劉昳 袁進(jìn)
【實(shí)驗(yàn)研究】
核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB在氧誘導(dǎo)血管增殖性視網(wǎng)膜病變小鼠中的表達(dá)△
劉昳 袁進(jìn)
核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB;氧誘導(dǎo);視網(wǎng)膜新生血管;血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子;鼠
目的 探討氧誘導(dǎo)血管增殖性視網(wǎng)膜病變小鼠視網(wǎng)膜中核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(nuclear factor,NF)-κB蛋白的表達(dá)變化及意義。方法 72只出生后7 d的C57BL/6J小鼠隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組(36只)和對(duì)照組(36只),實(shí)驗(yàn)組與母鼠一起放入氧氣含量為體積分?jǐn)?shù)75%的飼養(yǎng)箱中飼養(yǎng),出生后12 d回到正常大氣環(huán)境中;對(duì)照組小鼠始終在正常大氣環(huán)境中飼養(yǎng)。分別于出生后12 d、14 d、17 d時(shí)處死小鼠,熒光素灌注后行視網(wǎng)膜鋪片觀察血管分布及形態(tài),Western blot法檢測(cè)視網(wǎng)膜中血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的蛋白表達(dá)變化,免疫組織化學(xué)染色檢測(cè)眼球中NF-κB的表達(dá)變化。結(jié)果 視網(wǎng)膜鋪片檢查結(jié)果可見,實(shí)驗(yàn)組小鼠出生后14 d開始出現(xiàn)視網(wǎng)膜新生血管,面積為每眼(0.06±0.12)mm2;生后17 d達(dá)到高峰,面積為每眼(1.79±0.02)mm2(χ2=20.112,P<0.01)。Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組VEGF表達(dá)不斷增強(qiáng),在生后17 d時(shí)表達(dá)達(dá)到高峰,為0.83±0.05。免疫組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組生后12 d NF-κB陽性細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)為(12.32±1.04)個(gè)·mm-2,14 d時(shí)為(19.16±1.02)個(gè)·mm-2,生后17 d陽性表達(dá)較12 d和14 d時(shí)均高,為(28.60±0.52)個(gè)·mm-2(χ2=13.102,P<0.05;χ2=20.132,P<0.01)。結(jié)論 NF-κB在氧誘導(dǎo)血管增殖性視網(wǎng)膜病變小鼠視網(wǎng)膜中表達(dá)明顯升高,其趨勢(shì)與VEGF的變化相同,NF-κB參與了缺氧狀態(tài)下視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成的調(diào)控過程。
[眼科新進(jìn)展,2014,34(12):1101-1104]
視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成和滲漏以及繼發(fā)的視網(wǎng)膜水腫、出血、脫離是許多眼底病致盲的病理基礎(chǔ),因此,對(duì)眼底新生血管的基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究一直是眼科界關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。新生血管的形成是涉及多種細(xì)胞因子和信號(hào)途徑的復(fù)雜過程,其中核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(nuclear factor,NF)-κB在新生血管形成中的作用機(jī)制尚不清楚。我們通過觀察氧誘導(dǎo)血管增殖性視網(wǎng)膜病變小鼠模型中NF-κB的動(dòng)態(tài)表達(dá)情況,探討了NF-κB在視網(wǎng)膜新生血管發(fā)生發(fā)展中所起的作用,以期為抗新生血管治療提供新的策略。
1.1 材料
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 出生后7 d的SPF級(jí)健康C57BL/6J小鼠72只,雌雄不限,體質(zhì)量2.0~3.0 g,由廣州中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供。
1.1.2 主要試劑及儀器 NF-κB兔抗小鼠單克隆抗體(美國(guó)Labvision公司);SABC二抗試劑盒(抗兔IgG,武漢博士德公司);血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)單克隆抗體(美國(guó)Santa Cruz公司);Western blot試劑盒(深圳達(dá)科為公司);Elisa試劑盒(美國(guó)ADL公司);酶標(biāo)儀(芬蘭Thermo公司)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物分組與實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P偷闹苽?72只小鼠隨機(jī)分成實(shí)驗(yàn)組(36只)和對(duì)照組(36只),參照Yuta等[1]的方法,實(shí)驗(yàn)組與哺乳母鼠一起放入密閉容器內(nèi),接入體積分?jǐn)?shù)100%濕潤(rùn)醫(yī)用純氧氣,氧氣的流量控制在0.5~1.0 L·min-1,使容器內(nèi)氧體積分?jǐn)?shù)為(75±2)%,期間用測(cè)氧儀持續(xù)性監(jiān)測(cè)氧箱中的氧分壓。在此高氧環(huán)境中持續(xù)飼養(yǎng)5 d,期間不打開氧箱,至生后12 d放到正??諝猸h(huán)境下飼養(yǎng)。對(duì)照組與哺乳母鼠一起置于正常空氣環(huán)境飼養(yǎng)。
1.2.2 熒光素灌注法視網(wǎng)膜鋪片觀察并計(jì)算視網(wǎng)膜新生血管面積 實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組分別于出生后12 d、14 d、17 d時(shí)各任取小鼠4只,用氯胺酮以2.5 mL·kg-1的劑量腹腔注射麻醉幼鼠,經(jīng)左心室將50 g·L-1熒光素標(biāo)記的葡聚糖1 mL緩慢推注處死幼鼠,取出眼球,室溫下在體積分?jǐn)?shù)10%的甲醛液中固定1 h。在手術(shù)顯微鏡下去除角膜、晶狀體,剝離鞏膜、脈絡(luò)膜,將完整的視網(wǎng)膜放置于載玻片上,以視盤為中心作4個(gè)方向放射狀切開,封片,加蓋玻片。用熒光顯微鏡觀察并照相,觀察血管分布和形態(tài);圖像分析軟件測(cè)量有熒光素積聚的視網(wǎng)膜新生血管面積。
1.2.3 Western blot檢測(cè)VEGF的表達(dá) 實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組分別于出生后12 d、14 d、17 d時(shí)各任取小鼠5只,處死動(dòng)物,摘出眼球,分離出視網(wǎng)膜組織,剪碎并用研磨器研磨。4 ℃以下離心半徑6 cm、1500 r·min-1離心10 min,收集上清液,冷凍,對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)定量后,各組取等量蛋白質(zhì)100 μg行SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,電轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維素膜上。用VEGF單抗和二抗孵育后,顯影。JVCKy-F30B圖像輸入儀掃描,KONTRONIBAS2.0全自動(dòng)圖像分析系統(tǒng)作半定量分析。
1.2.4 免疫組織化學(xué)染色檢測(cè)NF-κB的表達(dá) 實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組分別于出生后12 d、14 d、17 d時(shí)各任取小鼠3只,處死動(dòng)物,摘出眼球,采用免疫組織化學(xué)二步法染色,嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明,DAB染色,蘇木精復(fù)染,中性樹膠封固。以PBS代替一抗作陰性對(duì)照,光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察,結(jié)果判斷:NF-κB活化表達(dá):細(xì)胞核內(nèi)黃色或棕褐色顆粒為陽性細(xì)胞,每只眼球取10張切片分析,分別沿視神經(jīng)左右各取一個(gè)視野,400倍顯微鏡下進(jìn)行陽性細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)。
2.1 不同日齡小鼠視網(wǎng)膜血管的形態(tài)學(xué)觀察 對(duì)照組12 d幼鼠視網(wǎng)膜血管自視盤發(fā)出,向四周均勻分布;14 d全視網(wǎng)膜被毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)覆蓋,無血管區(qū)消失;17 d視網(wǎng)膜血管發(fā)育成熟。實(shí)驗(yàn)組12 d幼鼠自視盤發(fā)出的視網(wǎng)膜血管分支減少,血管收縮閉塞,視網(wǎng)膜中周部可見大片無灌注區(qū);14 d在視網(wǎng)膜中周部無灌注區(qū)及血管灌注交界處開始出現(xiàn)高熒光滲漏區(qū),提示新生血管形成;17 d視網(wǎng)膜血管自視盤發(fā)出后進(jìn)一步迂曲、擴(kuò)張,中周部無灌注區(qū)面積進(jìn)一步減少,新生血管大量增多(圖1)。
2.2 視網(wǎng)膜鋪片檢測(cè)新生血管的定量結(jié)果 對(duì)照組小鼠視網(wǎng)膜血管隨時(shí)間變化發(fā)育良好,視網(wǎng)膜中周部沒有血管無灌注區(qū),未見新生血管。實(shí)驗(yàn)組出生后12 d小鼠視網(wǎng)膜中周部開始出現(xiàn)無血管灌注區(qū),未見高熒光滲漏區(qū),無視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成;出生后14 d中周部視網(wǎng)膜仍可見無血管灌注區(qū),開始出現(xiàn)新生血管,面積為每眼(0.06±0.12)mm2,17 d視網(wǎng)膜出現(xiàn)大量新生血管,面積為每眼(1.79±0.02)mm2,兩個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)新生血管面積相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=20.112,P<0.01)。
Figure 1 Retinal flat mounting.A:Retinal vascular perfusion was well on the 12th postnatal day in the control group;B:All retina was covered by blood capillary on the 14th postnatal day in the control group;C:Large non-perfusion areas (white arrow)appeared on the 12th postnatal day in the model group;D:Retinal neovascularization (white arrow)appeared on the 14th postnatal day in the model group,the non-perfusion areas still could be seen (red arrow) 小鼠視網(wǎng)膜鋪片。A:對(duì)照組小鼠出生后12 d視網(wǎng)膜血管灌注良好;B:對(duì)照組小鼠出生后14 d全視網(wǎng)膜被毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)覆蓋;C:實(shí)驗(yàn)組小鼠出生后12 d視網(wǎng)膜中周部出現(xiàn)無血管灌注區(qū)(白箭頭);D:實(shí)驗(yàn)組小鼠出生后14 d可見視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成(白箭頭),仍可見無血管灌注區(qū)(紅箭頭)。(標(biāo)尺:500 μm)
Figure 2 VEGF protein expressed in the retinal tissue detected by Western blot Western blot檢測(cè)VEGF在視網(wǎng)膜上的表達(dá)水平
2.4 NF-κB的表達(dá)變化 NF-κB的免疫組織化學(xué)染色顯示,對(duì)照組小鼠視網(wǎng)膜各層未發(fā)現(xiàn)NF-κB的陽性細(xì)胞。實(shí)驗(yàn)組出生后12 d小鼠視網(wǎng)膜免疫組織化學(xué)染色檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),在神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞層、視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)叢狀層以及視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)核層均可見NF-κB的陽性表達(dá)(圖3),細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)為(12.32±1.04)個(gè)·mm-2,14 d時(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)組小鼠視網(wǎng)膜各層NF-κB陽性細(xì)胞增多,為(19.16±1.02)個(gè)·mm-2,與12 d時(shí)相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=12.154,P<0.05);出生后17 d NF-κB陽性細(xì)胞為(28.60±0.52)個(gè)·mm-2,表達(dá)增加,與12 d和14 d時(shí)相比,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=13.102,P<0.05;χ2=20.132,P<0.01)。
Figure 3 NF-κB expression in retinal slice.A:No positive cells of NF-κB expressed in the control group;B:Positive cells could be seen in the retinal ganglion cells,inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer on the 12th postnatal day in the model group (red arrow) 免疫組織化學(xué)染色檢測(cè)NF-κB的表達(dá)。A:對(duì)照組視網(wǎng)膜各層未發(fā)現(xiàn)NF-κB的陽性細(xì)胞;B:出生后12 d實(shí)驗(yàn)組在神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞層、視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)叢狀層以及視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)核層均可見NF-κB的陽性表達(dá)(紅箭頭)
血管增殖性疾病,如糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變、視網(wǎng)膜血管阻塞性疾病、早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變等常影響視網(wǎng)膜的血管,引起視網(wǎng)膜血管發(fā)生改變,最終因視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成伴隨著出血、滲出、增殖等病理改變導(dǎo)致視力喪失,是一類主要的致盲性眼病。本研究建立的動(dòng)物模型顯示視網(wǎng)膜血管病理改變包括兩個(gè)階段:首先是在高氧階段,即生后7 d小鼠在高氧環(huán)境中生活5 d,正常發(fā)育的視網(wǎng)膜血管閉塞出現(xiàn)無灌注區(qū);其次是出生后12 d放入正??諝猸h(huán)境中,造成了相對(duì)缺氧的階段,導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜新生血管的廣泛形成,并逐漸增多。這與早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變病理過程相似。
視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的病理生理過程,多種細(xì)胞因子參與其中,相互作用。VEGF作為目前研究最廣泛的促血管生成因子,其促血管生成作用已得到大量實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),它特異地作用于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,具有促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖、遷移及誘導(dǎo)血管生成的作用,VEGF表達(dá)上調(diào),被認(rèn)為是新生血管形成的關(guān)鍵因素[2]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在視網(wǎng)膜新生血管病變不斷加重的同時(shí),VEGF的表達(dá)明顯升高,與對(duì)照組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說明VEGF是促進(jìn)視網(wǎng)膜新生血管病變的重要因子。
NF-κB是一種具有廣泛調(diào)控活性的核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,它與眼部血管增殖性疾病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[3]。缺血、缺氧是視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成最常見的致病因素,NF-κB的活化也依賴于缺氧。在缺氧等病理因素刺激下,NF-κB激活可以誘導(dǎo)啟動(dòng)和促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞分泌與新生血管形成有關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子,從而促進(jìn)新生血管的形成[4-5]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[6-7],NF-κB在糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變中表達(dá)增強(qiáng),推測(cè)NF-κB高表達(dá)是促進(jìn)視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成的重要因素。Yoshida等[8]在缺氧性增生性視網(wǎng)膜疾病動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),在新生血管形成之前,就可以在視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中檢測(cè)到NF-κB活性的升高。本研究模擬了早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變的病理過程,缺氧是引起病理改變的基礎(chǔ)。本研究結(jié)果表明對(duì)照組小鼠沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)陽性NF-κB表達(dá),而在實(shí)驗(yàn)組出生后12 d處于相對(duì)缺氧狀態(tài)時(shí),就開始出現(xiàn)NF-κB在視網(wǎng)膜上的陽性表達(dá),并隨著視網(wǎng)膜新生血管的不斷增多,NF-κB的表達(dá)也不斷增加,說明NF-κB參與了缺氧引起的視網(wǎng)膜新生血管的形成過程。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)組小鼠隨著視網(wǎng)膜新生血管的不斷增加,視網(wǎng)膜上VEGF表達(dá)不斷上調(diào),在出生后17 d視網(wǎng)膜新生血管增生最活躍時(shí),VEGF蛋白表達(dá)最強(qiáng)。NF-κB在視網(wǎng)膜上的陽性表達(dá)也與視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成的病理變化程度同步增高,在出生后17 d時(shí)表達(dá)最強(qiáng)。此結(jié)果提示我們:在視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成過程中,NF-κB的活化與VEGF的表達(dá)之間存在密切的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。據(jù)以往的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[9-10],當(dāng)組織發(fā)生缺血或炎癥時(shí),NF-κB活性增加,可以通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞黏附分子、白細(xì)胞介素-8等細(xì)胞因子促進(jìn)VEGF的表達(dá)[11]。NF-κB與VEGF之間存在正反饋調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制[12],NF-κB可以增強(qiáng)VEGF mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)水平;而VEGF又能增強(qiáng)NF-κB的結(jié)合能力。因此,我們推測(cè),在血管增殖性視網(wǎng)膜病變中,當(dāng)視網(wǎng)膜處于相對(duì)缺氧狀態(tài)時(shí),可能首先是NF-κB活性的增加,從而激活多種細(xì)胞因子,促進(jìn)VEGF的表達(dá)增強(qiáng),共同導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜新生血管的發(fā)生。有關(guān)的機(jī)制仍待進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,我們認(rèn)為缺氧是血管增殖性視網(wǎng)膜病變新生血管發(fā)生的主要原因,NF-κB與VEGF表達(dá)水平的變化與視網(wǎng)膜血管的發(fā)育、新生血管的發(fā)生存在著明確的時(shí)空對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,提示NF-κB和VEGF可能存在相關(guān)的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致了視網(wǎng)膜新生血管的形成,但具體的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制還有待于進(jìn)一步研究。本研究提示我們,NF-κB可能是抗視網(wǎng)膜新生血管治療的一個(gè)新的靶分子。
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date:Aug 10,2014
National Natural Science Foundation of China(No:81270972);The Project Development Plan of Science and Technology of Nanjing(No:201308045);Special Funds for Medical Science and Technology Development Project of Nanjing(No:ZKX13047)From theDepartmentofOphthalmology,theThirdAffiliatedHospitalofNanjingUniversityofChineseMedicine(LIU Yi),Nanjing210001,JiangsuProvince,China;StateKeyLaboratoryofOphthalmology,ZhongshanOphthalmicCenter,Sun-YatUniversity(YUAN Jin),Guangzhou510060,GuangdongProvince,China
Expression of nuclear factor-kappa B in mice with oxygen-induced proliferative retinopathy
LIU Yi,YUAN Jin
nuclear factor-kappa B;oxygen-induced;retinal neovascularization;vascular endothelial growth factor;mouse
Objective To investigate the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)in mice with oxygen-induced proliferative retinopathy and its significance.Methods Seventy-two 7-day-old C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into model group (36 mice)and control group (36 mice).The mice in model group were raised in a box full of 75% O2and then under the normal atmosphere condition on the 12th postnatal day.The mice in control group were raised under the normal circumstance all the time.On the 12th,14th,17th postnatal day after birth,4 mice in each group at each time point were observed under the fluorescent microscope after fluorescein perfusion,and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)proteins in 5 mice of each group were detected by Western blot.The expressions of NF-κB of 3 mice in each group were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results Retina flat mounting showed that on the 14th postnatal day,the neovascularization in model group appeared,the area was (0.06±0.12)mm2in each eye,and reached the peak on the 17th postnatal day,the area was (1.79±0.02)mm2in each eye,the difference was significant(χ2=20.112,P<0.01).Western-blot showed that in model group,the expression of VEGF increased and reached the peak on the 17th postnatal day,which was 0.83±0.05.No NF-κB positive cells were observed in the retina of normal mice.Immunohistochemistry showed that the positive cells of NF-κB on the 12th,14th postnatal day was (12.32±1.04)mm-2and (19.16±1.02)mm-2,and reached the peak on the 17th postnatal day,which was (28.60±0.52)mm-2,there were statistical differences compared with the 12th,14th postnatal day (χ2=13.102,P<0.05;χ2=20.132,P<0.01).Conclusion The expression of NF-κB in retinal tissue obviously increases in mice with oxygen-induced proliferative retinopathy with same tendency as VEGF changes,which indicates that the expression of NF-κB is correlated with retinal neovascularization.
劉昳,袁進(jìn).核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB在氧誘導(dǎo)血管增殖性視網(wǎng)膜病變小鼠中的表達(dá)[J].眼科新進(jìn)展,2014,34(12):1101-1104.doi:10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2014.0306
劉昳,女,廣東省梅州市人,博士,副主任醫(yī)師。研究方向:角膜病和白內(nèi)障防治。聯(lián)系電話:18951755260;E-mail:liuyiphd@126.com
About LIU Yi:Female.Doctor degree,associate chief physician.Tel:18951755260;E-mail:liuyiphd@126.com
2014-08-10
修回日期:2014-09-10
本文編輯:盛麗娜
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目資助(編號(hào):81270972);南京市科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目資助(編號(hào):201308045);南京市醫(yī)學(xué)科技發(fā)展專項(xiàng)資金項(xiàng)目(醫(yī)學(xué)科技發(fā)展重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目)資助(編號(hào):ZKX13047)
210001 江蘇省南京市,南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院眼科(劉昳);510060 廣東省廣州市,眼科國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中山大學(xué)中山眼科中心(袁進(jìn))
袁進(jìn),E-mail:yuanjincornea@126.com
Accepted date:Sep 10,2014
Responsible author:YUAN Jin,E-mail:yuanjincornea@126.com
[Rec Adv Ophthalmol,2014,34(12):1101-1104]