軍訓之“道”

Early as in the ancient China， The Rites of Zhou came up with Six Arts， namely \"ritual， music， archery， chariot-riding， calligraphy and mathematics\"， among which archery and chariot-riding were military-related training. Coincidentally， the ancient Greek thinker Plato also stressed the importance of physical military training to the soul of a person in his Utopia.

According to historical records， after the Sino-Japanese War， the famous politician in modern history of China， Kang Youwei mentioned in Book of Great Harmony that \"Now the westerns do gymnastics every day since they enter school， and have military training in order to strengthen the bones and muscles.\" Obviously， European countries and America already placed high emphasis on military training， the purpose of which was to \"strengthen the bones and muscles\". In 1912， the Republic of China enacted the \"Provisional Act of General Education\"， which clearly stated that \"high school gymnastics should focus on military style\". In the same year， military education was regarded as a purpose of education， requiring that every school of the nation should pay great attention to military training.

早在中國古代《周禮》中，即有六藝之說，即“禮、樂、射、御、書、數(shù)”，其中射與御都是與軍事相關(guān)的訓練。無獨有偶，古希臘思想家柏拉圖在其《理想國》中，也提及進行軍事體育訓練對一個人靈魂的重要性。

另據(jù)史料記載，在中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭后，中國近代史上著名政治家康有為在《大同書》中提到，“今白人自入童學，每日即有體操，皆習兵以強筋骨”。可見，以“強筋骨”為目的的訓練在當時已經(jīng)為歐美等國家所重視。1912年，中華民國頒布《普通教育暫行法》，明確規(guī)定了“高等小學以上體操應(yīng)注重兵式”，同年正式將軍事教育列入教育宗旨，令全國各學校都注重軍訓。

At present， Chinese colleges and universities have made military training one of the compulsory courses. Among them， the high school military training belongs to social practice activities， and its examination results of skills training and lectures of military knowledge will be recorded in the school files. In China's Military Service Law， there are chapters specifically for elaborating that， the Ministry of Education and the Department of Defense are to be responsible for the military training of colleges， universities and high schools. The chapters also pointed out that students \"must receive basic military training.\"

In the United States， the Department of Defense has set up 351 Training Corps of Reserve Officers among 350 universities and more than 650 senior high schools， after graduation the reserve officers will be awarded the rank of Reserve Second Lieutenant. The main subjects of high school military training are sponsored by the federal government with its \"Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps program\" （abbreviation as JROTC）. However， different from China's \"you must accept\"， the American military service was abolished of after Vietnam War in 1973. Being enlisted or taking military training should be out of one’s own will.

But in Russia， Putin made an order in 2000 as the Acting President that military training should be given to Russian students and patriotism education should be strengthened， calling on all Russian adolescents to spend five days a year in the regional military bases from the age of 15 to learn military skills， for instance， shooting.

目前，中國各高校軍訓已納入必修課程。其中，高中生軍訓屬于社會實踐活動，其軍事技能訓練和軍事知識講座考核成績將會載入本人學籍檔案。在中國的《兵役法》中專門有章節(jié)闡述，規(guī)定高校和中學的軍訓由教育部和國防部負責，并指出大學生“必須接受基本軍事訓練?！?/p>

在美國，國防部在全國350所高等院校和650多所高級中學設(shè)立了351個后備役軍官訓練團，結(jié)業(yè)后授予預備役少尉軍銜。對于高中生的主要軍訓科目，則是由聯(lián)邦政府向全美公立高中贊助“少年預備役軍官訓練團項目”（英文簡稱JROTC）完成。但是，與中國的“必須接受”所不同，美國自1973年越南戰(zhàn)爭后廢除兵役制，應(yīng)征入伍和接受軍訓完全出于個人自愿。

而在俄羅斯，2000年時任代總統(tǒng)的普京下令，對俄羅斯學生普遍實行軍訓并加強愛國主義教育，號召所有俄羅斯男女少年從15歲開始，每年花5天駐在地區(qū)軍事基地里，學習射擊等軍事技術(shù)。

Although different countries have different histories and training contents in the process of implementing youth military training， the responsibility and meanings of military training are highly unified.

The federal government’s opinion on the establishment of JROTC program was that it aimed to give high school students a better understanding of the army， and to cultivate， therefore， the students' sense of patriotism， sense of responsibility and sense of accomplishment to serve the United States.

The spokesperson of Chinese Ministry of Defense， Yang Yujun also said when he was answering the journalist’s question， that students of Chinese colleges and universities， vocational high schools and high schools should receive military training when they were at school， which was arranged according to the regulations of Military Service Law and the National Defense Education Act. \"It has great significance for strengthening the reserve forces of national defense， enhancing trainees’ consciousness of national defense and improving personal fitness.\" he stressed.

雖然各國在青年軍事訓練進程中，歷史走向和訓練內(nèi)容等各有不同，但軍訓所承擔的責任和意義卻高度統(tǒng)一。

美國聯(lián)邦政府對JROTC項目的設(shè)立表示，其宗旨在于使高中生更加了解軍隊，從而培養(yǎng)學生的愛國意識及服務(wù)美國的責任感、成就感。

中國國防部新聞發(fā)言人楊宇軍在答記者問中也表示，中國普通高校、職業(yè)高中和普通高中學生在校期間接受軍事訓練，是根據(jù)《兵役法》和《國防教育法》中有關(guān)規(guī)定作出的安排?！皩τ诩訌妵篮髠淞α拷ㄔO(shè)、增強受訓人員國防意識、提高受訓人員個人身體素質(zhì)都有重要意義?！彼麖娬{(diào)。