和平與穩(wěn)定：女性的全面參與至關(guān)重要

“Without the full participation of women， peace and stability cannot be achieved.” Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka， the Executive Director of UN Women， said on a conference of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women （UNCSW） in March.

“沒(méi)有女性的全面參與，和平和穩(wěn)定是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的?！甭?lián)合國(guó)婦女署執(zhí)行主任姆蘭博·努卡在3月份一次聯(lián)合國(guó)婦女地位委員會(huì)上這樣說(shuō)道。

Take South Sudan a country always suffering from wars as an example， after decades of chaos， it won the national independence. However， at the end of 2013， after only two and a half year of independence， because of the political conflicts between President Salva Kiir Mayardit and the former Vice President Riek Machar， incidents of violence happened there and expended to areas at the south of the capital Juba， which led to severe national political and security crisis. At present， there are 700，000 people are destitute and homeless.

以飽受戰(zhàn)火之苦的南蘇丹為例，在經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年的混亂后，南蘇丹贏來(lái)了國(guó)家獨(dú)立。然而，2013年底，僅僅獨(dú)立兩年半的南蘇丹因總統(tǒng)基爾與前副總統(tǒng)馬查爾之間的政治分歧引發(fā)了暴動(dòng)，并且迅速擴(kuò)大到首都朱巴以南的地區(qū)，造成了70萬(wàn)人流離失所，并引發(fā)了嚴(yán)重的全國(guó)性政治和安全危機(jī)。

When visited South Sudan in February this year， Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka saw the efforts made by the local women for bringing both sides of battles back the to the negotiating table to get a ceasefire agreement and letting peace return to the country. She believes that women are playing a fundamental role in the national liberation of South Sudan and they should take part in the making of political decisions and the development of peace. Their basic rights and interests should not be overlooked. The peaceful construction can only be realized with the participation of women.

姆蘭博·努卡在2014年2月份訪問(wèn)南蘇丹時(shí)，看到當(dāng)?shù)嘏栽跒槭範(fàn)幎冯p方重回談判桌，促成?；饏f(xié)議，讓和平重回蘇丹等方面所作出的努力。她認(rèn)為南蘇丹的女性在國(guó)家解放中起到基礎(chǔ)性作用，并且女性需要參與到政治決策、制訂和平進(jìn)展，保證女性的基本權(quán)益不會(huì)被忽視。同樣和平建設(shè)需要女性的參與才能達(dá)成。

Women-victims in wars

and chaos

女性——戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)動(dòng)亂中的受害者

Because of marginalization in certain societies， poor economic conditions and meager access to education ， women often suffered more when their countries are experiencing wars and chaos.

Besides death， another factor which causes huge physiological and psychological harm to women is sexual violence. In the eastern area of Democratic Republic of the Congo， tens of thousands of women are raped and implemented with brutal violence. The perpetrators include militias， armed forces， members of the army and civilians involved in military conflicts. According to the survey of the local health center of UN in South Kivu， 40 women are raped every day. While the past experience shows that， a report of one rape case means 10 to 20 cases are concealed. From 2005 to 2007， in South Kivu， 14200 women were raped， which was only the recorded number. In North Kivu， there is even no complete statistical data. Violence against women is also violence against the society as a whole.

Sexual violence often is used as a form of terrorism or weapon against society.. During the turmoil in Libya in 2013， the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court charged the former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi of suspected implementation of gang rape on women of the opposite faction and the use of drugs for stimulating soldiers insulting women. Many international armed groups are of suspected use of gang rape， like the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda and the military organizations in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Central African Republic.

一直以來(lái)，女性因?yàn)樯砣鮿?shì)、社會(huì)觀念、經(jīng)濟(jì)水平、教育因素等綜合原因，往往在國(guó)家經(jīng)歷戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或動(dòng)亂時(shí)，受到的傷害更大。

除去死亡外，對(duì)女性生理和心理造成巨大傷害的就是性暴力了。在剛果民主共和國(guó)的東部地區(qū)，上萬(wàn)名的女性遭到強(qiáng)奸，被實(shí)施殘忍的暴力。施行暴力的有參與軍事沖突的民兵、武裝力量、軍隊(duì)成員、還有平民。據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)在南基伍省當(dāng)?shù)氐慕】抵行陌l(fā)布的調(diào)查報(bào)告指出，平均每天有40名婦女被強(qiáng)奸。而以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，每有1起強(qiáng)奸案被上報(bào)，就意味著有10到20起強(qiáng)奸案被瞞報(bào)。2005年到2007年間，在南基伍省，有14，200名婦女及少女被強(qiáng)奸，這僅僅是當(dāng)?shù)赜涗浽诎傅臄?shù)字。在北基伍省，甚至連一個(gè)完整的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)也沒(méi)有?？梢哉f(shuō)，針對(duì)婦女的暴力也是針對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)的暴力。

而性暴力還常被當(dāng)做恐怖主義或武器施加于無(wú)辜的整個(gè)社會(huì)。在2013年動(dòng)蕩的利比亞局勢(shì)中，國(guó)際刑事法院首席檢察官指控當(dāng)時(shí)利比亞領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人卡扎菲涉嫌對(duì)反對(duì)派女性實(shí)施集體強(qiáng)奸，甚至使用藥物刺激士兵侮辱女性。涉嫌使用集體強(qiáng)奸的國(guó)際武裝組織也不在少數(shù)，比如烏干達(dá)的“圣靈抵抗軍”、剛果（金）和中非共和國(guó)的軍事組織等。

But the damages to women caused by violence are far more than this. The consequence of sexual violence can be disastrous， not only physically but also emotionally and psychologically. Mood disorders and mental health problems may cast a shadow over the rest of their lives. Abortion， infertility， difficulty of pregnant， tubal pain and urinary incontinence are some such problems. The most horrible thing is that， rape would increase the risks of HIV infection for them. What’s more， rape would potentially cause victims to be rejected by their parents， husbands and the society.

In areas of wars and chaos， the help provided by law for women is limited. Aminah is a 15-year-old girl in Democratic Republic of the Congo， but she has already gotten a baby. In August， 2012， she was raped by anti-government militants in North Kivu and she wanted to personally testify against those people who made her lost the virginity. When reported the tragic story of the little girl， Washington Post believed that Aminah maybe need to wait for long time. Even if the rapists are arrested， usually they will be released after a few days， which is one of the reasons for the rampant rapists. “High illiteracy rates， poverty and government corruption make women much more easily stuck in the difficult situation” said Hazard Joseph， who once worked at the United Nations Children's Fund in Pakistan.

而暴行對(duì)女性造成的傷害不僅僅如此。性暴力所帶來(lái)的后果是災(zāi)難性的：受害者在生理和心理上都會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多問(wèn)題。情緒障礙和精神健康方面的問(wèn)題將給她們的余生蒙上陰影。流產(chǎn)、不孕、難孕、輸卵管疼痛以及小便失禁等病癥會(huì)讓她們極為痛苦。最為可怕的是，她們還會(huì)因此而增大感染艾滋病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。更為糟糕的是，強(qiáng)奸還有可能會(huì)讓她們?cè)獾秸煞?、父母以及社?huì)的排斥。

在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)動(dòng)亂地區(qū)，法律對(duì)女性的援助往往是有限的。阿米娜是剛果（金）一個(gè)十五歲的女孩，卻已經(jīng)有了孩子。2012年8月，她在北基伍省遭到了反政府武裝分子的強(qiáng)奸，她希望能夠在法庭上親自指證那些讓她失去貞操的人?！度A盛頓郵報(bào)》在報(bào)道這個(gè)小姑娘的悲劇時(shí)，就表示阿米娜的等待或許需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。就算強(qiáng)奸犯被緝拿歸案，通常過(guò)幾天后就會(huì)被釋放出來(lái)，這也是讓強(qiáng)奸犯橫行的原因之一?！芭愿呶拿ぢ?、經(jīng)濟(jì)上的貧困、政府腐敗，在社會(huì)動(dòng)亂情況下，更容易陷入困難境地?！痹诎突固孤?lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì)工作的夏哈扎德·約瑟夫如是表示。

More women take part in the peace process

更多女性參與和平進(jìn)程

For countries in chaotic areas， when they are on the path of independence and freedom， more and more women there take part in the process of safeguarding the peace and stability of their countries and even participate in political election and decision-making. Like another country suffering from continuous wars-Afghanistan. In the 2014 president election， the number of newly registered voters increased to 3.6 million； approximately 1/3 of them were women.. It remains to be seen how many women are elected into the provincial councils， and next year’s Parliamentary elections will also provide another opportunity for women to be represented in the national political machinery. But more importantly， the commitment of the newly elected government to support and further promote the gains achieved over the past 12 years for women in Afghanistan will be critical.

According to the reports from UN and Golabl Times， in order to create a safe environment for women to vote， 40% of Afghanistan’s 21000 polling places got special settings for women. Staffs at the polling places included women who were trained as security body searchers for female voters. TV and radio promoted the importance of women to vote. On April 5th， the general election day， Sally watts， a female voter said in the interview that， “if we do not vote， we will lose the chance to speak for ourselves. We hope our choice can make Afghanistan a better place in the future.” Shamali， another female voter said that， “the reason why I came here to vote is to encourage women to break the silence and step forward bravely. If they do not vote for themselves， they should cast a sacred vote for the next generation.”

縱觀戰(zhàn)亂地區(qū)的國(guó)家，她們?cè)谧呦颡?dú)立自由的同時(shí)，更多的女性逐漸加入到維護(hù)國(guó)家和平與穩(wěn)定的進(jìn)程中來(lái)，甚至參與政治選舉、決策決定中。比如另一個(gè)戰(zhàn)火不斷的國(guó)家——阿富汗。在2014年的總統(tǒng)選舉中，阿富汗新注冊(cè)的選民增加到360萬(wàn)，其中約有三分之一為女性。到底會(huì)有多少女性在省議會(huì)的選舉中勝出還有待觀察。對(duì)女性來(lái)說(shuō)，明年大選又是一個(gè)參與國(guó)家政治治理的機(jī)會(huì)。但更重要的是，新當(dāng)選的政府繼續(xù)支持和推進(jìn)12年來(lái)女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的成果。

據(jù)悉，為了方便女性參與投票選舉，阿富汗21，000個(gè)投票點(diǎn)中的40%為女性做了特別的設(shè)置。阿富汗對(duì)包括女性在內(nèi)的投票點(diǎn)工作人員提供了培訓(xùn)，電視和廣播配合大選對(duì)女性參與投票的重要性加以宣傳。在4月5日大選當(dāng)天，女性選民莎瓦茲在接受媒體采訪時(shí)表示，“如果不投票，就喪失了發(fā)出聲音的機(jī)會(huì)。我們渴望自己的選擇使阿富汗的未來(lái)變得更好”。一名叫薩馬利的女性選民也表示，“我今天來(lái)這里投票，就是希望女性們打破沉默，邁出勇敢的一步。如果她們不愿為自己投票，至少也應(yīng)該為下一代投出神圣一票?！?/p>

Ensuring women’s participation in decision-making， whether at the national， sub national， community or family level， is a critical step towards gender equality socially. Having a voice in any decision-making process enriches gender equality and thereby the social contract， inclusive governance， and national development.

在保障女性參與制訂決策的問(wèn)題上，無(wú)論是在國(guó)家層面還是省市層面，社區(qū)或家庭都是實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)性別平等至關(guān)重要的一步。在任何決策上，女性都有發(fā)言權(quán)，這將豐富性別平等的意義，從而推動(dòng)國(guó)家治理和各方面的發(fā)展。

The international community supports the protection of women’s rights and interests

國(guó)際社會(huì)引導(dǎo)婦女權(quán)益保護(hù)

The international community’s concern on women in conflict zones has made international organizations， charity groups， non-governmental organizations， community organizations and media become indispensable active powers for advocating and supporting women’s rights and interests. However， it is civil society that should be empowered to find the path to gender equality； external influences can suggest and support change， but the change will happen from within the society.

UN Women Afghanistan Country Office （ACO） said to the reporter that its work of supporting women in the country is focusing on three programmatic areas： Political and Economic Empowerment， Elimination of Violence Against Women （EVAW）， and Coordination and Advocacy. The focus of UN Women’s Political Empowerment Program is to advocate for women’s political rights through strengthening women’s leadership capacities and raising awareness amongst all Afghans of women’s political rights. The UN Women ACO supports the Afghan Government and non-governmental organizations with the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women （CEDAW） UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and related resolutions， and overall awareness of women’s rights in all spheres of life. . They also trained university students and female candidates of provincial council on UN SCR 1325， CEDAW， the Elimination of Violence Against Women Law and Parliamentary acts. The UN Women ACO also has supported ICT centers where women can learn skills that improve their employment profile.

隨著國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)戰(zhàn)亂地區(qū)女性的關(guān)注，國(guó)際組織、慈善團(tuán)體、非政府組織、社區(qū)組織及媒體在對(duì)女性權(quán)益的倡導(dǎo)和支持方面，均是難以缺少的積極力量。

聯(lián)合國(guó)婦女署阿富汗事務(wù)部在接受采訪時(shí)告訴記者，為支持阿富汗女性的工作，他們目前主要從政府經(jīng)濟(jì)賦權(quán)、消除針對(duì)女性的暴力和開(kāi)展女性合作宣傳三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行。婦女署政治賦權(quán)項(xiàng)目通過(guò)加強(qiáng)女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力和權(quán)利意識(shí)來(lái)倡導(dǎo)女性的政治權(quán)利。在目前的工作中，婦女署阿富汗事務(wù)部支持阿富汗政府和非政府組織對(duì)國(guó)際公約《消除對(duì)婦女一切形式歧視公約》的發(fā)展和履行，發(fā)布了《阿富汗婦女口述歷史報(bào)告》、對(duì)大學(xué)生和省議會(huì)女性候選人就聯(lián)合國(guó)1325號(hào)決議、《消除對(duì)婦女一切形式歧視公約》、《阿富汗消除針對(duì)婦女暴力法》以及其他省議會(huì)法案的培訓(xùn)。另外婦女署阿富汗事務(wù)部還支持當(dāng)?shù)氐呐嘤?xùn)中心為女性提供技能培訓(xùn)，提高女性就業(yè)水平。

In order to make sure the equal access to economic activities for women， The UN Women ACO commissioned and published the “Women's Economic Empowerment Report”， compiled four comprehensive training manuals and supported the women’s economic security and rights strategy and implementation plan being developed by the Government. UN Women recently expanded its support to 13 Women Protection Centers in 11 provinces， providing safety and services to women and girls who are victims of violence. It is also working in partnership with the World Health Organization （WHO） and the United Nations Population Fund （UNFPA） to provide financial and technical support towards the development and use of a gender-based violence （GBV） treatment protocol to be implemented by first responders to victims of GBV. . The UN Women ACO provides support to the Ministry of Women’s Affairs （MoWA） in its efforts to ensure implementation of the EVAW Law， through EVAW Commissions. The UN Women ACO also provides the technical and financial support to the High Commission and several Provincial Commissions. It also created the opportunity for 10 Afghan women to take part in the legal reform processes through establishing the Technical Gender Working Group， and has convened conferences on gender and justice in Islam. By inviting experts， both national and international， to express opinions and discuss issues， it helps the civil society to improve its understanding and its work in supporting women’s rights and interests in legal reform.

Since the end of 2013， the UN Women ACO has supported the creation of the Civil Society Exchange， bringin together Afghan Civil Society Organizations to discuss and support women’s participation in the elections Members volunteer their time， and to date the Civil Society Exchange has issued one press release and held its first press conference and will continue to improve the public’s legal awareness for fair and transparent elections. Roshan Siraan， a famous feminist activist in Afghanistan said that， “women need to know about their power and we are working through CSE to motivate women to extensively participate in this national process as voters and candidates.”

在確保女性平等參與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)上，婦女署阿富汗事務(wù)部定期發(fā)布女性經(jīng)濟(jì)賦權(quán)報(bào)告、編寫(xiě)了四本綜合培訓(xùn)手冊(cè)、協(xié)助阿富汗婦女部婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)安全和權(quán)益計(jì)劃的實(shí)施等。目前，婦女署阿富汗事務(wù)部擴(kuò)大了對(duì)阿富汗11個(gè)省的十三個(gè)婦女保護(hù)中心的支持，向遭受暴力侵害的婦女和兒童提供安保和其他方面的服務(wù)。同時(shí)，該事務(wù)部與世界衛(wèi)生組織和聯(lián)合國(guó)人口基金會(huì)合作，為阿富汗女性提供資金和技術(shù)支持，制定基于性別暴力治療的方案，開(kāi)展相關(guān)調(diào)查。此外，事務(wù)部還支持阿富汗女性權(quán)益部門的工作，確?！断槍?duì)婦女暴力法》的實(shí)施；通過(guò)設(shè)立性別工作小組，幫助了10名阿富汗女性加入到法律改革的進(jìn)程中；邀請(qǐng)國(guó)內(nèi)外專家學(xué)者舉辦討論會(huì)議，幫助國(guó)內(nèi)公民社會(huì)組織在法律改革中表達(dá)婦女權(quán)益。

自2013年末以來(lái)，婦女署阿富汗事務(wù)部就一直在協(xié)助阿富汗公民社會(huì)組織就女性參與政治選舉開(kāi)展對(duì)話溝通?！懊裆鐣?huì)交流行動(dòng)”目前已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了一次媒體發(fā)布和召開(kāi)了一次新聞發(fā)布會(huì)，并將繼續(xù)就公正透明的選舉提升公眾的法律意識(shí)。阿富汗著名女權(quán)活動(dòng)家羅山·絲藍(lán)表示，“女性應(yīng)該清楚知道自身合法權(quán)益，我們通過(guò)民生社會(huì)交流行動(dòng)來(lái)激發(fā)更多的女性，不管作為選舉人也好還是被選舉人，參與到國(guó)家政治選舉中來(lái)?！?/p>

When referring to the most powerful weapon for protecting women， the UN Women believes that education is key to social change and social development everywhere. The improvement of education level and increase of numbers of people receiving education can help communities understand the need for rule of law and societal mores， hold officials accountable for the implementation of the law and protect the legal rights and interests of women. Without the protection of women’s rights and interests， national peace， stability and development are hard to be achieved as well.

A substantive change in the protection of women’s status and rights of the whole society still needs the efforts made by generation after generation. Gender equality is a process of societal change， and must be given the space and time to take place， during which time duty-bearers must ensure the protection of rights.

談及什么是保護(hù)女性最強(qiáng)大的武器，婦女署認(rèn)為，教育水平的上升和接受教育人群的增加，能使社區(qū)重視法律和道德，從而督促法律的實(shí)施，保護(hù)女性的合法權(quán)益。沒(méi)有對(duì)女性權(quán)益的保護(hù)，國(guó)家和平與穩(wěn)定以及發(fā)展同樣難以實(shí)現(xiàn)。

要讓整個(gè)社會(huì)在女性地位、權(quán)利保護(hù)上有實(shí)質(zhì)性的改變，還需要一代又一代人的努力。性別平等是社會(huì)變革的一個(gè)過(guò)程，必須有足夠的空間和時(shí)間，而在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，社會(huì)責(zé)任人的合法權(quán)益必須得到保護(hù)。