清潔爐灶拯救婦女的生命抗擊氣候變化

Globally 3 billion people cook food using polluting and inefficient stoves every day. 3.4 million people die every year due to illnesses caused by exposure to cookstove smoke.

In Nigeria， Africa’s most populous country， approximately 127 million people and more than 24 million households depend solely on wood as a source of fuel for cooking. This traditional cooking method is a silent killer. According to the WHO， cooking smoke causes 95，300 deaths in Nigeria annually. In fact， Nigeria experiences the highest number of smoke-related deaths in Africa； after Malaria and HIV/AIDS it is the biggest killer.

Traditional cooking with wood is unnecessarily expensive， costing poor families’ money that could be put to better use on education， health and nutrition. It also causes deforestation and climate change， burning up to 90% more wood than is necessary. The use of cooking gas and clean cookstoves save lives， money， forests and empowers women.

全球有30億人每天使用低效和造成污染的爐灶烹制食物。每天有340萬人死于接觸爐灶煙霧而產(chǎn)生的疾病。

在尼日利亞，這個(gè)非洲人口最多的國家，約有1億2千7百萬人，超過2千4百萬家庭完全依賴于木材作為烹制食物的燃料。這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的烹制方式是個(gè)無聲殺手。根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的數(shù)據(jù)，烹調(diào)煙霧每天在尼日利亞造成95，300例死亡。實(shí)際上，尼日利亞因煙霧引起的相關(guān)死亡案例在非洲國家中是最多的，是繼瘧疾、艾滋病之后的最大殺手。

使用木材的傳統(tǒng)烹調(diào)方式是不必要的昂貴開支，貧困家庭本該將其用于教育、醫(yī)療及營養(yǎng)方面。它同時(shí)也帶來森林的采伐及氣候變化，用作燃料的90%的木材其實(shí)都是不必要的。用于烹調(diào)的燃?xì)饧扒鍧崰t灶可以拯救生命、節(jié)約成本、保護(hù)森林以及賦予女性權(quán)力。

What are clean cookstoves ？

什么是清潔爐灶呢？

Clean cooking solutions are those clean cookstove technologies， fuels， equipment， and practices that address the health and environmental impacts associated with traditional cookstoves. A clean cooking solution or a new technology must meet the needs of the users and be culturally appropriate otherwise it will fail to be utilized over the long term. This includes making sure that the technology is affordable， socially acceptable， easy to use， widely available， durable， and most of all， that the technology is desired. If users are motivated to adopt a new technology， they are if they were being persuaded to do so.

Making sure that a clean cookstove or a fuel is desirable entails making sure that it does not alter the taste of food， offers benefits such the ability to regulate the stove top temperature easily， cooks food quickly， or reduces the cost of， or time spent collecting， fuel. Additionally， since people all over the world cook different kinds of food， with a variety of available fuels， a variety of clean cooking solutions are needed in order to accommodate the different preferences.

There are as many different types of clean cooking solutions. These include those that encompass cleaner cookstoves and fuels as well as behavioral and structural changes. Clean cookstoves use technologies and solutions， ranging from the most basic cookstoves that burn raw， unprocessed solid fuels such as biomass or dung to much more advanced cookstoves that burn ultra-clean fuels such as ethanol or liquid petroleum gas， and those that use fuels with no environmental or health impact such as solar.

清潔的烹調(diào)方式包括清潔的爐灶技術(shù)、燃料、設(shè)備以及方法，同傳統(tǒng)的爐灶相比更健康和環(huán)保。一個(gè)清潔的烹調(diào)方式或是新的技術(shù)必須滿足使用者的需要并且具有文化契合性，否則將得不到長期的運(yùn)用。這包含著必須確定這項(xiàng)技術(shù)是可負(fù)擔(dān)的、被社會(huì)所接受的、使用簡單的、可以被廣泛普及的、耐用的。最重要的是，它是人們所期望的。如果使用者主動(dòng)去采用一項(xiàng)新技術(shù)，這比勸說他們那樣做要好得多。

確保清潔爐灶或燃料是令人滿意的，還需要確認(rèn)它不會(huì)改變食物的味道并可以帶來益處，如可以容易的調(diào)節(jié)爐頂溫度、快速地烹制食物、或者降低成本，或者減少時(shí)間或是燃料的使用。此外，因?yàn)槭澜绺鞯氐娜藗兣胫频氖澄锔鞣N各樣，燃料也不盡相同，多元化的清潔烹制方式是必要的，以滿足不同的需要。

清潔的烹制方式有很多種。不僅包括更清潔的爐灶和燃料，同時(shí)也有行為和方式上的變化。清潔的爐灶使用的技術(shù)和方式，從最基本的爐灶，即使用原始的未經(jīng)加工的固體燃料，像是生物質(zhì)或是糞便，到更高級的爐灶，即使用超凈燃料，像是乙醇或是液化氣以及那些無環(huán)境與健康影響的燃料，像是太陽能。

Currently there are no definitive standards for what constitutes a true “clean cookstove”.

The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves has been working towards developing globally recognized and accepted standards. Once these are firmly in place， the definition of a “clean” cooking solution will be clearer and the Alliance will reevaluate its support of all technologies and fuels accordingly.

The Global Alliance calls for 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020. With your help we can make this happen. The Alliance is an initiative supported by the UN Foundation.

目前，對于一個(gè)真正“清潔的爐灶”由什么構(gòu)成還沒有確切的定義。

全球清潔爐灶聯(lián)盟正致力于制定出全球認(rèn)可并接受的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一旦確立，關(guān)于“清潔”烹調(diào)方式的定義將更清晰，同時(shí)該聯(lián)盟也將重新?lián)嗽u估其支持的所有技術(shù)和燃料。

全球聯(lián)盟號(hào)召一億家庭到2020年都使用清潔高效的爐灶。在大家的幫助下可以實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。該聯(lián)盟是聯(lián)合國基金會(huì)支持下的倡議。

“If we want to improve the health and lives of millions of women in developing countries， and fight climate change at the same time， then one of the most basic steps we should take is to promote a shift in global cooking technology” （Gillain Tett， Financial Times）. Gillian Tett also observes in her recent article that some 20 million households have apparently already changed their stoves， and the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves hopes to raise that total to 100 million by 2020， backed by $500m of investment funds， grants and guarantees. It seems a laudable goal. She would like us all to perhaps ponder the next time we step into our own kitchens， not least because dazzling new appliances are now so ubiquitous in the modern world that most of us never think about them at all.

“如果我們想要提高發(fā)展中國家婦女的健康和生活，同時(shí)抗擊氣候變化，那么我們應(yīng)該采取最基本的步驟之一便是促進(jìn)全球烹飪技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)變” （Gillain Tett， 《金融時(shí)報(bào)》）。Gillian Tett在她最近的文章中也提到已經(jīng)有2千萬家庭改變了他們的爐灶，而全球清潔爐灶聯(lián)盟希望在500美元的投資基金，贈(zèng)款和擔(dān)保的支持下，到2020年將此提升至1億家庭。這看起來是個(gè)令人稱贊的目標(biāo)。她希望我們所有人也許在下次進(jìn)入自己廚房的時(shí)候思考，尤其是因?yàn)橐鄣男码娖髟诂F(xiàn)代世界中無處不在，而我們大多數(shù)人從未想到它們。

Nigeria shows the way in Africa

尼日利亞在非洲的表現(xiàn)方式

There is a growing momentum for change. Nigeria has taken up the challenge of providing clean cooking alternatives rural and urban families. The Nigerian Alliance for Clean Cookstoves is a public-private partnership to introduce 10 million clean cookstoves to Nigerian homes and institutions by 2020. The Alliance supports policy change， better technical standards and innovative financing in the development of a national clean cookstove industry. It works with public， private， and non-profit partners to scale up access to clean cookstoves in Nigeria. Since its launch in 2012， Alliance partners have sold nearly 2 million clean cooking energy solutions， built market development partnerships with states， finance companies and investors； and established a clean cooking energy laboratory.

Despite these important achievements， the market for clean cookstoves in Nigeria is still undeveloped. This stems from both policy and market failures： a lack of awareness about the benefits of clean fuels and stoves， weak government policies， poorly developed supply chain for Liquefied Petroleum Gas， LGP， insufficient access to finance and poor coordination along the value chain.

改變的動(dòng)力與日俱增。尼日利亞已經(jīng)接受了為城市和鄉(xiāng)村家庭提供清潔烹飪設(shè)備的挑戰(zhàn)。尼日利亞清潔爐灶聯(lián)盟是一個(gè)公私伙伴關(guān)系，它將為該國的家庭及機(jī)構(gòu)到2020年提供1千萬清潔爐灶。聯(lián)盟為國家清潔爐灶工業(yè)的發(fā)展提供政策變化方面的支持、更好的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和創(chuàng)新融資。它與公共、私人及非盈利伙伴合作來加大尼日利亞的清潔爐灶量。自2012年其創(chuàng)立起，聯(lián)盟合作伙伴已售出將近2百萬清潔烹飪能源解決方案，與國家、金融公司和投資者建立了市場開發(fā)合作伙伴并成立了一個(gè)清潔烹調(diào)能源實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

除去這些重要的成就，尼日利亞清潔爐灶市場仍有待開發(fā)。這源于政策和市場的失靈：缺乏對清潔燃料和爐灶益處的認(rèn)識(shí)、軟弱的政府政策、不發(fā)達(dá)的液化氣供應(yīng)鏈、融資渠道不足和缺乏協(xié)調(diào)的價(jià)值鏈。

For information in Chinese on clean cook stoves pl. see http：//www.cleancookstoves.org/resources/fact-sheets/chinese-cookstoves-factsheet.pdf Clean Cooking Energy Expo Conference， 26-27 January， 2015 at Shehu Musa Yar'Adua Centre， Abuja.

This Expo Conference will bring together policy makers， suppliers， retailers and consumers of the clean cooking energy value chain to support the development of an enabling environment for expanding the market for clean cookstoves and cleaner fuels； strengthen the supply chain as well as create demand for clean cooking energy solutions and display the diversity in the product range available in the Nigerian market.

The two-day Clean Cooking Expo Conference seeks to strengthen the supply chain for clean cooking energy solutions； build an enabling policy landscape； create demand for cleaner fuels and stoves； and bring the clean cooking industry value chain together. For more information contact Ms. Precious Onuvae by email ： precious@iceednigeria.org

更多清潔爐灶在中國的信息，請瀏覽http：//www.cleancookstoves.org/resources/fact-sheets/chinese-cookstoves-factsheet.pdf 清潔烹調(diào)能源展覽會(huì)會(huì)議，1月26-27日，2015，阿布賈，Shehu Musa Yar'Adua中心

該展覽會(huì)和會(huì)議將聚集清潔烹調(diào)能源價(jià)值鏈的政策制定者、供應(yīng)商、零售商以及消費(fèi)者們，來支持能夠擴(kuò)大清潔爐灶和更清潔的燃料市場的環(huán)境的發(fā)展；加強(qiáng)供應(yīng)鏈，同時(shí)創(chuàng)建清潔烹調(diào)能源解決方案的需求，并展示產(chǎn)品在尼日利亞市場可用范圍的多樣性。

為期兩天的清潔烹調(diào)展覽會(huì)會(huì)議旨在加強(qiáng)清潔烹調(diào)能源解決方案的供應(yīng)鏈；建立政策環(huán)境；創(chuàng)建更清潔燃料和爐灶的需求；匯集清潔烹調(diào)工業(yè)價(jià)值鏈。取得更多信息請聯(lián)系Ms. Precious Onuvae郵箱：precious@iceednigeria.org