從閱卷中的易錯點看中考客觀題的應(yīng)對策略

葛連干

近年來，筆者一直參加中考閱卷工作，有機會對考生在各種題型上的得失情況有充分的了解。現(xiàn)結(jié)合典型試題就中考常見客觀題的易錯點進行分類例析，以期幫助同學(xué)們在今年的中考中避開這些“雷區(qū)”，進而取得理想的成績。

一、聽力題

在不少地區(qū)，聽力試題仍然位于中考試卷的第一部分，所以聽力解題的順利與否將直接影響考生的解題情緒。同學(xué)們要注意避免出現(xiàn)以下錯誤：

1.因準備不充分而導(dǎo)致出錯。

眾所周知，中考英語聽力測試是中考所考科目中最需要良好心理素質(zhì)的考查項目，因為具有即時性和不可重復(fù)性，錄音播放結(jié)束后無法再現(xiàn)答題所需信息，考生往往產(chǎn)生焦慮、畏懼心理，以至聽力考試時尤其是起始階段心情難以平靜，注意力也難以集中，導(dǎo)致聽錄音材料時，特別是聽第一題或略有難度的題時大腦一片空白，什么內(nèi)容也聽不進去，或只聽到只言片語造成答題出錯。也有少部分考生缺乏答題常識，以為聽力測試不需要做多少準備，正式開考時來得及讀題、聽題和答題，于是試卷發(fā)下后，只顧游覽全卷甚至搶時間進行其他內(nèi)容的讀題、答題工作，待聽力考試開始時才倉促讀題，因準備不充分導(dǎo)致答題出錯。

【典型題例】Who is Simon Smith?

A. A computer engineer.

B. A bookseller.

C. A writer.

【聽力錄音】W：I like to read Simon Smith.

M: So do I.I hear he writes on his computer. And his new book will come out next week.

W: Great!Ive got to get one as soon as its out.

【簡析】無論是因為心情過于緊張難以集中精神，還是因為搶時間答題未以期待性心理迎接聽力考試，都有可能造成聽錄音時大腦一片空白，或只聽到computer, book等只言片語，導(dǎo)致誤選A或B。其實只要聽到he writes on…或his new book…等簡短句式，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案應(yīng)為C。

【應(yīng)對策略】參加聽力考試前，考生應(yīng)調(diào)整好心態(tài)，自信而放松，使自己全身心進入角色。同時，利用聽力試音時間認真讀題并適應(yīng)語音、語調(diào)是做好聽力題，尤其是第一題的關(guān)鍵。第一題順利答題的愉快心理有助于整個聽力考試答題，而第一題答題不順利的沮喪心情很可能會對下面的試題有所影響。要注意的是：適度的緊張對應(yīng)試是有益的，千萬不能因為緊張而變得更緊張；萬一有題目沒有把握好或聽不懂，要及時調(diào)整好心態(tài)，可以來點“阿Q”精神，迅速放過該題，努力把后面的試題做好。

2.因先入為主而導(dǎo)致出錯。

聽力試題一般依據(jù)所聽信息在聽力材料中出現(xiàn)的先后設(shè)項，不少考生了解這一命題原則，因此，當先聽到的信息在試題選項中出現(xiàn)時，不少考生立即下結(jié)論加以選擇，從而造成答題錯誤。其實，如果耐心傾聽，下文提供的信息很可能會推翻你的結(jié)論。

【典型題例】Whats the man doing?

A. Watching TV.

B. Turning down the TV.

C. Answering the phone.

【聽力錄音】M: Would you mind turning down the TV a bit? Im answering the phone.

W: Not at all.

【簡析】解答該題時，部分考生可能會直接選B，而沒有再去認真聽后面的內(nèi)容，其實如果聽懂后面的“Im answering the phone”，就能正確做答，選擇C項了。

【應(yīng)對策略】一般聽力材料都會聽兩到三遍，一般第一遍先聽完整段內(nèi)容，初步做答；第二遍時，再細聽關(guān)鍵信息，在綜合考慮的基礎(chǔ)上確定答案并做驗證。

3.因冗余信息誤導(dǎo)而出錯。

由于命題的限制，中考聽力測試中總有一些試題的干擾選項和正確選項很相似。而這些干擾項的內(nèi)容往往在聽力材料中又有所體現(xiàn)，許多考生往往被這些冗余信息所誤導(dǎo)而痛失寶貴的分數(shù)。

【典型題例】What colour are Mimis eyes?

A. Grey.B. White.

C. Green.

【聽力錄音】I have a cat. Its name is Mimi and it is three years old. It has short, grey fur and white paws. Its eyes are green. It weighs about two kilograms.

Usually, it eats cat food from a tin, but her favourite food is fish. It also likes milk if it is not too cold. It likes sleeping in a basket. When it is not sleeping, it often plays with balls and pieces of string.

I feed Mimi every day and give it clean water. Sometimes, I brush its fur and it enjoys it very much. It never worries because we take good care of it. Mimi is my good friend. I like it very much.

【簡析】此題不少考生可能會誤選A項或B項，因為他們?nèi)菀资堋癐t has short, grey fur and white paws.”這個冗余信息的影響。其實上述信息屬起誤導(dǎo)作用的無用信息，聽力錄音中的關(guān)鍵句“Its eyes are green.”表明本題答案應(yīng)為C。

【應(yīng)對策略】聽力命題中的干擾項往往會選聽力材料中出現(xiàn)過的類似信息，考生要熟悉這一方法。遇到此類試題時，要特別留心，要學(xué)會抓住有助于我們正確解答的關(guān)鍵詞句。中考英語聽力測試約有一半試題可通過抓關(guān)鍵詞句而加以解答。聽聽力原文時，考生應(yīng)有強烈的利用關(guān)鍵詞句解題的意識，學(xué)會從眾多信息中挑選答題所需的有用信息。

4.因欠邏輯推理而導(dǎo)致出錯。

中考英語聽力題中大多數(shù)試題都可以直接從聽力材料中獲取信息作為答案，但也有少量試題需對聽到的信息進行合理的邏輯推理，從而準確作答。部分考生對這一點缺乏必要的理解，只關(guān)注了聽力材料中片斷信息的字面含義，而沒能對語境進行邏輯推理，造成理解上的偏差。

【典型題例】What time did the woman get to the airport to meet her father?

A. 1:00B. 12:00C. 2:20

【聽力錄音】W: Excuse me, sir.

M: Yes. What can I do for you, madam?

W: Its l oclock. I have been here for an hour to meet my father. But I saw all the passengers come out except him.

M: Are you sure of the time his flight

arrives?

W: Yes, I think so. He told me he would reach the airport at about 1:00 this afternoon.

M: Thats true. Flight BA506 has just

arrived.

W: What? BA506? Well, I dont think its his flight number.

M: Do you know his flight number?

W: Its VA407, I think… Oh, a moment, please. Here, I wrote it on my note book. Sorry, its VA408.

M: VA408? I see, Madam, the flight was supposed to arrive at 1:00, but it will be two hours and twenty minutes late because of the bad weather in New York.

W: OK. Then I will have to wait longer. Thank you very much, sir.

M: Good luck! Madam.

【簡析】此題考生很可能不假思索地選A，因為他們聽到了“Its l oclock.”其實這只是片斷信息的字面意思，結(jié)合下文“I have been here for an hour to meet my father.”可以作如下推斷：此刻是一點鐘，而“她”已經(jīng)在機場等候一個小時了。由此，“她”到機場的時間應(yīng)該是十二點，故B項正確。

【應(yīng)對策略】有些聽力試題，如時間類、故事結(jié)局、文章大意、文章標題、作者的態(tài)度等，解答此類試題時，不能只注重聽力材料信息的字面含義，往往需要對所聽到的信息進行加工、整理或推斷才能得出答案。

二、單項選擇題

單項選擇題是各地中考的必考題型之一，主要考查考生對語法、詞匯、詞義辨析、習慣用法等在具體語境當中運用時的掌握情況。在中考中考生往往容易犯以下類型的錯誤：

1. 思維定式，犯經(jīng)驗主義錯誤。

英語中某些詞組的固定搭配或習慣表達考生往往記得比較牢固。受思維定式的影響，很多考生在解題時難免會“觸景生情”，從而忽略了其真正意義的表達而掉入“陷阱”。

【典型題例】China is bigger thancountry in Africa.

A. anyB. any other

C. otherD. others

【簡析】許多考生一見此題，腦海中便浮現(xiàn)出“比較級+than+ any other+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”這一句型，于是直接選B項。其實不然，若在同一范圍內(nèi)比較時用上述句型，但該題中的China根本不在Africa的范圍之內(nèi)，所以就不用other，選項A正確。

【應(yīng)對策略】平時在做題時，要注意養(yǎng)成分析、研究的好習慣，切忌死記硬背，更不要望文生義，做題時更要耐心細致，把題干和選項的全部信息盡收腦中，然后正確分析、對比，確定出題者意圖，進而確定答案。

2.審題不清，誤入命題者的“陷阱”。

有一些試題具有很強的隱蔽性或迷惑性，命題者故意把一些條件隱藏在其中，來考查考生的理解能力、觀察能力和分析問題的能力。

【典型題例】—What did you see, Mary?

—I saw a lot of tall trees onof the lake.

A. either sideB. all sides

C. both sidesD. other side

【簡析】不少考生會誤選C項。解此題的關(guān)鍵是lake一詞，lake 無兩邊之說，只能是“在周圍”，所以正確答案為B項。如果把lake改為street或river,則答案A項和C項都正確。

【應(yīng)對策略】要根據(jù)上下文提供的信息來仔細分析句子的主干，盡量從語境中挖掘出有效信息來解題。運用語法規(guī)則時，既要注意普遍性，也勿忽視其特殊性，對具體問題要進行具體分析。

3.考慮欠周，犯“管中窺豹”類的錯誤。

部分試題，特別是涉及時態(tài)的一致、語態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng)時，考生在解題時往往“毛手毛腳”、“顧頭不顧尾”，以致出現(xiàn)管中窺豹類錯誤。

【典型題例】Look! Someonethe floor. How clean it is!

A. has sweptB. is sweeping

C. are sweepingD. have swept

【簡析】有些考生一看到句首的look一詞，就立即想到用現(xiàn)在進行時而誤選B項。其實對試題進行通盤的考慮后，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)后一句的How clean it is!說明地已經(jīng)打掃好，所以正確選項應(yīng)該是A項。

【應(yīng)對策略】解答該類試題時，要先揣摩命題者的意圖，再仔細讀題，分析試題所創(chuàng)設(shè)的語境，平時也要積累一些此類素材，方可避免犯這類錯誤。

4.受母語影響，犯漢語式英語類錯誤。

初學(xué)英語的考生常常會受漢語表達習慣的影響，所以在解題時，常會出現(xiàn)“漢語式英語”類的錯誤。

【典型題例】As we all know China has apopulation and a long history.

A. manyB. large

C. muchD. high

【簡析】部分考生會誤選A項，其實正確答案是B項。因為在英語中表示人口多時要用big或large（表示眾多）修飾population；表示人口少時要用small。進行人口數(shù)量對比時，只能用large/ big或small的比較級，這與漢語表達大不相同。

【應(yīng)對策略】同學(xué)們在平時的語言學(xué)習中要注意對文化背景的了解和英語習語的積累，要根據(jù)語境和英語思維來解題。

三、完形填空題

完形填空題是考查學(xué)生綜合運用英語基礎(chǔ)知識和各種解題能力的題型，其選材難度適中、知識覆蓋面廣、能力要求高、試題難度大。因此，它往往是同學(xué)們最為頭痛的一類題型?？忌追傅腻e誤常體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：

1. 因忽視首尾句信息，抓不住全文主旨而失分。

完形填空的選材通常用記敘文類或夾敘夾議類文體。首句通常不設(shè)空，目的是讓考生迅速進入主題，幫助考生建立正確的思維導(dǎo)向。部分考生往往忽視這一點。

【典型題例】When I was nine years old, I used to go to the post office with my mother, sending greeting cards to my aunt in Singapore. To me, these trips were really 1 memories. And receiving mail through a mailbox outside our gate was just as exciting. My small hands could 2 get the mail without using a key! I always couldnt wait to see how much I was 3. Oh, a letter! From Singapore! I would run back home and show it to my 4. When there was a letter for me, I wouldnt run—I would open it right there…

That birthday postcard attracted me again to the post office and all its delights. I had 5 the post office all these years. Today I 6 send postcards to friends. And every time I am at the post office buying stamps, I cannot help but smile—how one postcard will make its way across the world and brighten up someones day.

6. A. justB. seldom

C. stillD. never

【簡析】解答該題時，如果抓住文章的首尾句，可以快速得到試題的答案是C項。但是有些考生不能抓住關(guān)鍵信息句，而想當然的錯選B項或D項。

【應(yīng)對策略】根據(jù)命題原則，完形填空的首句和末句通常都不設(shè)空。因此，答題時要認真研讀文章的第一句和最后一句以及每一段的第一句和最后一句，這些一般是完形填空的題眼所在。只有抓住了文章的中心思想，才能更好地理解上下文，從而就文章行文進行判斷、分析、歸納和推理，使解題達到事半功倍的效果。

2.因忽視核心詞匯的重復(fù)暗示而失分。

每一篇文章都有其主旨，而主旨往往通過一些核心詞匯來體現(xiàn)，所以在一篇文章中，有些核心詞匯會不斷地重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，命題者一般喜歡考查這些具有上下文線索的核心詞匯。部分考生不了解這點，當根據(jù)上文無法確定答案時，不懂得去下文尋找線索。

【典型題例】… Everybody moved quickly in order tothe seats they wanted. I was unable to get a seat near the tail…

A. fetchB. hold

C. keepD. get

【簡析】根據(jù)下文已有的暗示to get a seat near the tail可以知道空格處正確答案應(yīng)該是get。如果考生不能根據(jù)后置信息來做正確的選擇可能會誤選其他選項。

【應(yīng)對策略】完形填空的設(shè)題有點、線、面三個層面，“點”即通過句意層面設(shè)題，“線”是通過段落層面設(shè)題，“面”往往是對于語篇主旨的考查。解答“線、面”類試題時，考生要緊抓文章主線，站在語篇的高度綜合處理各選項的取舍。通過上下文的語境來選擇最佳答案是解決這類題的關(guān)鍵。

3.因忽視詞匯搭配和語義辨析而失分。

完形填空題的考查雖然越來越淡化語法，但對語言點的考查依然存在，主要體現(xiàn)在詞匯搭配和語義辨析兩個方面。部分考生由于對詞匯搭配和語言意義不清楚而失分。

【典型題例】… My mother helped me to understand how much she had given me. She also told me that even though my father was no longer with us, he wasme and would always take pride in everything good I do. Thats when I decided to change …

A. seeingB. noticing

C. helpingD. watching

【簡析】根據(jù)上下文可以知道作者的父親雖然不與他們（作者和他的母親）在一起了，但他還在關(guān)注著作者，并為他做的每一件好事而自豪。watch意為“觀察、關(guān)注”，see表示“看見”，notice的含義是“注意到”，help表示“幫助”。結(jié)合語境和這四個詞的辨析可以知道D項最佳。有些考生因為不能準確地辨析see, notice和watch這三個意思比較相近的詞而失分。

【應(yīng)對策略】新課標明確要求加強對考生應(yīng)用能力的考查，在應(yīng)用中測試考生運用英語基礎(chǔ)知識的能力，這一點在近幾年中考完形填空中得到了淋漓盡致的體現(xiàn)。具體體現(xiàn)在文章在題目設(shè)置上相似項增多，迷惑性增強，考生必須通過尋找上下文隱含信息，感受語境，采用直接法和排除法等技巧才能找出符合題意的最佳選項。完形填空中對詞匯知識的考查，主要體現(xiàn)在習慣用法和同義詞、近義詞的辨析兩個方面。習慣用法是英語中一些固定的結(jié)構(gòu)，在考查習慣用法時，動詞占主要地位，其次是副詞。近年來詞義辨析題的比重有加大的趨勢。要做好這種題目，必須盡量將詞語辨析與情節(jié)推理和邏輯推理結(jié)合起來，從詞匯意義入手，抓住情節(jié)線索解決問題。

4.因忽視邏輯關(guān)系，錯用連詞而失分。

文章中如果沒有內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系，沒有適當?shù)倪壿嬤B詞就會語義不清，無法構(gòu)成篇章。完形填空中空格所在的句子，與上下文構(gòu)成指代、列舉、因果、比較、對比、讓步和遞進等邏輯關(guān)系。上下文邏輯關(guān)系的考查，是完形填空區(qū)別于單純的句子結(jié)構(gòu)測試中很重要的一點，考生往往容易忽視而導(dǎo)致失分。

【典型題例】… I still remember the beautiful afternoon I shared with Rose.we had a meal together only once, it was paid by Roses work…

A. SoB. But

C. ThoughD. Because

【簡析】從選項可以很明顯地看出該題考查考生對邏輯關(guān)系的正確判斷。通過對空格前一句話及空格所在句意的分析，可以知道空格處應(yīng)該填Through來表示“讓步”。而有些考生由于不能真正讀懂這兩句話而誤選B項。

【應(yīng)對策略】完形填空中的邏輯連詞是由文章的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系決定的，只有正確理解文章的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，才能判斷出正確的邏輯連詞。平時閱讀文章時，要多梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu)，關(guān)注邏輯連詞在文章中的作用。

四、閱讀理解題

閱讀理解題是各地中考必考題型之一，也是試卷中卷面分值最高的部分。它主要考查考生通過閱讀獲取信息、分析信息和處理信息的能力?？梢哉f，擁有足夠的語言基礎(chǔ)知識和一定的閱讀技巧是做好閱讀理解題的關(guān)鍵，也是考生在中考中取得好成績的關(guān)鍵所在。

1.因選項的形似或神似而失分。

由于閱讀理解題目中的某兩個選項從形式或意思看起來很相似，考生難以正確把握和辨別?？忌荒軓纳顚哟紊侠斫馕恼拢莾H憑文中的部分細節(jié)或憑選項與原文有著某些形似或神似來選擇，造成誤選答案。

【典型題例】

The Beijing Undergrounds Line Ten will soon have 40 “reverse vending machines（有償自動回收機）”, which will pay people for their empty plastic bottles.

“We have placed two such machines at Beijing Capital International Airport and four at the citys underground stations. They will have been received so far.” Said Feng Juan, an engineer from the company which makes the machines. “ People are encouraged and paid for turning waste into treasure. More than 30,000 empty bottles have been collected since December,” she said.

If something else, such as waste paper, is thrown into the machine, the machine will spit （吐）it out.

“Supported by the government, the reverse vending machines will be introduced to colleges and universities soon,” Feng said.

The company is also considering covering more recycling materials, including used books and teaching materials.

“Longterm plans call for about 2,000 reverse vending machines to be placed throughout the city in the next few years, including 80 at colleges and universities, shopping malls, communities and office buildings,” Feng said.

Chang Tao, director of the company, said that if the new project works well in the city, the company will consider offering the wastetotreasure service to other developed cities in the eastern part of China.

Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?

A. Machines help turn waste into treasure

B. A new machine has become popular

C. A creative project works well in China

D. People are encouraged to collect bottles

【簡析】該題的A項和B項都有machine這一關(guān)鍵詞，而且本題又是一道主旨題，所以難度較大，考生只有在通讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上，才能得到正確答案A項。

【應(yīng)對策略】做這類題時要特別注意題干中一些表示事物特征的詞，要通過分析確定哪個選項當中表示特征的詞最能夠表達段落主題或文章主題，從而選出正確答案。

2.因忽略選項信息與原文的差異而失分。

通常情況下，細節(jié)理解題的答案與原文掛鉤，在文中可直接找到答案，但出題者很多時候會在選項上對原文的表達做巧妙改動，或截取原文詞語或原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)進行改寫，如果考生不注意其細微變化，便會誤入陷阱，誤把錯誤的選項視為正確答案。

【典型題例】

Arthur sat at the desk in his room, pencil in hand. He had to write a story for his English class by Friday.“I dont know what to write about,” he complained to his dog Toby, who was asleep at his feet. Arthur was talkative when speaking to his friends, yet he had trouble finding words when he had to write.

By bedtime Arthur had drawn a picture of Toby smiling. He had drawn a tree with its branches blowing in a strong wind. He had also written a note asking his friend Lee to go to the movies on Saturday. But he had not written a single word of his story.

On Wednesday Mrs. Solomon, Arthurs English teacher asked the class to turn in the first draft of their stories. His heart sinking, Arthur turned in the only work he had—the page with his name, the drawings and the note…

Why did Arthur turn in the page with only his name, the drawings and the note at first?

A. Because he had no time to fit them together.

B. Because he had difficulty in writing a story.

C. Because he wasnt willing to do his

homework.

D. Because he wanted to show his talent for drawing.

【簡析】解該題時，很多考生因為受By bedtime Arthur had drawn a picture of Toby smiling. He had drawn a tree with its branches blowing in a strong wind. He had also written a note asking his friend Lee to go to the movies on Saturday.這兩句話的干擾而誤選D項。其實通讀全文后可以知道Arthur之所以交這樣的作業(yè)是因為他無話可寫，也就是寫作有困難，故B項正確。

【應(yīng)對策略】在做這類細節(jié)題時，一定要堅持一個原則：原文對等，一定要回歸原文，切忌靠自己的感覺或自我的觀點而盲目選擇答案。

3.因常識誤用而失分。

有時候，出題者會利用生活常識或經(jīng)驗來迷惑考生，有些選項的內(nèi)容符合常識，但卻不是題目要求的內(nèi)容，并非正確答案，部分考生誤選失分，十分可惜。

【典型題例】

You have waited 45 minutes for the valuable 10 minutes break. But when the bell for the next class rings, you cant believe how quickly time has passed. If you have this experience, youll know how time flies when you are having fun and drags when you are bored. Now scientists have come up with a reason why this happens.

They have found that the brain changes its way to work according to how we direct our attention to a task. When we are bored, we pay more attention to how time is passing. And this makes our brains think the clock is ticking more slowly.

Recently some researchers who want to understand the conditions carried out an experiment. In the experiment, twelve volunteers watched a picture while researcher monitored（關(guān)注）their brain activity.

The volunteers were told to first notice how long a picture appeared, then the color of the picture, and thirdly, study the both. The results showed that the brain was more active when the volunteers paid attention to more subjects.

It is thought that if the brain is busy noticing many aspects（方面）of a task, it has to spread its resources, and pays less attention to the clock. Therefore, time seems to go quickly. If the brain is not so active, it spends its full energy on the passing of time. As a result, time seems to move slowly.

Next time you feel bored in class, perhaps

you should concentrate on what the teacher is

saying.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. We will be full of energy if were busy.

B. Concentrating on things is a way to make people less bored.

C. Time goes slowly when the brain is noticing many things at the same time.

【簡析】解答該題時，如果僅僅看各選項的內(nèi)容，會發(fā)現(xiàn)A、B、C三項的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該都有符合常識的地方。但是結(jié)合文本來看，只有B項和文本項吻合，故B項才是正確答案。

【應(yīng)對策略】通常情況下，借助常識可以幫助我們提高解題的速度，有時甚至能直接得到正確答案。但是在中考中，為確保萬無一失，考生答題時還是要忠于文本。

綜上所述，考生在中考中之所以在某些客觀題上失分，除了心理因素外，最主要的還是沒有夯實語言基礎(chǔ)知識或者沒有形成科學(xué)的解題策略。在中考復(fù)習期間，考生要在構(gòu)建完整的知識體系的基礎(chǔ)上，針對中考常見的客觀題進行專項訓(xùn)練，形成適合自己的解題思路和解題方法，這樣才能在考試時減少失誤。