軍訓(xùn)≠簡單粗暴

Not long ago， during the opening ceremony of the Second Youth Olympic Games， Secretary-General of United Nations， Ban Ki-moon quoted that \"a country will be wise if its youths are wise， will be rich if its youths are rich， be strong if its youths are srtong\" in his public speech. When it came to the problem of how to make the youths “strong\"， as what was mentioned above， the ways and means of military training conducted by each country are different， but \"Motionless barracks see how soldiers come and go”， occasional incidents of military training have exposed some problems.

不久前，在參加第二屆青年奧林匹克運(yùn)動會開幕式期間，聯(lián)合國秘書長潘基文引用“少年智則國智，少年富則國富，少年強(qiáng)則國強(qiáng)”進(jìn)行了公開演講。在如何提升少年“強(qiáng)”的問題上，前文所述國家的軍事訓(xùn)練方式方法各有不同，但是“鐵打的營盤流水的兵”，偶發(fā)的軍訓(xùn)事件還是暴露出一些問題。

Instructors and students

“ seem to be in harmony but actually not ”

教官與學(xué)生的“貌合神離”

Psychological studies found that when people are forced to accept something， the feeling of repression would overwhelm the pleasure.

Some experts argued that \"military training aims at integrating the youth into the large collective and tempering their willpower for going towards a new stage.\" However， many students did not \"buy-in\". It was not rare to see that they keep complaining. Were the youths becoming more and more spoiled？ Or were the instructors acting differently from the rules， being too harsh or being not familiar with the psychological demands of young people？ The journalist heard many voices during the survey.

Mrs. Zhao， who came from Zhejiang， China said that it had been the first time that her daughter had come to study in the north. She was so afraid of her being not acclimatized that she watched every movement of her daughter throughout the military training， \"instructors were too harsh and unsympathetic， he always asked the students to stand at attention in the scorching sun， every time for half an hour or even longer.\" She showed her pity obviously and the girl who was born after 1990 smiled shyly and said， \"It was a suffering but we could not say that.\"

心理學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人在被迫接受一樣?xùn)|西時(shí)，壓抑代替了愉悅。

有專家表示，“軍訓(xùn)本意在于使青年人融入大集體，為走向新的人生階段錘煉意志，強(qiáng)健體魄?！钡芏鄬W(xué)生并不“買賬”，叫苦不迭的情況并不少見，是青年人越發(fā)嬌慣？還是教官不正規(guī)、太嚴(yán)厲、不熟知青年人心理訴求？記者在調(diào)查中聽到了諸多聲音。

來自中國浙江的趙女士表示，女兒初來北方上學(xué)，怕她水土不服，于是她全程觀察著女兒軍訓(xùn)的一舉一動，“教官太沒有人情味了，都是頂著烈日在站軍姿，一站就是半個(gè)小時(shí)甚至更久?！彼奶壑橐缬谘员?。90后女孩小胡則靦腆地笑笑，說“有苦難言?！?/p>

In the survey， some instructors told the journalist that the time of standing at attention was in accordance with the provisions. Normally， if it was rainy or the sun was scorching， they would avoid it， but some instructors said bluntly that \"the students today cannot endure hardships， their reverse psychology is very strong. \"

It is not difficult to find that in the military incident of Longshan County， China， the disharmony between instructors and students was the direct fuse. Allowing reservists to act as military training instructors also exposed that the organization and preparations for military training were insufficient.

It is said that in Israeli， who regards national defense education as a compulsory course， the fund and teachers are provided by the National Defense Forces. The personnel of military training are active duties. In addition， strictly according to the instructional syllabus and America \"JROTC\"， which has become the standards and template， the selected instructors are mostly mid-level officers in active service or retired officers， most of whom are very experienced. Besides， middle-aged officers are not as impulsive and reckless as what they were when they were young. They get on very well with students. With the fact that most of the student selected military training courses willingly， they tend to like their instructors.

在調(diào)查中，有教官告訴記者，站軍姿的時(shí)間都是按照規(guī)定進(jìn)行。一般若有刮風(fēng)下雨、烈日暴曬的天氣時(shí)，他們也會避開站軍姿項(xiàng)目。不過也有教官直言，“現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生吃不了苦，逆反心理比較嚴(yán)重?！?/p>

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，在中國龍山縣的軍訓(xùn)事中，直接導(dǎo)火索就是教官與學(xué)生互動的不和諧。而其中由預(yù)備役人員充當(dāng)軍訓(xùn)教官的做法，更暴露了軍訓(xùn)組織籌備的不足。

據(jù)了解，把國防教育列為必修課的以色列，國防教育的經(jīng)費(fèi)及師資由國防軍承擔(dān)，軍訓(xùn)人員均為現(xiàn)役人員。此外，已嚴(yán)格按照教學(xué)大綱，形成規(guī)范和模板的美國“JROTC”，選用的教官多是中級現(xiàn)役軍官，或者是退役軍官，大多數(shù)人都富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，且人到中年的軍官褪去了年少時(shí)的沖動和莽撞，和學(xué)生磨合得都非常融洽，再加上多是學(xué)生自愿選修軍訓(xùn)課程，所以和教官感情較深。

The project designing cannot catch up with practical operations

項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)踐操作脫節(jié)

An anonymous expert told the journalist that， \"In recent years， the phenomenon is serious that the program designing of China's military training cannot catch up with the operation of practical skills.\"

\"Marching， standing with attention and folding up a military quilt are necessary subjects of military training， but should not be the main content，\" Wang Hongguang， former deputy commander of the Nanjing Military Region of China said， \"The barracks could be open to the students and they could be organized to take part in activity of “one day in the barrack”； they can be shown the history of battles of the troops， the weapons and military camps， watch the military exercises and training， have interactive discussions with grassroots officers and soldiers， or be organized to shoot with live shells and have necessary training and preview before shooting.\"

一位不愿具名的專家告訴記者，“近年來，中國的軍訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目在設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)踐技能操作上存在嚴(yán)重脫節(jié)。”

“走正步、站軍姿、疊軍被都是軍訓(xùn)的必要項(xiàng)目，但不能成為軍訓(xùn)的主要內(nèi)容”，中國南京軍區(qū)原副司令員王洪光撰文表示，“可以開放軍營，組織學(xué)生‘軍營一日’活動；可以參觀部隊(duì)的軍戰(zhàn)史，參觀武器裝備和軍營，參觀軍事演習(xí)和訓(xùn)練，和基層官兵座談互動，組織一次實(shí)彈射擊和射擊之前必要的練習(xí)、預(yù)習(xí)?！?/p>

Meanwhile， in Britain， every year 400 thousand boy scouts obtain skills of self-reliance by experiencing and enjoying outdoor explorations. Although they are different from the mandatory short-term training of China which is taken every several years， the projects of the boy scouts include expertise such as hiking， boating， cross-country hiking and investigating， and survival skills， covering a wide range of practical operations.

In fact， in the early 20th century， the British officer Robert Baden-Powell elaborated the important roles that team-based outdoor sports and military training played in the growing up of youths in his book Activities of Boy Scouts. Activities of boy scouts spread over Britain in a very short time and then spread to America and many other countries in Europe， Even countries of Asia and Africa also set up official organization of boy scouts. In addition to the Boy Scouts Association， the British Ministry of Defense set up Training Corps of Army Officers， Naval Training Center and the Air Force Squadron in some universities， so British students could have primary military training together with the opportunity to learn battlefield-related practical skills of daily life， which cultivated the youths’ interest in army.

與此同時(shí)，在英國，每年有40萬的童子軍通過體驗(yàn)和享受戶外探險(xiǎn)，培養(yǎng)自立自強(qiáng)本領(lǐng)。雖然與中國每幾年一次的短期強(qiáng)制性集訓(xùn)不同，但童子軍的學(xué)習(xí)項(xiàng)目涵蓋爬山、劃船、越野、偵查等專業(yè)項(xiàng)目和求生技能，實(shí)踐操作涉及范圍廣。

實(shí)際上，20世紀(jì)初，英國軍官羅伯特·貝登堡就在其著作《男童子軍的活動》中，詳述團(tuán)隊(duì)式戶外運(yùn)動和軍事訓(xùn)練對青少年成長的重要作用。童子軍的活動在極短時(shí)間風(fēng)靡全英，并迅速傳遍了歐美等許多國家，甚至亞非等國也紛紛成立正式童子軍組織。除童子軍總會外，英國國防部在一些大學(xué)設(shè)立陸軍軍官訓(xùn)練團(tuán)、海軍訓(xùn)練中心和空軍飛行中隊(duì)，讓英國學(xué)生除了接受初級軍訓(xùn)外，還能有機(jī)會學(xué)到日常生活中許多與戰(zhàn)場有關(guān)的實(shí)用技能，培養(yǎng)青年對軍隊(duì)的興趣。

Separation of military

training and national

defense construction

軍訓(xùn)歷練與國防建設(shè)的分離

The journalist found in the survey that， although some schools only required short-term training of 5 days， the students’ opinion that \"a good person will not be a soldier，\" came into being early. \"In 5 days I only learned how to march， even so I still got sun-tanned. How sun-tanned I would be if I become a soldier？\" Wang， who was born in 2000 asked.

Sun Dongdong， professor of Law School of Peking University responded by saying that \"For youths who do not understand the modernization of national defense， military training with formalism will not temper their willpower， but plant in their minds the idea that the army is 'simple-minded and full of sufferings'， which will inevitably lead to their resentment of the army， and even strengthen the secular opinion that ‘a(chǎn) good person will not be a soldier.’\" As for this， some experts maintained that if military training experience could not be integrated into the national defense construction effectively， it went against the origin on which it was established.

In the United States， although students could choose whether to take military training or not out of their own will， military training of the United States has the clear target of cultivating reserve forces for the military from the beginning. For example， the Air Force of the United States has a \"Civil Air Patrol\" （abbreviation as \"CAP\"）， one of whose functions is to recruit 12-18 year-old adolescents as trainees. In addition， the above-mentioned \"JROTC\" can be a good experience for high school student who will be enlisted to join the army or enter the military academy after graduation.

記者在調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，雖然一些學(xué)校僅僅只有5天的短期訓(xùn)練，但學(xué)生對于“好男不當(dāng)兵”的想法早已萌芽?！?天時(shí)間我就只學(xué)會了踢正步，還被曬黑了一圈，那進(jìn)入軍營豈不被曬得更黑嗎？”2000年出生的小王反問道。

北京大學(xué)法學(xué)院教授孫東東對此表示，“對不了解國防現(xiàn)代化的青少年而言，一些形式主義的軍訓(xùn)不僅不能磨練其意志，反而在其心目中先種下軍隊(duì)是‘頭腦簡單、一味吃苦’的觀念，勢必導(dǎo)致其對軍隊(duì)的反感，甚至強(qiáng)化了‘好男不當(dāng)兵’的世俗觀念?！睂Υ耍袑＜冶硎?，軍訓(xùn)歷練不能切實(shí)融入國防建設(shè)，與其設(shè)立初衷相悖。

而在美國，雖然參加軍訓(xùn)都出于個(gè)人意愿，但美國軍訓(xùn)從一開始就明確了為軍隊(duì)培養(yǎng)后備力量的目標(biāo)，如美國空軍擁有一支“民間空中巡邏隊(duì)”（英文簡稱“CAP”），該組織的功能之一便是招募12至18歲的青少年作為見習(xí)生。此外，前文所述的“JROTC”則可為高中生畢業(yè)后入伍參軍或進(jìn)入軍校錦上添花。