。結(jié)果 98例患者雙眼黃斑水腫厚度與給藥前相比,給藥結(jié)束及停藥4周時均明顯變薄,差異有顯著統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01),且停藥4周時黃斑水腫變薄更明顯。其中右眼由給藥前(399.7±83.3)μm變薄至停藥4周時(319.8±89.4)μm,左眼則由(408.5±87.0)μm變薄至(314.7±86.2)μm?;颊呗阊垡暳白罴殉C正視力均隨用藥時間逐漸提高,且在給藥8~12周時提高較明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其中雙眼最佳矯正視力均由給藥前的0.4±0.1明顯提高至停藥4周時的0.7±0.2。服藥期間共有16例(16.3%)患者發(fā)生胃部不適、惡心等不良反應(yīng),2例因反應(yīng)較重而退出研究,2例(2%)患者癥狀持續(xù)存在,其余均痊愈或留有輕微后遺癥。結(jié)論 七葉皂苷鈉片治療糖尿病黃斑水腫療效好且安全性高,值得在臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
[眼科新進(jìn)展,2014,34(12):1141-1143]
糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(diabetic retinopathy,DR)是糖尿病的主要慢性并發(fā)癥之一,表現(xiàn)為微動脈瘤、視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)點(diǎn)片狀出血、視網(wǎng)膜水腫、硬性滲出等非增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR),以及新生血管、纖維增殖、牽拉性視網(wǎng)膜脫離等增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)[1]。糖尿病黃斑水腫(diabetic macular edema,DME)則是繼發(fā)于DR的一種常見臨床病變。“Wisconsin糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變研究組”(the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy,WESDR)報道,1型糖尿病患者DME的患病率是8.2%,病程小于5 a者無DME,病程10 a及20 a以上的DME并發(fā)率可分別達(dá)20.1%及29.0%。2型糖尿病患者病程小于5 a的3%伴有DME,病程超過20 a的28%發(fā)生DME[2-4]。另有研究表明DME是造成DR視力損害的主要原因,且患者視力隨著DME加重明顯下降[5]。當(dāng)DR病變未累及黃斑區(qū)時視力大多在0.3以上,但當(dāng)黃斑中心凹受累時,大多視力則明顯下降至低于0.3[6]。由此可知,DME的早期診斷及盡早干預(yù)對保存黃斑功能、改善患者視力尤為重要。光學(xué)相干斷層掃描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)可以定量測量黃斑水腫的厚度[7],給臨床診斷及治療DME提供了有利手段。七葉皂苷鈉是由娑羅子干燥成熟果實(shí)中提取的三萜皂苷鈉鹽,具有抗?jié)B出及增加靜脈張力、消腫、抗炎和改善血液循環(huán)的作用[8]。臨床上廣泛應(yīng)用于治療各種原因引起的水腫、慢性靜脈功能不全等[9]。為進(jìn)一步研究該藥消除DME、提高患者視力的療效及安全性,現(xiàn)將98例服用該藥患者的觀察結(jié)果總結(jié)如下。
1.1 一般資料 本研究共收集98例患者,均自愿參加本研究,其中男47例,女51例;年齡21~75(51.6±11.1)歲;病程2~240(75.0±59.9)個月;右眼視力0.1~1.0(0.3±0.2),左眼視力0.0~1.0(0.3±0.2)。
1.2 入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)年齡18~75歲;(2)男女不限;(3)經(jīng)視力檢查、裂隙燈、眼底熒光血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,F(xiàn)FA)等檢查確診的DME患者,符合美國眼科學(xué)會定義的輕-中度黃斑水腫表現(xiàn)之一或更多[10];(4)血糖控制良好,糖化血紅蛋白≤6.5%,空腹血糖≤6.5 mmol·L-1,餐后2 h血糖≤8.0 mmol·L-1;(5)OCT測量黃斑水腫厚度>300 μm。
1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)合并有其他影響視力及判斷療效的疾病,如角膜病、白內(nèi)障、青光眼及其他眼底病、視神經(jīng)疾病等;(2)PDR;(3)同時使用其他輔助治療DR的藥物者,以及其他針對DR的中成藥(木丹顆粒、糖網(wǎng)Ⅰ號、糖網(wǎng)Ⅱ號等);(4)臨床研究開始前5 d內(nèi)有使用皮質(zhì)類固醇藥物治療的病史(包括全身及局部外用者);(5)正在使用其他利尿藥和脫水藥進(jìn)行治療者;(6)臨床研究開始前3 d內(nèi)接受長效非甾體抗炎藥治療者;(7)臨床觀察開始前3個月使用激光治療者;(8)對試驗(yàn)藥物及其輔料等過敏者;(9)患有嚴(yán)重肝臟、腎臟、心臟功能損害及凝血機(jī)制異常者;(10)妊娠及哺乳期婦女;(11)3個月內(nèi)參加過或正在參加其他藥物試驗(yàn)者。
1.4 治療及觀察方案 給藥方案為每人給予七葉皂苷鈉片每天2次,每次2片,飯后溫水送服。連續(xù)使用12周。如效果不佳,可繼續(xù)治療4~8周。給藥期間記錄不良事件、合并用藥及治療情況。觀察指標(biāo):(1)分別于給藥前、給藥結(jié)束、停藥4周時應(yīng)用OCT測量雙眼黃斑水腫最厚部位的厚度;(2)分別于給藥前,給藥2周、4周、6周、8周、12周,給藥結(jié)束以及停藥4周時測量雙眼的裸眼視力及最佳矯正視力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA);(3)分別于給藥前及給藥治療結(jié)束時進(jìn)行FFA檢查。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 所有數(shù)據(jù)均經(jīng)SPSS 13.0軟件處理,對每例患者的不同給藥周期前后的FFA結(jié)果、視力檢查結(jié)果、OCT測量值均分別進(jìn)行比較。數(shù)據(jù)采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,視力結(jié)果等為連續(xù)性變量,分別采用組間t檢驗(yàn)、自身前后對照法進(jìn)行顯著性測定。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 治療前后黃斑水腫厚度變化情況 OCT所測給藥前黃斑水腫厚度右眼(399.7±83.3)μm、左眼(408.5±87.0)μm,給藥結(jié)束時右眼(326.7±85.1)μm、左眼(324.0±89.2)μm,與給藥前相比雙眼黃斑水腫厚度均明顯變薄,差異均有顯著統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均為P<0.01)。停藥4周時雙眼黃斑水腫厚度與給藥前相比變薄更明顯,右眼為(319.8±89.4)μm、左眼為(314.7±86.2)μm,差異均有顯著統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均為P<0.01)。
2.2 治療前后雙眼視力變化情況 隨著用藥時間的延長,患者裸眼視力及BCVA均逐漸提高(表1)。且右眼在給藥12周、左眼在給藥8周時視力提高較明顯。
表1 不同給藥時間雙眼BCVA比較Table 1 Comparison of binocular BCVA at different time of dosing (±s)
Note:Compared with BCVA before dosing,▲P<0.01,△P<0.05
2.3 安全性分析 患者服藥期間有16例出現(xiàn)胃部不適、惡心。其中4例患者因胃部不適、惡心,短期服用奧美拉唑和嗎叮啉。另有2例患者因胃腸道反應(yīng)較重而退出本研究,2例患者癥狀持續(xù)存在,12例患者痊愈但遺留輕微后遺癥。
DME主要是由于長期高血糖刺激血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)增多[11],使視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)、外屏障的緊密連接蛋白發(fā)生變化,血管通透性增加,水分滲入組織增多進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞內(nèi)外液體的異常積聚。研究表明黃斑水腫程度愈重,視力愈差[12]。DME患者不可逆視力下降通常伴有黃斑視細(xì)胞數(shù)目減少及密度下降,而黃斑的形態(tài)學(xué)變化明顯與其視力預(yù)后有關(guān)。OCT檢查可定量測量黃斑水腫厚度,同時可發(fā)現(xiàn)硬性滲出及漿液性視網(wǎng)膜脫離等,有助于判定DME的程度和預(yù)后[13]。
目前治療DME的方法主要有激光光凝、玻璃體切割術(shù)及藥物治療。激光光凝是治療DME的傳統(tǒng)方法,但仍存在脈絡(luò)膜新生血管形成、誤傷黃斑中心凹等潛在危險。玻璃體切割術(shù)對伴玻璃體黃斑牽引的患者效果較好,短期內(nèi)可顯著減輕黃斑水腫、提高視力,但隨訪10個月患者視力降至術(shù)前[14],且手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷及風(fēng)險均較大。藥物治療目前主要包括局部糖皮質(zhì)激素及抗VEGF治療,雖然療效尚可[15-17],但會引起并發(fā)癥[18]或不良反應(yīng)[19-20]。
七葉皂苷鈉是20世紀(jì)80年代開發(fā)的具有明顯消腫、抗炎、抗?jié)B出等功效的中藥娑羅子提取成分[8]。目前認(rèn)為,其作用機(jī)制主要有以下幾方面:(1)提高促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素和潑尼松的血漿濃度,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)皮質(zhì)類固醇的分泌[21];(2)增加體內(nèi)前列腺素PGF2a分泌,抑制前列腺素E1(PGE1﹚的釋放;(3)對抗緩激肽與5-羥色胺等炎性物質(zhì)造成的毛細(xì)血管及淋巴管通透性增加,穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞膜[22];(4)改善氧自由基導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞損傷,具有很好的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[23];(5)清除自由基[23]。另外其對腎上腺皮質(zhì)的功能有促進(jìn)作用,但無激素類藥物的不良反應(yīng)及免疫抑制作用,無停藥反跳作用,因而被廣泛應(yīng)用于各類滲出及神經(jīng)損傷性疾病。
在本研究中,通過對患者服用七葉皂苷鈉治療前后不同時間黃斑水腫厚度、裸眼視力及BCVA的測量,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)給藥結(jié)束時與給藥前相比DME明顯減輕,且停藥4周時的水腫減輕更明顯(P<0.01)。隨著用藥時間的延長,患者視力逐漸提高,在8~12周時提高較顯著(P<0.01),并且在停藥后患者雙眼視力仍繼續(xù)提高。由此我們推測,七葉皂苷鈉對于減輕DME效果肯定,同時可顯著改善患者視力,且在停藥后仍可繼續(xù)發(fā)揮作用,但其遠(yuǎn)期療效仍有待進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。另外在服藥期間,有16例患者發(fā)生胃部不適、惡心等不良反應(yīng),大部分患者均痊愈僅遺留輕微后遺癥,2例患者癥狀持續(xù)存在,2例胃腸道反應(yīng)較重而退出本研究。因此,雖然七葉皂苷鈉治療DME的不良反應(yīng)較少較輕,但仍需向患者交代不良反應(yīng),對于有胃腸道疾病的患者應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎使用,并密切觀察病情變化。
綜上所述,七葉皂苷鈉對減輕DME療效肯定,且能顯著改善患者視力,這與其強(qiáng)大的抗炎、抗?jié)B出、促進(jìn)皮質(zhì)類固醇的分泌密切相關(guān),是治療DME的有效藥物之一。
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date:Apr 15,2014
Clinical observation of sodium aescinate for diabetic macular edema
FU Cai-Yun,HUANG Hou-Bin
sodium aescinate;diabetes;macular edema
Objective To evaluate the effects and safety of sodium aescinate for diabetic macular edema(DME),and offer a few bases for clinical therapy.Methods The thickness of macular edema in DME patients (98 cases)were measured by optical coherence tomography(OCT)after treatment with sodium aescinate.Meanwhile the binoculus visual acuity was measured to analyze the effect in different treatment time.Simultaneously,during taking medicine the adverse reactions were monitored to estimate its safety.Results All patients’ mean thicknesses of macular edema were decreased distinctly at the end and 4 weeks withdrawal,there was statistical difference(P<0.01),and the latter was more obvious.And the right eye’s mean thicknesses of macular edema was decreased from (399.7±83.3)μm in before dosing to (319.8±89.4)μm in 4 weeks withdrawal,the left eye was decreased from (408.5±87.0)μm to (314.7±86.2)μm.Consistent with them,all the patients’ best corrected visual acuity were increased gradually along with taking medicine,and the increase in 8-12 weeks was more evident,there was statistical difference (P<0.05).And both eyes’ best corrected visual acuity were increased obviously from 0.4±0.1 in before dosing to 0.7±0.2 in 4 weeks withdrawal.16 patients (16.3%)had upset stomach and nausea,but only 2 patients’ symptom persisted,the others were all cured.Conclusion Sodium aescinate has good curative effect and high safety in treating DME,therefore it deserves to be applied in clinic.
付彩云,黃厚斌.七葉皂苷鈉治療糖尿病黃斑水腫的療效觀察[J].眼科新進(jìn)展,2014,34(12):1141-1143.
10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2014.0316
付彩云,女,1990年3月出生,河南項(xiàng)城人,碩士。研究方向:眼底病。聯(lián)系電話:13330336821;E-mail:cloud_fcy@163.com
About FU Cai-Yun:Female,born in March,1990.Master degree.Tel:13330336821;E-mail:cloud_fcy@163.com
2014-04-15
修回日期:2014-07-11
本文編輯:方紅玲
100853 北京市,解放軍總醫(yī)院眼科
黃厚斌,E-mail:huanghoubin@hotmail.com
[Rec Adv Ophthalmol,2014,34(12):1141-1143]