黃潑潑,劉江偉,張 波,曹金軍,許永華,趙紅艷
(1.石河子大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,新疆石河子 832000;2.蘭州軍區(qū)烏魯木齊總醫(yī)院,新疆烏魯木齊 830000)
沙漠干熱環(huán)境下中暑大鼠的心肌酶及心肌組織形態(tài)學(xué)改變
黃潑潑1,2,劉江偉2,張 波2,曹金軍2,許永華2,趙紅艷2
(1.石河子大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,新疆石河子 832000;2.蘭州軍區(qū)烏魯木齊總醫(yī)院,新疆烏魯木齊 830000)
目的探討沙漠干熱環(huán)境下中暑對(duì)大鼠心肌損傷的影響。方法48只雄性SD大鼠隨機(jī)平均分成6組:沙漠干熱環(huán)境輕度中暑組及其常溫對(duì)照組,中度中暑組及其常溫對(duì)照組,重度中暑組及其常溫對(duì)照組,然后將3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組大鼠分別置于干熱環(huán)境(溫度:41℃,濕度:10%),3個(gè)對(duì)照組大鼠置于常溫環(huán)境(溫度:25℃,濕度35%)中,在建立沙漠干熱環(huán)境中暑大鼠后,干熱環(huán)境組及其對(duì)照組分別在實(shí)驗(yàn)開(kāi)始70min(輕度中暑)、110min(中度中暑)、145min(重度中暑)被處死并取材。用全自動(dòng)生化檢測(cè)儀檢測(cè)大鼠血清心肌酶CK(磷酸肌酸激酶)、CK-MB(肌酸激酶同工酶)、LDH(乳酸脫氫酶)的變化,用HE染色觀察心肌病理學(xué)變化,用電子顯微鏡觀察心肌超微結(jié)構(gòu)變化。結(jié)果干熱中暑各組大鼠血清心肌酶CK、CK-MB、LDH較常溫對(duì)照各組顯著升高(P<0.05),干熱組CK、CK-MB、LDH均隨中暑程度加重而升高,其中CK和LDH的輕度中暑組與中度中暑或重度中暑組比較差異具有顯著性(P<0.05),但中度中暑組與重中暑度組比較差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05);干熱中暑組CK-MB各個(gè)組間比較差異均有顯著性(P<0.05);HE染色結(jié)果提示:干熱中暑組心肌組織早期即心肌間血管明顯出現(xiàn)擴(kuò)張充血、出血,隨熱暴露時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)充血、出血現(xiàn)象逐漸加重,常溫對(duì)照組未見(jiàn)異常。電子顯微鏡結(jié)果顯示:干熱環(huán)境組心肌細(xì)胞部分肌絲紊亂斷裂、溶解,Z線模糊消失,線粒體腫脹,線粒體基膜不清晰,見(jiàn)空泡形成,部分毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增生,并隨熱暴露時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),心肌細(xì)胞損傷逐漸加重。結(jié)論沙漠干熱環(huán)境可造成大鼠心肌損傷,并隨熱暴露時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)及中暑程度的加重而損傷逐漸加重。提示沙漠干熱環(huán)境下中暑的治療應(yīng)注意加強(qiáng)心肌損傷的保護(hù)。
沙漠;干熱環(huán)境;中暑;心肌酶;心肌損傷
沙漠干熱環(huán)境以高溫、干燥、缺水少雨等為主要特點(diǎn),該環(huán)境下熱損傷容易使機(jī)體發(fā)生中暑,中暑是熱損傷的嚴(yán)重表現(xiàn),是一種威脅生命的嚴(yán)重疾病,臨床上定義為核心體溫超過(guò)40℃,機(jī)體溫度調(diào)節(jié)失敗,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)異常出現(xiàn)抽搐、昏迷、譫妄等癥狀[1]。,高熱可引起全身炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致多器官功能障礙或衰竭,包括在大腦、肺、心臟、胃腸道、腎的出血和壞死[2,3]。在高溫環(huán)境中,即使是很短的熱暴露會(huì)導(dǎo)致機(jī)體死亡[4],這種快速導(dǎo)致機(jī)體死亡的原因可能與某個(gè)器官臟器的損傷直相有關(guān)。目前少有沙漠干熱環(huán)境中暑對(duì)機(jī)體損傷的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,本研究在我院西北特殊環(huán)境人工實(shí)驗(yàn)艙內(nèi)建立沙漠干熱環(huán)境大鼠中暑模型,探討不同中暑階段對(duì)大鼠心肌的損傷性變化,為在沙漠干熱環(huán)境中暑的救治過(guò)程中心肌的保護(hù)提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)分組及材料
根據(jù)我們先前的實(shí)驗(yàn),在“西北特殊環(huán)境人工實(shí)驗(yàn)艙”內(nèi)建立沙漠干熱環(huán)境中暑模型,將SPF級(jí)健康雄性SD大鼠48只(合格證號(hào):SCXK(新)2011-0001)隨機(jī)分成6組,每組8只:沙漠干熱環(huán)境輕度中暑組及其常溫對(duì)照組,中度中暑組及其常溫對(duì)照組,重度中暑組及其對(duì)照組。實(shí)驗(yàn)開(kāi)始,每只大鼠用3%戊巴比妥按40mL/kg行腹腔內(nèi)麻醉,麻醉生效后被置于仰臥位,大鼠的右側(cè)股動(dòng)脈被分離并插入一靜脈留置針(24G)。三個(gè)電極被連接到大鼠的肢體上,一根精密玻璃水銀溫度計(jì)被插入于大鼠的肛門中。然后,三組中暑組的大鼠均通過(guò)壓力傳感器、心電傳感器與多通道生理記錄儀連接起來(lái)(泰盟BL420F,中國(guó)),并被移置于模擬沙漠干熱環(huán)境艙內(nèi)(西北特殊環(huán)境人工實(shí)驗(yàn)艙,蘭州軍區(qū)烏魯木齊總醫(yī)院),設(shè)定溫度41℃,濕度10%。而3組對(duì)照組的大鼠仍被置于常溫環(huán)境(溫度25℃,濕度35%)中。血清心肌酶檢測(cè)及心肌HE病理分析由蘭州軍區(qū)烏魯木齊總醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科及病理科檢測(cè)分析,心臟標(biāo)本送新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)用透射電子顯微鏡觀察心肌細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu),拍照并進(jìn)行分析。
1.2 取材及檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目
(1)血清心肌酶:大鼠腹腔麻醉后處死,留置針抽取下腔靜脈血液,促凝管保存,3 500r/min離心15min,-80℃保存,全自動(dòng)生化檢測(cè)儀檢測(cè)血清磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)、CK同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)水平。(2)HE染色:大鼠處死后,分離并切取適當(dāng)大小心臟組織,生理鹽水沖洗后放入新鮮配制4%多聚甲醛中固定,進(jìn)行石蠟包埋和切片,切片厚約4mm,蘇木素一伊紅(HE)染色后觀察心臟病理變化。(3)電鏡:切取心臟心尖部大小約1.5mm×1.5mm大小心臟組織,立即放入新鮮配制的2.5%的戊二醛中,將固定后的心肌組織送新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué),經(jīng)四氧化鋨固定、梯度脫水、包埋及聚合后,做超薄切片,經(jīng)醋酸雙氧鈾、枸櫞酸鉛雙重染色各10min,用高倍投射電子顯微鏡觀察心肌結(jié)構(gòu),拍照并進(jìn)行分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
用SSPS 17.0軟件分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,組間比較應(yīng)用單因素方差分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 血清心肌酶的變化
干熱中暑各組大鼠血清心肌酶CK、CK-MB、LDH明顯較常溫對(duì)照各組升高(P<0.05),干熱組CK、CK-MB、LDH均隨中暑程度加重而升高,其中CK和LDH的輕度中暑組與中度中暑組或重度中暑組比較差異具有顯著性(P<0.05),但中度中暑組與重度組比較差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05);干熱中暑組CK-MB各個(gè)組間比較差異均有顯著性(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 HE染色光鏡觀察
常溫對(duì)照組心肌肌束排列整齊,心肌細(xì)胞未見(jiàn)水腫,心肌肌間隙血管未見(jiàn)擴(kuò)張及出血(圖1,2,3),干熱中暑組光鏡下心肌組織早期即心肌間血管明顯出現(xiàn)擴(kuò)張充血、出血,隨熱暴露時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)充血、出血現(xiàn)象逐漸加重(圖4,5,6)(圖1~6見(jiàn)彩插1)。
2.3 電鏡觀察心肌細(xì)胞超微結(jié)構(gòu)
常溫對(duì)照組,心肌細(xì)胞形態(tài)完整,心肌纖維排列整齊,肌節(jié)明暗帶清晰,線粒體排列整齊,線粒體膜完整(圖7,8,9)。干熱中暑組心肌細(xì)胞部分肌絲紊亂斷裂、溶解,Z線模糊消失,線粒體腫脹,線粒體膜不清晰,見(jiàn)空泡形成,部分毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增生,并隨熱暴露時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)心肌細(xì)胞損傷逐漸加重(圖10,11,12)。
中暑是一種危及生命的疾病,通過(guò)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能障礙,提升核心體溫到40℃以上,引起全身炎癥、血管內(nèi)凝血和組織病變,可認(rèn)為是一種全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,由于高熱引起熱耗散導(dǎo)致體表血管擴(kuò)張,使流入內(nèi)臟器官的血液減少,特別是腸粘膜的缺血可導(dǎo)致黏膜通透性增加,腸道細(xì)菌內(nèi)毒素可能流入血液中,導(dǎo)致多器官衰竭和死亡[3,5-6]。中暑的發(fā)病非常復(fù)雜類似于膿毒癥,體內(nèi)許多炎癥因子如HMGB1、TNF-а、IL-1等參與高熱引起的全身炎癥反應(yīng)[7-9]。有報(bào)告[10]認(rèn)為中暑引起并發(fā)癥包括橫紋肌溶解癥、彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血、急性腎損傷、肝病、癲癇、休克、心律失常、多器官功能障礙綜合征(MODS)和意識(shí)障礙中,急性腎損傷和彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血是影響預(yù)后的主要危險(xiǎn)因素。
機(jī)體在熱暴露下心臟屬于易激惹器官,高熱環(huán)境可引起汗腺分泌汗液增多,心臟收縮力增強(qiáng),心輸出量增加,心率加快來(lái)增加外周循環(huán)滿足汗液排放[11],高熱對(duì)心臟的熱損傷可直接對(duì)心肌造成損害,有關(guān)病理組織學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)分析,熱暴露下心室心肌比心房心肌更容易受損傷[12]。中暑也顯示為高細(xì)胞因子血癥,表現(xiàn)為嚴(yán)重?cái)⊙Y和感染性休克,會(huì)導(dǎo)致心臟功能障礙,心室擴(kuò)張和射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低[13],熱暴露可直接誘導(dǎo)高細(xì)胞因子血癥和心功能障礙,可認(rèn)為是中暑導(dǎo)致機(jī)體死亡的重要機(jī)制之一[12]。
表1 大鼠血清CK(U/L)、CK-MB(U/L)、LD(U/L)變化(±s)Tab.1 Changes of serum CK,CK-MB and LD(U/L)in the rats.(±s)
表1 大鼠血清CK(U/L)、CK-MB(U/L)、LD(U/L)變化(±s)Tab.1 Changes of serum CK,CK-MB and LD(U/L)in the rats.(±s)
注:a為干熱中暑各組與常溫組比較,P<0.05;b為干熱中度中暑組與干熱輕度中暑組和干熱重度中暑組比較,P<0.05;c為干熱輕度中暑組與干熱重度中暑組比較,P<0.05。Note:The myocardial enzymes CK,CK-MB,LD were significantly higher in the dry-heat stroke groups than that in their control groups(P<0.05).CK,CK-MB,LD were increased with the progression of heat stroke.The CK and LD were significantly higher in the moderate and severe heat stroke groups than that of the mild heat stroke group(P<0.05).There were significant differences between the CK-MB levels of every two groups of the three heat stroke groups(P<0.05 for all).
指標(biāo)Item輕度中暑實(shí)驗(yàn)組Mild heat stroke group中度中暑實(shí)驗(yàn)組Moderate heat stroke group重度中暑實(shí)驗(yàn)組Severe heat stroke group干熱中暑組Dry-heat stroke group常溫對(duì)照組Control group干熱中暑組Dry heat stroke group常溫對(duì)照組Control group干熱中暑組Dry heat stroke group常溫對(duì)照組Control group CK 1289.5±372.3a,b 799.1±99.8 2 332.0±775.4a 797.9±158.7 2 612.1±1 457.1a,c 820.6±134.0 CK-MB 341.5±66.3a,b 226.8±31.4 629.0±159.6a 250.3±41.7 941.3±344.2a,b,c 254.1±43.4 LDH 823.3±383.3a,b 761.9±184.4 2 117.3±974.5a 776.0±118.0 2 184.3±835.9a,c 769.0±128.6
圖7 常溫輕度對(duì)照組Fig.7 A rat of the control group of the mild heat stroke group
圖8 常溫中度對(duì)照組Fig.8 A rat of the control group of the moderate heat stroke group
圖9 常溫重度對(duì)照組Fig.9 A rat of the control group of the severe heat stroke group
圖10 干熱輕度中暑組Fig.10 A rat of the mild heat stroke group
圖11 干熱中度中暑組Fig.11 A rat of the moderate heat stroke group
圖12 干熱重度中暑組Fig.12 A rat of the severe heat stroke group treated in the dry-heat environment
心肌酶CK、CK-MB、LDH大量存在于心肌、骨骼肌等組織細(xì)胞的胞漿和線粒體中,當(dāng)心臟病變或受損時(shí),心肌酶表現(xiàn)出不同程度升高,中暑或缺血缺氧時(shí)組織細(xì)胞受損,這些酶大量釋放至血液中,其中CK升高最為敏感。本研究中中暑組大鼠心肌酶CK、CK-MB、LDH血清學(xué)發(fā)生明顯變化,隨熱暴露時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),中暑程度的加重心肌酶升高水平越高。中暑患者血清CK一般認(rèn)為來(lái)自骨骼肌,LDH的分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)69%的中暑患者LDH水平升高,表明LDH來(lái)自于心肌組織[14]。Wakino等[15]報(bào)道一個(gè)23歲中暑患者4d臨床過(guò)程中表現(xiàn)橫紋肌溶解癥、急性腎損傷、肝功能衰竭、心肌缺血、因高溫造成的心肌需氧量增加、心動(dòng)過(guò)速、心輸出量增加,CM-MB和肌鈣蛋白水平明顯升高,心電圖ST段壓低和T波倒置表現(xiàn)心肌缺血,認(rèn)為高溫與心肌損傷相關(guān)。本研究通過(guò)病理切片及心肌細(xì)胞電鏡發(fā)現(xiàn),大鼠在熱應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下,心肌組織發(fā)生明顯變化,心肌組織損傷明顯,認(rèn)為血清心肌酶升高與心臟在熱應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下心肌受損有密切聯(lián)系。我們應(yīng)注意中暑可發(fā)生心肌損傷[15]。
沙漠干熱環(huán)境可造成大鼠心肌損傷,并隨熱暴露時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)及中暑程度的增加損傷逐漸加重,提示沙漠干熱環(huán)境下應(yīng)注意防治心肌損傷的發(fā)生。
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Changes of myocardial enzymes,histology and ultrastructure of heat stroke rats in dry-heat desert environment
HUANG Po-po1,2,LIU Liang-wei2,ZHANG bo1,2,CAO Jin-jun2,XU Yong-hua2,ZHAO Hong-yan2
(1.Shihezi University School of Medicine,Shihezi 832000,China;2.Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Region,Urumqi 83000)
ObjectiveTo explore the myocardial enzyme,histology and ultrastructure changes of heat stroke rats in dry-heat desert environment.MethodsForty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:mild heat stroke group and its control group,moderate heat stroke group and its control group,severe heat stroke group and its control group.Then the three experimental groups of rats were put into dry-heat environment(temperature 41℃,humidity 10%) and the three control groups were put into normal environment(temperature 25℃,humidity 35%).After establishment ofthe heat stroke rat models,the rats were sacrificed at their corresponding time points(70,110and145min)from the beginning of the experiment for the mild heat stroke group and its control group,moderate heat stroke group and its control group,and severe heat stroke group and its control group,respectively.Blood samples were taken and heart tissues were harvested.The serum enzymes CK,CK-MB,and LDH were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer.The pathological examination was performed with HE staining and ultrastructural changes were observed by electron microscopy.ResultsThe serum enzymes CK,CK-MB,LDH were significantly higher in the dry-heat stroke groups than that in their control groups(P<0.05).The serum CK,CK-MB,LDH levels were increased along with the progression of heat stroke,of which,CK and LDH of the mild heat stroke group were significantly different compared with that of the moderate heat stroke group or severe heat stroke group(P<0.05).However,there were no significant difference between the moderate and severe heat stroke groups(P>0.05).CK-MB levels were significantly different between every two groups of the three heat stroke groups(P<0.05).The pathological examination showed dilation and congestion of blood vessels and hemorrhage,which became more serious along with the prolongation of exposure to dry-heat.The control group showed no abnormalities.Electron microscopy showed disruption of myofilaments and myolysis,blurred Z lines,swollen mitochondria,cytoplasmic vacuolization in the cardiomyocytes of heat stroke rats,and all these myocardial cell injuries became more serious along with the progression of heat-stroke.ConclusionsDry-heat desert environment can cause myocardial injury,and gradually getting worse along with the prolongation of dry-heat exposure and progression of heat stroke.Our findings suggest that attention should be paid to protection of the myocardium against injurious effect of heat stroke in dry-heat desert environment.
Desert;Dry-heat environment;Heat stroke;Myocardial enzyme;Myocardial injury;Pathology;Ultrastructure;Rats
R33
A
1671-7856(2014)02-0011-05
10.3969.j.issn.1671.7856.2014.002.003
軍隊(duì)臨床高新技術(shù)重大項(xiàng)目(2010gxjs016)。
黃潑潑(1987-),男,碩士研究生,主要從事普外基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究。
劉江偉(1970-),男,博士后,主任醫(yī)師。E-mail:ljw273@sohu.com。
2013-12-24