韓國的綠色增長

It is urgent and inevitable that climate change， energy security， and environmental degradation have become the major issues for national development all over the world. Thereby， concepts of green growth， sustainable development， energy conservation and emission reduction， which draw high attention by many nations， are gradually becoming the strategic thoughts to tackle the issues.

Climate change has had a massive impact on The Republic of Korea for many years. The temperature has risen by 1.7 degrees centigrade in the last 20 years， and the rate is twice compared with the world’s average. Korea over-depends on the importation of oversea energy resources， with nearly 97% of the annual energy consumption provided by global markets. More serious is that the slow growth of the economy since the early 1990s leads to the low employment situation. Low-Carbon Green Growth strategy （LCGG）， as a national strategy for green growth， was put forward in 2008 to respond to climate change， to ensure domestic energy security， and to improve the life quality. It creates a new engine for the long-term development of the national economy to make Korea become a green power in the future. This paper firstly narrates the policies and targets of LCGG concisely. As energy resources are given high priority for Korea to step toward green， the current situation of the energy sources of The Republic of Korea is presented， followed by the energy policies and actions that concern mitigating climate change and improving energy security.

縱觀全球，氣候變化、能源安全以及環(huán)境惡化等問題逐漸成為各國發(fā)展必須面對的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。由此，綠色增長、可持續(xù)發(fā)展、節(jié)能減排等相關(guān)概念已經(jīng)受到各個國家的高度重視，并且許多國家都以此來考慮國家的發(fā)展問題。多年以來，韓國深受氣候變化的影響，過去20年韓國的氣溫上升了1.7攝氏度，相當(dāng)于世界平均水平的兩倍；能源供給過度依賴海外能源的進(jìn)口，全國每年將近97%的能源消費(fèi)來自國際市場；此外，20世紀(jì)90年代以來，低速增長的經(jīng)濟(jì)導(dǎo)致了就業(yè)形勢持續(xù)低迷。2008年，韓國政府提出了低碳綠色增長戰(zhàn)略，并將其作為一個國家層面的戰(zhàn)略，促進(jìn)綠色增長，應(yīng)對氣候變化，確保能源安全，以及改善人民的生活質(zhì)量。綠色增長戰(zhàn)略能夠為韓國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造新的動力，并推動韓國走上綠色強(qiáng)國之路。本文首先簡要闡述韓國低碳綠色增長戰(zhàn)略的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，然后描述韓國當(dāng)前的能源形勢，最后論述了韓國應(yīng)對氣候變化、提升能源安全的相關(guān)對策和計劃。

National strategy for green growth

綠色增長國家戰(zhàn)略

During the celebration of the 60th anniversary for the foundation of the Korean Republic in 2008， the former president Lee Myung-bak laid out a new vision for the next sixty years： to develop a “Low-Carbon Green Growth” economy on the basis of the spectacular improvements. The mid-term plan of the national green growth strategy， the five-year plan， was announced in 2009. The Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth， containing a series of actions and rules， was enacted in the same year. Since then the framework of green growth for Korea has gradually been formed. The framework of the Korean green growth strategy system was outlined with some essentials and actions as follows： （Tab 1）

2008年，在韓國建國60周年大會上，韓國前總統(tǒng)李明博為國家未來60年的發(fā)展制定了一個新的規(guī)劃：韓國需要發(fā)展一個低碳的、綠色增長的經(jīng)濟(jì)。2009年，政府出臺了《綠色增長基本法》，制定了比較全面的措施和條例，同年還發(fā)布了五年計劃，作為實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色增長國家戰(zhàn)略的中期計劃。至此，綠色增長的發(fā)展框架逐漸形成。

The vision， which guides the direction of the holistic strategy， set the target that Korea would become a world green power by 2050 through green growth. The Strategy gave high priorities to some significant fields， including energy resource， green industries， low-carbon society， green finance and international cooperation.

To ensure consistency between the plan and implementation， the Presidential Committee on Green Growth （PCGG） was established to plan， co-ordinate and assess green growth policies. Global Green Growth Institution （GGGI）， as a green research center， established in 2010， was to share good practical experience about green growth and assist developing countries in building sustainable green growth models. In recognition of the importance of collaborating with other stakeholders within and outside the government， the strategy was implemented in close partnership with local governments and other stakeholders， including NGOs and private enterprises. In financial aspects， the Korean government committed to invest 2% of the annual GDP over the five-year green growth strategy plan， and anticipated to grow at 10% per year to promote the development of green technologies and green infrastructures.

The five-year plan for green growth （2009-13）， which was the blueprint of the mid-term strategy for government actions， mainly contained three targets with ten specific policy directions. （Tab 2） Furthermore， in order to take the five-year plan into effective actions， the government identified 27 new green engines for growth， such as green and renewable energy industries， low-carbon and energy-efficient technologies， advanced water management， energy storage systems， and smart grid technology.

整個國家戰(zhàn)略的制定和執(zhí)行都遵循低碳綠色增長的總體規(guī)劃，韓國希望依靠綠色增長使其在2050年前成為一個世界綠色強(qiáng)國。此外，綠色增長戰(zhàn)略指出了國家需要優(yōu)先發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)項目，比如能源、綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)、低碳社會、綠色金融以及國際合作。

為了確保計劃與實(shí)施的一致性，政府成立了綠色增長總統(tǒng)委員會來協(xié)調(diào)和評估綠色增長的政策措施。2010年還成立了全球綠色增長研究所，作為一個研發(fā)中心主要負(fù)責(zé)學(xué)習(xí)和共享綠色增長成功實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗，同時還要幫助發(fā)展中國家建立可持續(xù)綠色增長模式。戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施還關(guān)注與地方政府和其他政府外部利益相關(guān)者之間的密切合作，包括非政府組織和私人企業(yè)。在資金方面，韓國政府承諾每年投入GDP的2%，用于綠色增長戰(zhàn)略五年計劃，并且計劃不斷增加投資，對綠色技術(shù)和綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的投入每年增長10%。

綠色增長五年計劃（2009—2013）作為中期戰(zhàn)略計劃的藍(lán)圖，主要包括3個戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)和10項具體政策。除此以外，為了有效實(shí)施五年計劃，政府還重點(diǎn)確立了27個推動綠色發(fā)展的引擎，比如鼓勵發(fā)展綠色和可再生能源行業(yè)，推廣節(jié)能減排技術(shù)，先進(jìn)的水資源管理，完善能源存儲系統(tǒng)，普及智能電網(wǎng)等。

Outline of energy resource

in the Republic of Korea

韓國能源情況及能源措施概述

The Republic of Korea meets nearly all of its high energy demands by relying on imports. The Republic of Korea over-depends on the energy importation because of the insufficiency of domestic energy resources， which makes the country become one of the world’s leading energy importers. It is easily influenced by the international fluctuation of energy prices. According to the reports （2013） by the U.S. Energy Information Administration， The Republic of Korea was the second largest importer of liquefied natural gas （LNG）， the fourth largest importer of coal， and the fifth largest net importer of total petroleum and other liquids. The Republic of Korea has no international oil or a natural gas pipeline， which makes it rely exclusively on tanker shipments of overseas liquid natural gas and crude oil. However， despite its lack of domestic energy resources， The Republic of Korea is home to some of the most advanced oil refineries in the world， which makes the country the largest exporter of petroleum products in Asia. The highly developed economy drove the country’s high energy consumption. The industry structure and the structure of energy consumption are exactly based on the use of the traditional fuel. The share of coal， oil and natural gas accounted for nearly 86% of energy aggregate consumption while clean energy （such as nuclear， hydroelectric） accounted for around 13%， and renewable energy for less than 2% only in 2011. Recently， the steady increase on natural gas， coal， and nuclear energy consumption has contributed to the decrease of the share of petroleum and other liquids in the country’s primary energy consumption. The government originally planned to increase the nuclear share of total energy consumption for the next 20 years， but the influences from the Fukushima disasters and the policies limited its increase.

Energy reform is the core of the green growth in the Republic of Korea. Low Carbon Green Growth Strategy is one policy along with other energy policies for energy reform. The country aimed to achieve the targets of meeting higher energy consumption， improving energy security， realizing energy conservation and emission reduction， and reducing energy dependence through diversifying its fuel portfolio and developing green environmental protection technologies and new and renewable energy.

由于韓國能源稀缺，國內(nèi)高漲的能源需求幾乎全部依賴于能源進(jìn)口，韓國也因此成為了一個世界能源進(jìn)口大國，國際能源市場價格浮動對國內(nèi)的能源價格無疑會產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。2013年美國能源信息署的報告顯示，韓國已經(jīng)成為世界第二大液化天然氣進(jìn)口國，第四大煤炭進(jìn)口國，以及第五大石油和其他液體燃料進(jìn)口國。韓國沒有國際石油或天然氣運(yùn)輸管道，因此運(yùn)輸海外的液化天然氣和原油必須付出很高的航運(yùn)成本。盡管國內(nèi)能源資源稀缺，韓國卻是亞洲最大的石油產(chǎn)品出口國，擁有世界最先進(jìn)的煉油廠。高速發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激了大量的能源消耗，但是韓國工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)以及能源消耗的結(jié)構(gòu)仍然以傳統(tǒng)燃料為主：2011年，煤炭、石油和天然氣占據(jù)能源總消耗量的86%，清潔能源（比如核能，水力）大約占13%，可再生能源僅僅占了不到1%。目前，雖然天然氣、煤炭和核能消耗的穩(wěn)定增長使得石油和其他液態(tài)燃料在國家一次能源消費(fèi)中所占比例不斷下降，但是由于受到福島災(zāi)難的教訓(xùn)以及國內(nèi)的限制政策的影響，政府不得不調(diào)整增加核能使用的原計劃，這也阻礙了核能的廣泛使用。

能源改革在韓國綠色增長中處于核心地位，低碳綠色增長國家戰(zhàn)略與其他能源政策共同推動了韓國的能源改革。韓國希望通過多元化的能源資源組合利用，廣泛利用各種資源，發(fā)展綠色環(huán)境保護(hù)技術(shù)，以及開發(fā)新的可再生能源來實(shí)現(xiàn)能源目標(biāo)：滿足更高的能源消費(fèi)，改善能源安全，實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)能減排并且降低能源的依賴性。

To compensate for the lack of domestic oil reserves and to secure more crude oil， both the state-owned and private oil companies have engaged in many overseas exploration and production projects. The Korean authorities encouraged private exploration and production overseas through tax benefits and the extension of credit lines to international oil companies by the Korea Export-Import bank. They even provided diplomatic aids for overseas negotiations. As of 2013， Korea National Oil Corporation invested in 226 projects in 24 countries.

The rapid development of economy led to the increasing electricity demand. Some scholars suggested increasing the domestic energy price to reduce electricity demand. The country planned to address its issues of increasing electricity demand and chronic power shortages at the peak season by installing power plants for the next several years. The government's long-term electricity plan （2013-27） aimed to expand capacity to raise reserve margins to 22% by 2027. Fossil fuels accounted for 70% of total 2012 generation， while 29% came from nuclear power， and nearly 1% came from renewable sources. The goal in the Fifth Basic Plan for Long-Term Electricity Supply and Demand （2011-24） was to generate nearly half of the power supply from nuclear sources by 2024. However， the current draft proposal of the country's long-term energy plan， unveiled at the end of 2013， revised down the share of nuclear capacity to 29% of total generating capacity by 2035 from the prior 41% by 2030 due to the security of nuclear power.

為了彌補(bǔ)國內(nèi)稀缺的石油儲量并且獲取更多的原油，韓國的國有企業(yè)和私營石油企業(yè)參與了許多海外的勘探和生產(chǎn)項目。韓國官方鼓勵私營企業(yè)進(jìn)行海外勘探和生產(chǎn)，韓國進(jìn)出口銀行還對部分跨國石油企業(yè)實(shí)行稅收優(yōu)惠和放寬信用額度，他們甚至為海外談判提供外交方面的援助。截止到2013年，韓國國家石油公司已經(jīng)在24個國家投資了226個海外項目。

經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展導(dǎo)致電力需求的膨脹，一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為提高電價可以有效緩解國內(nèi)高峰期過高的用電的需求，政府則計劃在未來幾十年內(nèi)通過增設(shè)發(fā)電廠來應(yīng)對日益增加的電力需求和長期的高峰期電力短缺問題。為此，政府制定了長期電力計劃（2013—2027），目的是要擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)能，提高電力儲備量。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在2012年的發(fā)電總量中，化石燃料占了70%，核能占了29%，而可再生能源的發(fā)電量只占了不到1%。長期電力供需戰(zhàn)略（2011—2024）的第五個基本計劃指出，到2024年核能資源將占電力供給的比例將達(dá)到一半。但是，2013年底公布的國家長期能源計劃建議草案否決了普及核能的計劃，由于核能的安全問題，草案調(diào)低了核能占發(fā)電總量的比例，從原來的在2030年前核能發(fā)電占發(fā)電總量的41%下調(diào)至在2035年前的29%。

The Republic of Korea also planed to promote renewable energy to try to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions， 30% lower than business-as-usual projected levels in 2020， increase the share of renewable energy from 2.4% in 2007 up to 11% by 2020， and to lift the non-fossil fuel energy input by 2030 up to nearly 40% （nuclear 28% and renewable 11%）. W22 trillion had been invested by the government to focus on renewable energy in 2011-2013. A renewable portfolio standard for the Republic of Korea became effective in 2012 as a small share of electricity generations from renewable sources， with a beginning renewable electricity quota of 2% of total generation for larger generators rising to 10% by 2022. Hydropower was limited to the small dams and low pumped-storage facility， and the government decided to take advantages of its offshore location， and planed to invest $8.2 billion into offshore wind farms to reach a wind capacity of 2.5 GW by 2019. Solar and tidal projects were also promoted as part of the country's green growth strategy to reduce reliance on fossil fuel imports. Overall， the government planed to increase generation from renewable energy sources from the current 2% to 12% of total consumption by 2027. A focus was set on the introduction of smart grid with the goal of having converted the entire national grid to a smart grid by 2030 so as to transport and distribute electric power in an even better fashion.

The government expected to invest around $11 billion by 2030 in green technologies RD， and the recommendations from GGGI was to adopt a Certified Emission Reductions system， which required the countries and business to reduce emissions. The president Park Geun-Hye tried to limit the country’s dependence on foreign energy supply through the green growth strategy. The convergence between information and communication technology and scientific technology were promoted as the key factors to addressing the energy issues in President Park’s idea of a “creative energy economy”. The president also emphasized on the need to increase the international cooperation on energy resources， particularly between energy producing and consuming countries in the north of Asia. Furthermore， the president suggested that Northeastern Asian countries could cooperate on the development and transition of shale gas from China and North America， exploiting oil and gas reserves in Siberia， and constructing regional power grids.

Energy source would be one of the most significant issues toward green growth for not only the Republic of Korea， but all the nations around the world. The Republic of Korea’s green growth strategy could be viewed as a typical case that is comprehensive and systematic for it creates new engines and presents a sustainable paradigm for economic growth； however， the achievements should be verified long term. The Republic of Korea believes that green growth would help the nation create a second coming Korean Miracle. The transition to green growth offers the potential for the nation to develop through poverty reduction， incentive of innovation， job creation， environmental improvement and the creation of more equitable societies. It also plans to improve the quality of life and make Korea a leader in the world’s green growth.

為了減少溫室氣體的排放，韓國大力推進(jìn)可再生能源。預(yù)計到2020年，與傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)模式相比，韓國將使溫室氣體的排放降低30%，提高可再生能源在能源利用中的比例，計劃由2007年的2.4%提高到2020年的11%，并且增加非化石燃料能源的輸入量。在2011到2013年間，政府已經(jīng)投入了22萬億韓元來推進(jìn)可再生能源發(fā)展。可再生能源的發(fā)電量占韓國發(fā)電總量的份額很低，政府于2012年制定了可再生能源配合比例標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)定到2022年，大型發(fā)電機(jī)的可再生能源發(fā)電配額由2%提高到10%。水力發(fā)電也受到水壩小和低抽水蓄能設(shè)備的限制，政府決定利用海島優(yōu)勢，并計劃投入82億元建設(shè)海上風(fēng)電場，預(yù)計到2019年能獲得25億瓦特的風(fēng)能量。太陽能和潮汐能工程項目也作為綠色增長戰(zhàn)略的一部分來應(yīng)對能源問題?？偟膩碇v，政府計劃到2027年，可再生能源的發(fā)電量將從目前的2%提高到12%。此外，為了更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)電力的運(yùn)輸和分配，政府計劃到2030年將全國所有的電網(wǎng)都改裝成智能電網(wǎng)。

2030年前，政府預(yù)計將對綠色技術(shù)研發(fā)投入110億美元，全球綠色增長研究所建議采取核定減排量體系來推動國家和企業(yè)實(shí)施減排?，F(xiàn)任總統(tǒng)樸槿惠也表示希望通過綠色增長戰(zhàn)略來緩解韓國對外國能源的依賴。在總統(tǒng)樸槿惠的“創(chuàng)造性的能源經(jīng)濟(jì)”理念中，把信息及通信技術(shù)與科學(xué)技術(shù)的融合作為解決能源問題的關(guān)鍵因素，她還強(qiáng)調(diào)了應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)國家間的能源合作，尤其是北亞的能源生產(chǎn)國與消費(fèi)國之間的合作。同時，樸槿惠還指出東北亞國家可以加強(qiáng)合作，共同開發(fā)來自中國和北美地區(qū)的頁巖氣，在西伯利亞地區(qū)勘探油氣儲量并建立區(qū)域性的電網(wǎng)。

不僅僅是韓國，對于所有國家而言，能源都是實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色增長的關(guān)鍵。韓國的綠色增長戰(zhàn)略全面而系統(tǒng)，可以成為各國學(xué)習(xí)的典型經(jīng)驗，戰(zhàn)略也為韓國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展既創(chuàng)造新的動力，也提供了可持續(xù)的發(fā)展模式。然而，戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施效果需要長期的檢驗。但是韓國堅信綠色增長能給韓國帶來第二次“漢江奇跡”，綠色增長的轉(zhuǎn)變能夠消除貧困，刺激創(chuàng)新，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)，改善環(huán)境并使社會更加公平，還能改善生活質(zhì)量，使韓國成為世界綠色增長的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。

Zhang Xu， Ph. D. （1971--）， male， associate professor， Faculty of Business and Economy， Dalian University of Technology， research orientation include strategic management， corporate social responsibility， and green growth.

Zhou Zhaojun（1990--）， male， graduate， Faculty of Business and Economy， Dalian University of Technology， research orientation include green growth， green management.

作者簡介：

張旭（1971-），男（漢），博士，大連理工大學(xué)管理與經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)部副教授，研究方向為戰(zhàn)略管理、企業(yè)社會責(zé)任、綠色增長。

周炤駿（1990-），男，大連理工大學(xué)管理與經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)部研究生，研究方向為綠色增長、綠色管理。