未來：消除“談乙肝色變”觀念勢在必行

In China， there is an old saying that health is the capital of every business. Health is always the top priority in human history. Without a healthy body， there will not be a whole life and successful career.

To improve the health of the whole nation， realize the dream of popularized medicine service and get away from the suffering of diseases are the pursuits of human beings. If the morbidity rate of hepatitis B is not that high， the panic brought by it is not that widespread and the phenomena of HBVER discrimination do not exist， there is a possibility that people will treat hepatitis B as a cold. In 2006 when American biologist Baruch Blumberg visited China， he said he was “sorry” for his discovery of Hepatitis B testing technology because “it caused so many Chinese people into an awkward circumstance”.

在中國，有句老話，“身體是革命的本錢”，健康自古便是人類的永恒主題，沒有健康的身體就談不上完整的人生，成功的事業(yè)。

提高全民健康水平，實現(xiàn)病有所醫(yī)的理想，遠離病痛的折磨，是全人類的共同追求。如果沒有乙肝的高致病率，沒有乙肝帶來全球恐慌，沒有乙肝個體遭歧視現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)……或許，人們對待乙肝也會像對待感冒一樣泰然若之。2006年，美國生物學(xué)專家布林伯格訪問中國時，曾為自己發(fā)現(xiàn)乙肝檢測技術(shù)感到“遺憾”，因為他覺得，“導(dǎo)致了這么多中國人面臨如此尷尬的境地”。

HBVER discrimination is a mass discrimination rare-seen in modern society

乙肝歧視是現(xiàn)代社會規(guī)模罕見的

群體性歧視

In China， Hepatitis B is also called China’s first disease. Infant carriers cannot go to kindergarten， student carriers cannot have further study and graduates and job hunters are all subject to discrimination.

In 2003， Zhang Xianzhu， a graduate in Anhui Province， China， participated in the national examination of civil servant of Anhui Province. He ranked first both in the written exam and the interview but got rejected for he was found infected with Hepatitis B viruses in the physical examination. Later on， he formally filed an administrative proceeding to the court to sue that the personnel department “discriminates against Hepatitis B patients”. At last， the court’s verdict was that the decision of the personnel department was lack of evidence. This was China’s first case of HBVER discrimination. Zhou Yizhao， who graduated from Zhejiang University of China， had a similar experience. In 2003， Zhou Yichao was found positive for Hepatitis B test in the physical examination of civil servant and got rejected. Out of rage， Zhou Yichao stabbed one cadre of the personnel department to death and another one to injury. Actually， the cases of HBVER discrimination are not limited to Zhou Yichao and Zhang Xianzhu. Similar cases can be found everywhere on the Internet.

乙肝，在中國有“中國第一病”的稱號。乙肝攜帶者不能上幼兒園，不能升學(xué)，畢業(yè)生和求職者遭歧視。

2003年，中國安徽青年張先著大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，參加安徽省的國家考務(wù)員考試，筆試、面試成績均第一的他，卻因在體檢中查出感染乙肝病毒，被棄取。隨后，他將一紙訴狀正式向法院提起行政訴訟，狀告人事部門“歧視乙肝患者”，最終法院認為安徽省蕪湖市人事局取消張先著進入考核程序資格的行政行為證據(jù)不足。這也被稱為中國“乙肝歧視”第一案。中國浙江大學(xué)畢業(yè)生周一超有著跟張先著一樣的遭遇，2003年，周一超在公務(wù)員考試體檢過程中，被查出“小三陽”而被認定不合格，周一超激憤之下，將區(qū)人事局干部一人刺傷一人刺死，周一超也被判處死刑。其實，關(guān)于乙肝歧視的案例遠不止周一超、張先著，搜羅各大網(wǎng)站，類似案例比比皆是。

In China， Hepatitis B virus carriers suffer the most severe kind of employment discrimination （among location， age， nationality， gender， education， Aids， farmer’s background， etc.） The government has many restrictions on Hepatitis B patients in written forms. For instance， they cannot donate blood or organs， cannot be directly employed by food and tableware industries， and cannot work in kindergartens or other special industries in the army. They are not advised to work in health care industry. From 2007， the Chinese government began to seek every possible means to provide legal basis for the protection of the rights of Hepatitis B virus carriers. However， it is not easy to eliminate the discrimination of the public to Hepatitis B virus carriers. Out of concern of the safety of public health， it is common that countries have certain stipulations that Hepatitis B virus carriers cannot directly work in food industries. But in the USA and Japan， there are also cases that employees in food industries do not have to take the health check of liver.

中國乙肝病毒攜帶者受到的就業(yè)歧視是所有就業(yè)歧視中（如地域、年齡、戶口、性別、學(xué)歷、艾滋病、農(nóng)民等等）最嚴重的一種。在書面上，政府對乙肝患者的生活有諸多限制性規(guī)定，比如不能獻血或捐獻器官，不能從事直接接觸食品、餐具的行業(yè)，不能就職于幼兒園，不適宜軍隊中的某些特種行業(yè)，不建議從事保健行業(yè)等等。雖然從2007年開始，中國政府開始尋求各種手段，為保護乙肝病毒攜帶者的權(quán)益提供法律依據(jù)。但是要根本上消除公眾對乙肝病毒攜帶者普遍受歧視的現(xiàn)狀并不是一件容易的事。世界上的其他國家出于公共衛(wèi)生安全的需要，對于乙肝病毒攜帶者不能直接接觸食品、餐具行業(yè)的規(guī)定較為常見。但也有在美國、日本的餐飲行業(yè)工作無需肝臟檢查的個案。

“Hepatitis B fighters”

fight for rights

“乙肝斗士”為權(quán)益而戰(zhàn)

In July， 2012， a Hepatitis B fighter from Shanghai Lei Chuang went to Guangzhou. This time he came because of the slogan of a hotpot store “one person， one pot to prevent Hepatitis B”. Actually， Hepatitis B will not get transmitted via eating together. This slogan is misleading. Lei Chuang asked the restaurant to take off the slogan. He put up a sign in front of the restaurant to find a person to eat with him. After the broadcast of the news， there are 13 people remained to eat with Lei Chuang.

Lei Chuang is a Hepatitis B virus carrier. In his first year at middle school， Lei Chuang and his elder brother were found out to be Hepatitis B virus carriers. His mother was concerned with their situation and was afraid that they might be discriminated against. In 2007， his mother’s concerns became reality. Lei Chuang’s brother was rejected by a national enterprise because he was a Hepatitis B virus carrier. Lei Chuang felt greatly hurt in the misfortune of his brother and the grief of his mother. He thought that if Hepatitis B discrimination continued to exist， there would be more parents to experience the same with his own parents because there is a family and a pair of parents of every Hepatitis B virus carrier.

2012年6月，來自中國上海的乙肝斗士雷闖來到廣州，這次他是為某涮涮鍋店的“一人一鍋預(yù)防乙肝”的宣傳標語而來。在他看來，乙肝不會通過共餐傳播，此廣告有誤導(dǎo)嫌疑，要求餐廳撤下廣告，于是在門口舉起牌子征人共餐，活動消息發(fā)布后，最終有13人愿意留下進餐。

雷闖，乙肝病毒攜帶者，初一那年，雷闖和哥哥都被查出是乙肝病毒攜帶者，得知消息后，母親總擔心他們會因此受到歧視。2007年，母親的擔心成為了現(xiàn)實：雷闖的哥哥因被查出患有乙肝“大三陽”而被一家國企棄用。哥哥的遭遇，母親的傷心，開始刺痛雷闖。他想，“如果乙肝歧視仍然存在，會有更多的父母會變成我現(xiàn)在的父母，因為每一個受乙肝歧視的孩子身后都有一對父母，都有一個家?！?/p>

So， Lei Chuang launched a series of actions for rights keeping. In these years， Lei Chuang looked for people to eat together all over China and launched activities of Hepatitis B virus carriers looking for people to eat together. He called on schools not to discriminate Hepatitis B virus carriers and persuade units not to check Hepatitis B. He tried his best to fight for the rights of Hepatitis B virus carriers.

Professor Cai Dingjian of China University of Political Science and Law said： “For an individual， the healthy development involves two equal chances. One is the equal chance of education and the other is the equal chance of employment. The importance of Lei Chuang lies in the fact that he is a social actor who bravely rips a breach in the current discrimination in the education field and he made a voice for the numerous Hepatitis B virus carriers.” In July， 2009， the Chinese government issued Regulations for the Implementation of Food Safety Law which stipulated that Hepatitis B virus carriers are no longer forbidden to work in food industry. After a month’s effort， Lei Chuang became the first Hepatitis B virus carrier who holds a health certificate in food industry.

In 2006， Chinese popular star Andy Lau confirmed that he has been a Hepatitis B virus carrier since he was young. In taking part in the promoting activities of hepatitis prevention and treatment， he promoted the knowledge of Hepatitis B prevention with demonstration and acted as an ambassador for preventing and controlling Hepatitis B. Andy Lau said： “Hepatitis B can only be contagious by the contact of blood and body fluid and not by other kinds of body contact including eating together and courtesy kissing. Therefore we should not discriminate against Hepatitis B patients.”

為此，他開始了一系列維權(quán)行動。多年來，雷闖在全國各地“征人吃飯”，并舉辦“乙肝病毒攜帶者請人吃飯”活動，呼吁各高校在高考錄取過程中不要有乙肝歧視，建議招聘單位不要檢查乙肝等，以一己之力為乙肝患者維權(quán)。

中國政法大學(xué)蔡定劍教授對雷闖這樣評價：“從個體來講，一個人的一生要得到正常的發(fā)展，健康的發(fā)展，需要有兩個公平的機會，一個是教育的機會平等，一個是就業(yè)的機會平等。雷闖的意義就在于，他勇敢地在教育領(lǐng)域里面對現(xiàn)有的歧視現(xiàn)象撕開了一個口子，為他身后數(shù)量龐大的乙肝病毒攜帶者發(fā)出吶喊的一個社會行動者?！?009年7月，中國政府頒布了《食品安全法實施條例》，規(guī)定乙肝病毒攜帶者不再被禁止從事食品餐飲工作。經(jīng)過一個多月的折騰，雖然是乙肝攜帶者的雷闖，成為了中國第一位獲得食品行業(yè)工作健康證的乙肝病毒攜帶者。

2006年，自爆“從小就是乙肝病毒攜帶者”的中國當紅影視明星劉德華，在參加肝炎防治宣傳教育活動時，以身示范推廣乙肝防治知識，并擔任了“全國乙肝防治宣傳大使”。劉德華說：“乙肝只會因為血液、體液等接觸而傳染，不會因為握手等身體接觸就傳染，其實包括一起吃飯、禮節(jié)性親吻都不會傳染，大家不應(yīng)該對乙肝病人有歧視?！?/p>

The elimination of

“HBVER discrimination”：

Just around the corner

消除“乙肝歧視”，指日可待

In contrast with the HBVER discrimination in China， in European countries， people hold a more calm and objective attitude towards Hepatitis B patients and seldom discriminate against them.

相對于中國的“談肝色變”，歐美各國對待乙肝患者的態(tài)度則更為冷靜客觀，對乙肝患者，也很少出現(xiàn)歧視現(xiàn)象。

Hepatitis B virus was first found in aboriginal Australians. However， according to Australian law， except the professions of health and medical care， professions do not have definite restrictions on Hepatitis B virus carriers. In Australia， the Management Practice on Aids and Hepatitis in Workplaces stipulates that the relationship of employment should be reached on the basis of the employees’ virtue and ability and not on the basis whether they have Hepatitis B or not.

On the website of the English government， there is a description about Hepatitis B virus carriers： “A lot of people are worried that they may get the disease at work. However， in most professions， there is no risk of getting the disease. It is absolutely safe for the normal contact of sociality and work.” From this， we can see that the English government holds a very objective attitude towards Hepatitis B virus carriers. A Chinese student studying in England said that he held a health certificate in China stating that he is a Hepatitis B virus carrier. However， the certificate is not used in England for people there do not discriminate against the disease. They do not care about it.

In Switzerland， there is a high standard for the recruitment of civil servants but the test does not include Hepatitis B. Officials in the education bureau of Switzerland said that in terms of going to school or kindergarten in Switzerland， children and students are not forced to show their health certificate. And in Switzerland， the test for Hepatitis B is a special service not included in ordinary tests.

雖然乙肝病毒最早在澳大利亞土著人身上被發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在的澳大利亞，相關(guān)法律只限制了乙肝病毒攜帶者不能從事健康和醫(yī)護的相關(guān)工作，對其他行業(yè)并沒有明確限制。澳大利亞《工作場所艾滋病和肝炎管理實踐準則》規(guī)定，雇傭關(guān)系的達成只基于雇員的個人品德和工作能力，而是否患有乙肝則不能作為影響因素。

在英國的政府網(wǎng)站上，對乙肝病毒攜帶者的表述是：“很多人擔心自己有可能在工作中被傳染上此類疾病，但在絕大部分職業(yè)中，不存在任何傳染和被傳染的危險。一般的日常社會交往和工作接觸是完全安全的。”可見，英國政府對待乙肝病毒攜帶者的態(tài)度是非?？陀^的。據(jù)留學(xué)英國的中國學(xué)生反映：“在國內(nèi)弄了個什么健康證，寫著攜帶，來了英國這個證從來都沒有見過天日，英國不歧視這個，攜帶這個也不傳染，人家完全不care?！?/p>

雖然瑞士對公務(wù)員的錄取要求很高，但也并不包含乙肝檢測。在入學(xué)方面，瑞士相關(guān)教育局官員表示，瑞士的學(xué)校和幼兒園并不會強制要求學(xué)生和兒童出示健康證明，而且在瑞士，對乙肝病毒的檢查屬于特殊服務(wù)，普通化驗并不包含這一項。

Asian and African countries are the “disastrous areas”. It cannot be said that there is no discrimination phenomenon but the number is quite few.

There are over 1 million Hepatitis B patients in Japan but there are few cases of Hepatitis B discrimination in finding jobs and entering school. Even in food industry， employers have no right to ask employees to take liver tests. Except in some special industries， the Japanese government does not ask employees to take Hepatitis B virus test in recruiting civil servants.

In Vietnam， there are similar orientation checks just like in China， especially for the employees for government offices who have to take the health examination organized by the offices. Hepatitis B test in not included in the health examinations for candidates for college entrance examination. The number of Hepatitis B patients in India is only second to that in China. According to the Chinese people working and living in India， they have not heard about the cases of discriminating against Hepatitis B patients. Similarly， In ROK， Hepatitis B patients and Hepatitis B virus carriers are restricted to serve in the army. Except that， government does not forbid Hepatitis B patients to enter school or work.

亞洲和非洲國家是乙肝感染的“重災(zāi)區(qū)”，雖然不能說完全沒有歧視觀念的存在，但很少。

日本雖然有100多萬的乙肝患者，但因患有乙肝而在就業(yè)、上學(xué)方面受到阻礙的案例卻鮮有出現(xiàn)。甚至在餐飲行業(yè)，雇主也沒有權(quán)力要求雇員必須進行肝五項檢查，除了醫(yī)療等一些特殊行業(yè)之外，日本政府在錄用公務(wù)員時也不會要求雇員進行乙肝病毒檢查。

在越南，也有與中國類似的入職體檢，特別是進入國家機關(guān)工作的應(yīng)聘者，他們都要參加單位組織的集體體檢。但目前，在越南很少看到因為攜帶乙肝病毒而被公司辭退的案例。此外，乙肝檢測并不在高考生的體檢項目之內(nèi)。印度的乙肝患者之多僅次于中國，但據(jù)在印度當?shù)毓ぷ骱蜕疃嗄甑娜A人表示，沒有在印度聽說有歧視乙肝患者的現(xiàn)象。同樣，在韓國，除了韓國政府曾經(jīng)限制乙肝患者和乙肝病毒攜帶者服兵役之外，政府也沒有明文規(guī)定限制乙肝患者入學(xué)和就業(yè)。

With the increasingly deepen knowledge of liver disease of the public in recent years， the Chinese government has started to set up related laws to oppose “HBVER discrimination”. The Medical Common Standard for Civil Servant （on trial） issued in 2005 formally abolished the restrictions to Hepatitis B virus carriers. Employment Promotion Law made in 2007 explicitly stipulated for the first time that employers cannot reject employees for the reason of being a Hepatitis B virus carrier to protect the employment rights of Hepatitis B patients and to promote fairness in employment. The Food Safety Law issued in 2009 abolished the restrictions to Hepatitis B virus carriers stipulated by the original Food Safety Law. The Implementing Regulation explicitly distinguished Hepatitis B （blood-borne diseases） from other gastrointestinal diseases like hepatitis A， hepatitis E and allows Hepatitis B patients and virus carriers to work in food industry.

隨著近幾年民眾對肝病的了解逐漸加深，中國政府也著手建立相關(guān)法律反對“乙肝歧視”。2005年的《公務(wù)員錄用體檢通用標準（試行）》，正式取消對乙肝攜帶者的限制。2007年的《就業(yè)促進法》第一次明確規(guī)定，用人單位招用人員，不得以是傳染病病原攜帶者為由拒絕錄用。2007年下發(fā)的《關(guān)于維護乙肝表面抗原攜帶者就業(yè)權(quán)利的意見》，也要求切實維護乙肝表面抗原攜帶者就業(yè)權(quán)利，促進公平就業(yè)。另外，2009年頒布的《中華人民共和國食品安全法》，其中刪除了原《食品衛(wèi)生法》對肝炎病原攜帶者的限制；隨后通過的《實施條例》更是明確區(qū)分了甲肝、戊肝等消化道傳染病和乙肝（血液傳染?。?，將乙肝及其攜帶者從禁止從事入口食品的崗位名單中剔除。

Postscripts：

后記：

From Hepatitis B vaccines to HBVER discrimination， what we have seen is the fear of Hepatitis B has twisted human’s morality. The sea can hold the water from thousands of rivers； it's big because of its capacity. Everyone should open their hearts and have a fair opinion towards Hepatitis B virus and the psychological needs of Hepatitis B patients， which is the manifestation of modern civilization.

Different countries hold different opinions towards Hepatitis B virus carriers. Some are tolerant， some are discriminative. We believe that human’s nature is kind and things are developing. We hope that the continuously improved systems， medical technology and public’s knowledge of Hepatitis B can totally get rid of HBVER discrimination and give Hepatitis B virus carriers a bright future.

從乙肝疫苗到乙肝歧視，我們看到更多的是，人們對于乙肝病毒的恐懼，對于人性道德的綁架?！昂＜{百川，有容乃大”，每個人敞開心扉，正視乙肝病毒的危害性，正視乙肝患者的心理需求，正視乙肝恐慌帶來的社會問題，讓歧視不再發(fā)生，或許才是現(xiàn)代文明的體現(xiàn)。

雖然，各國對待乙肝攜帶者的態(tài)度不同，有些寬容，有些帶有明顯的“歧視”色彩，但人心總歸向善，事態(tài)永是向前，我們寄希望不斷完善的制度體系，不斷進步的醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)，不斷普及的知識宣傳，讓乙肝歧視“無所遁形”，還給乙肝攜帶者一個晴天。