緬甸青年創(chuàng)業(yè)者所面臨的機(jī)遇與限制

Myanmar Government’s recent reforms， such as looser requirements for company registration and import-export licenses， have encouraged young entrepreneurs and has led to a surge in business registrations. Membership of UMFCCI， Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry has risen from 19，000 several years ago to nearly 30，000. UMFCCI also has set up Myanmar Young Entrepreneurs’ Association under its umbrella.

Youth owned business in Myanmar range from IT and medical shops to bars and restaurants. Many young people working in other countries in the region are returning to Myanmar to set up business. For example， U Thaung Su Nyein， who is the vice-president of the Myanmar Young Entrepreneurs’ Association， returned from New York with a few thousand dollars in hand some 12 years ago to set up Information Matrix ， now a thriving IT and media company that employs over 300 people.

緬甸政府的近期改革，如放寬公司注冊(cè)和進(jìn)出口執(zhí)照注冊(cè)要求，鼓勵(lì)了大批青年創(chuàng)業(yè)者，使商業(yè)注冊(cè)出現(xiàn)激增。緬甸工商聯(lián)合會(huì)聯(lián)盟的成員數(shù)量已由幾年前的19，000人增長至近30，000人。緬甸工商聯(lián)合會(huì)聯(lián)盟還成立了附屬的緬甸青年創(chuàng)業(yè)者協(xié)會(huì)。

緬甸青年的創(chuàng)業(yè)范圍涉及IT行業(yè)、醫(yī)藥經(jīng)營、酒吧和餐飲業(yè)。許多之前在該地區(qū)其他國家務(wù)工的年輕人選擇返回緬甸自主創(chuàng)業(yè)。比如，緬甸青年創(chuàng)業(yè)者協(xié)會(huì)副主席U Thaung Su Nyein，12年前帶著幾千美元的積蓄從紐約返回緬甸，創(chuàng)立了自己的IT公司Information Matrix。該公司現(xiàn)已發(fā)展成為擁有超過300名雇員的IT和媒體新銳。

The main constraint that young entrepreneurs face in Myanmar is access to credit and startup costs. It is hard for young people to access credit and convinces investors to give them an opportunity to demonstrate. It seems to be easier for the older generation to get loans.

On the plus side， it is definitely much easier to register a company， from months to less than a week now. Many of the young entrepreneurs feel that continuing reforms are clearly inspiring young people to try business. While young people educated abroad have been the pioneers in starting businesses， locally educated people are also now setting up companies.

緬甸的青年創(chuàng)業(yè)者們所面臨的最主要的限制就是資金的獲取和創(chuàng)業(yè)的高成本。對(duì)年輕人來說，吸引投資和說服投資者給予機(jī)會(huì)展示自己的才能非常困難。相比而言，年長的人反而更容易獲得貸款。

從積極的方面看，現(xiàn)在注冊(cè)一家公司的確比以前容易得多，過去要花費(fèi)幾個(gè)月辦理的手續(xù)現(xiàn)在一周之內(nèi)就可以完成。許多青年創(chuàng)業(yè)者感覺到持續(xù)的改革確實(shí)激勵(lì)著年輕人進(jìn)行創(chuàng)業(yè)。接受海外教育的年輕人扮演了創(chuàng)業(yè)潮流中的先鋒角色，但現(xiàn)在越來越多的接受本土教育的年輕人也開始注冊(cè)公司。

Many young entrepreneurs agree that there is an advantage in getting family support for education abroad as loans and scholarships are hard to come by. Family support for help with start-up funds is also common. There are only a handful of venture capital funds for star-ups and social entrepreneurs. Silk Road Finance and Insitor Management can be mentioned in this context.

With an aim to improving the investment climate for Small and Medium enterprises， SMEs， the Myanmar Government is considering to allow commercial banks to extend long-term loans for more than one year and to use a wider range of collateral instruments， such as moveable assets. It is also considering the establishment of public credit guarantee schemes and a credit bureau. The expansion of microfinance schemes for entrepreneurs -- including for women and youth -- to improve access to capital， in order to reduce reliance on informal money lenders， is underway by encouraging the establishment of private microfinance providers. Plans to expand trade finance schemes， particularly for exports of manufactured goods， are also being appraised （Sources ： Ft ， OECD， 2013）.

很多青年創(chuàng)業(yè)者同意由家庭資助的海外教育很有優(yōu)勢，因?yàn)橘J款和獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金很難申請(qǐng)。由家庭提供創(chuàng)業(yè)基金在創(chuàng)業(yè)者當(dāng)中也很常見。目前只有少數(shù)幾家風(fēng)投基金為創(chuàng)業(yè)者和社會(huì)企業(yè)家進(jìn)行投資。其中絲綢之路金融（Silk Road Finance）和Insitor Management是比較有代表性的兩家。

為了改善中小型企業(yè)的投資環(huán)境，緬甸政府正考慮允許商業(yè)銀行發(fā)放期限超過1年的長期貸款，并使用如可動(dòng)產(chǎn)等更廣泛的擔(dān)保手段。政府還考慮建立公共信用擔(dān)保計(jì)劃和信貸局。政府還通過鼓勵(lì)私營小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)，擴(kuò)展針對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)者的小額信貸計(jì)劃，包括針對(duì)婦女、青年的信貸業(yè)務(wù)，以增強(qiáng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者對(duì)資金的獲取，降低其對(duì)非正式借款人的依賴。貿(mào)易金融計(jì)劃，特別是在制造品出口領(lǐng)域，也得到扶持。（來源：Ft， OECD， 2013）