殷立維,閆 彥,劉國藝
(哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學 生理教研室, 黑龍江 哈爾濱 150081)
短篇綜述
G蛋白偶聯(lián)雌激素受體(GPERs)與腫瘤
殷立維,閆 彥,劉國藝*
(哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學 生理教研室, 黑龍江 哈爾濱 150081)
G蛋白偶聯(lián)雌激素受體(GPERs)是一種新型的雌激素受體,在人類腫瘤組織和細胞系中廣泛表達,并在多種腫瘤細胞,特別是雌激素依賴性腫瘤細胞的增殖、侵襲和轉移中扮演重要角色。GPER與腫瘤的相關性研究將為腫瘤的治療提供新思路。
G蛋白偶聯(lián)雌激素受體;腫瘤
雌激素在調節(jié)體內多種生理病理過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。雌激素是通過雌激素受體(estrogen receptor,ER)發(fā)揮其生物學作用的。經典的ER包括ERα和ERβ。傳統(tǒng)研究認為雌激素與ERα或 ERβ結合后,直接結合靶基因啟動子區(qū)域中的雌激素反應元件,誘導轉錄,調節(jié)基因表達,即雌激素的基因組效應[1],通常需要數(shù)小時到數(shù)天完成。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雌激素還可以引起快速非基因組效應,僅需要數(shù)秒到數(shù)分鐘。研究證實,一種新型雌激素受體G蛋白偶聯(lián)雌激素受體(G protein-coupled estrogen receptor,GPER)介導了雌激素的大部分非基因組效應,從而參與多種腫瘤的發(fā)展過程[2]。
1.1 GPER的分布與定位
上世紀90年代末,GPER在多種細胞中被克隆得到,屬于7次跨膜G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體家族,曾稱作G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體30[1,3]。GPER廣泛分布于人的心臟、肺、肝、卵巢、乳腺和腦等組織器官中。其基因定位于7P22.3區(qū)域,共含有7 008個堿基對,獨立于ERα和ERβ而存在[3]。關于GPER的亞細胞定位目前尚未確定,已發(fā)現(xiàn)其在細胞膜上表達,也存在于內質網和高爾基體[4]。
1.2 GPER信號傳導途徑
1.2.1 經典信號傳導途徑:GPER作為G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體家族中的一員,參與經典的信號傳導途徑。GPER與配體結合后,激活腺苷酸環(huán)化酶,進而催化生成細胞內環(huán)磷酸腺苷,最后通過激活蛋白激酶A實現(xiàn)信號傳導,促進細胞的生長和遷移[5]。
1.2.2 激酶級聯(lián)活化途徑:GPER通過表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)進行信號傳導的機制已被廣泛接受[6]。17β-雌二醇 (17beta-estradiol,E2)、選擇性雌激素受體調節(jié)劑他莫西芬(tamoxifen,TAM)及其代謝產物4-羥他莫昔芬(4-hydroxtamoxifen,OHT)、GPER特異性激動劑G-1 和植物性雌激素genistein等作為配體結合GPER,誘導G蛋白解離為β和γ亞基,激活下游的酪氨酸激酶Src系統(tǒng),進而激活細胞外基質金屬蛋白酶,促使肝素結合性表皮生長因子(heparin-binding epidermal growth factor,HB-EGF)釋放并作為配體反式激活EGFR。同時,EGFR-E2-GPER的正反饋調節(jié)作用,導致下游信號分子,如細胞外調節(jié)蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK1/2)的激活。一系列的激酶級聯(lián)反應最終活化絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)途徑和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶途徑,誘導細胞的增殖與分化[6- 7]。
2.1 GPER與雌激素相關性腫瘤
迄今為止,有關GPER與乳腺癌關系的研究較多。乳腺癌組織中GPER的mRNA和蛋白表達水平比正常組織顯著下降[8],且其表達水平的下調與乳腺癌組織學分級和淋巴結遠處轉移顯著相關[9]。應用G-1激動GPER能夠促進ER(+)的乳腺癌MCF-7細胞的遷移和侵襲[10]。GPER也可以通過誘導結締組織生長因子促進ER(-)的乳腺癌SKBr3細胞的增殖和遷移[11]。在乳腺腫瘤細胞中,GPER可能通過激活ERK1/2途徑參與雙酚A和成纖維細胞誘導的細胞增殖和遷移[12]。然而,也有研究表明GPER能夠抑制乳腺癌MCF-7細胞的增殖[13]。這些研究結果的不一致可能與細胞類型、ERα和ERβ的受體表達情況有關。
在子宮內膜癌組織和細胞中,GPER 的mRNA和蛋白表達高于正常組織[14]。GPER表達水平與子宮內膜癌的病理學參數(shù)及生存率顯著相關[15- 16]。GPER在高風險子宮內膜癌組織中過表達:中期子宮內膜癌GPER表達水平比正常子宮內膜高,而晚期子宮內膜癌GPER表達水平最高[16]。應用GPER的RNA干擾能夠抑制雌激素引起的子宮內膜癌KLE細胞的增殖[17],說明GPER介導了雌激素對子宮內膜癌細胞的促增殖作用。GPER可能通過激活MAPK途徑促進ER(+)的子宮內膜癌KLE細胞的增殖和侵襲,在ER(-)的子宮內膜癌RL95-2細胞的增殖和侵襲過程中,GPER同樣發(fā)揮著重要的作用[14]。
近年來,關于GPER和卵巢癌關系的探討和爭議逐漸增多,但觀點尚不統(tǒng)一。數(shù)據(jù)顯示原發(fā)性卵巢腫瘤標本和卵巢癌細胞系中均有GPER表達,但GPER表達與卵巢癌的臨床分期、組織學分級和生存率之間無相關性。雖然GPER蛋白表達在良性和惡性腫瘤之間無統(tǒng)計學差異,但1/3的惡性腫瘤存在GPER 的mRNA過表達[18]。而另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)GPER在高風險的卵巢腫瘤組織中過表達,且其表達水平與卵巢癌程度及臨床分期密切相關[16]。GPER的高表達能夠抑制卵巢癌細胞的增殖,由此推斷GPER表達水平降低預示卵巢癌預后不良[19]。由于結果的多樣化,因此GPER與卵巢癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關系有待繼續(xù)研究明確。此外,G-1的濃度對GPER的作用也有影響:低濃度的G-1(1~500 nmol/L)對卵巢癌KGN細胞的增殖無明顯作用,而高濃度的G-1(≥1 μmol/L)能顯著抑制細胞的增殖[20]。在卵巢癌的轉移過程中,GPER可能通過上調MMP-9的蛋白表達和酶活性促進卵巢癌細胞的遷移、侵襲和轉移[21]。
以上研究提示:GPER與雌激素依賴性腫瘤的增殖和轉移有關。臨床針對雌激素依賴性腫瘤在手術及放化療的基礎上,也將內分泌治療作為綜合治療的方法之一。TAM是目前臨床最常用的一線內分泌治療藥物,遺憾的是大約有25%的患者對抗雌激素治療不敏感[4]。這意味著僅僅阻斷ER還不能完全抑制雌激素引起的腫瘤細胞增殖。由于GPER同TAM及雌激素受體抑制劑ICI182,780等具有較高的親和力,GPER可能會作為雌激素依賴性腫瘤治療中一個潛在的生物標志物和治療靶點[1]。
2.2 GPER與其他腫瘤
GPER在非小細胞肺癌和鱗狀細胞癌中過表達,提示GPER可能是肺癌進展中的一個重要標志物[22]。而G-1激活GPER能夠抑制雄激素依賴性和非依賴性前列腺癌PC-3細胞的增殖,但并未引起小鼠的前列腺的組織學改變[23]。另外,GPER非基因組信號傳導參與了甲狀腺癌細胞的增殖過程[24]。
隨著研究的不斷深入,已經確定GPER在人體多個系統(tǒng)都發(fā)揮作用。新型雌激素受體GPER和經典受體ERα和ERβ之間的相互關系還需進一步探究。GPER在不同腫瘤中的作用及其作用機制還有待深入研究。臨床治療雌激素依賴性腫瘤和其他腫瘤時,GPER能否作為腫瘤治療的靶點,其前景令人期待。
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G protein-coupled estrogen receptors and tumor
YIN Li-wei, YAN Yan, LIU Guo-yi*
(Dept. of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China)
G protein-coupled estrogen receptors(GPERs) is a novel estrogen receptor, which is widely distributed in human tumor tissues and cell lines. GPER plays an important role in cell proliferation, invasion and migration of a variety of tumors, especially estrogen-dependent tumors. The research on the relationship between GPER and tumor will provide new approaches for tumor therapy.
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor; tumor
2013- 11- 11
2013- 12- 24
黑龍江省自然科學基金(D201008);黑龍江省博士后啟動基金(LRB04-248)
*通信作者(correspondingauthor): liuguoyi@126.com
1001-6325(2014)08-1142-04
R 730.58
A