為青少年打造安全網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境

Recently， the European Open Rights Group conducted a research whose result showed that the British Internet Service Provider （ISP） has shut down a fifth of the domestic websites and even some harmless websites including one dedicated to providing postnatal knowledge. A Porsche intermediary and consultant website was also shielded by British Internet service provider O2.

Although British government has never enacted any laws to regulate the ISPs to shut down these websites， but David Cameron， the British Prime Minister has been very supportive to such actions. In 2013， delivered a speech when attending a conference aimed to combat online pornography， in which he said that the innocent adolescents should be particularly protected. Jim Killock， the Executive Director of the Open Rights Group said that different website filters have different levels of security protection， and websites with different protocols also differ in shielding. Therefore， some websites were shut down mistakenly. A test will start accordingly to develop a safer and better website filter.

Actually， apart from Britain， China， Japan， Korea， America and Singapore also made actions respectively to deal with internet insecurity to protect the juveniles.

最近，歐洲開放權(quán)利組織開展了一項調(diào)研。結(jié)果顯示，為了避免讓未成年人受到成人網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容的影響，英國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商（ISP）現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)屏蔽了該國國內(nèi)約五分之一的網(wǎng)站。其中，ISP也誤關(guān)了一些對未成年人毫無傷害的網(wǎng)站。例如，一家旨在用于教育目的的孕后輔導(dǎo)網(wǎng)站也在被屏蔽之列；一家保時捷中介與咨詢公司也被英國移動和寬帶服務(wù)供應(yīng)商O2屏蔽。

盡管英國政府沒有強制ISP采取這些措施，但是英國首相大衛(wèi)·卡梅倫對ISP的這一舉措非常支持。2013年，卡梅倫曾參加一個指在打擊互聯(lián)網(wǎng)色情的會議。在卡梅倫發(fā)表的講話中，他重點提出了要保護那些上網(wǎng)的無辜未成年人。歐洲開放權(quán)利組織的執(zhí)行主任吉姆·基爾洛克表示，不同的網(wǎng)站過濾器所具備的安全保護功能級別也不盡相同，針對不同協(xié)議的網(wǎng)站，屏蔽的差異也會存在。因此，的確有一些網(wǎng)站被誤關(guān)。對此，將來會開展一項試驗，并將考慮研發(fā)更加嚴格安全的網(wǎng)站過濾功能。

其實，英國的這項舉措不足為奇。面對青少年網(wǎng)絡(luò)不安全的現(xiàn)狀，中國、日本、韓國、美國、新加坡等國紛紛出招應(yīng)對。

China

中國

In a country where the group of juvenile internet users is huge， cleansing the internet environment is definitely a challenging issue. To protect the juveniles， China has enacted the Law on the Protection of Minors， forbidding any entities or individuals to selling， leasing or disseminating obscene， violent， horror and gambling material in any other ways to the minors.

對于擁有龐大青少年網(wǎng)民群體的中國來說，如何凈化網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境這一問題無疑是個難題。為了保護未成年人上網(wǎng)安全，《中華人民共和國未成年人保護法》規(guī)定，國家要采取措施預(yù)防未成年人沉迷網(wǎng)絡(luò)；禁止任何組織、個人制作或者向未成年人出售、出租或者以其他方式傳播淫穢、暴力、兇殺、恐怖、賭博等毒害未成年人的電子出版物以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息等。

In addition， Chinese government is actively developing internet tools and products to protect the minors. To help parents guide their children in using the internet， Chinese government is actively formulating the “Mom Education Plan”.

Feng Jun， a CPPCC member said that China should develop an Internet Managing and Rating System： “Minors are incapable of distinguishing the good contents from the bad. It is necessary that we develop a rating system to prevent the minors from viewing objectionable contents.” Some parents and schools are trying everything to stop the students from using the internet. On this subject， Tong Guohua， an NPC Deputy stated： “We are living in a ‘double world’ where internet virtual world and real society both exist. It is impossible for parents to completely block their children from internet. The application and management of internet should be concomitant. We must design from the top level， and adapt the social managing system to the development of new technologies. We’ve constructed a legal system with Chinese characteristics， and we can build a legal system aimed to regulate the internet society as well.”

此外，中國政府鼓勵研究開發(fā)有利于保護未成年人上網(wǎng)安全的網(wǎng)絡(luò)工具，鼓勵提供適合未成年人的網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。為了幫助家長引導(dǎo)未成年人正確使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，中國政府積極推進“母親教育計劃”。

中國政協(xié)委員馮俊認為，中國應(yīng)該建立保護未成年人的網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理分級制度?！拔闯赡耆藢W(wǎng)絡(luò)信息的辨別、選擇能力較弱。我們有必要對網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)容進行評級，嚴格禁止未成年人瀏覽、觀看不適宜的相關(guān)內(nèi)容”。對于很多家長想方設(shè)法阻止孩子上網(wǎng)，一些學(xué)校甚至對學(xué)生“禁網(wǎng)”的現(xiàn)象，中國全國人大代表童國華指出，網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理宜“疏”不宜“堵”。“我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個由實體社會和虛擬社會構(gòu)成的‘雙重社會’里，家長拒絕網(wǎng)絡(luò)生活的想法是不現(xiàn)實的。加強互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用和管理是相輔相成的，必須從頂層考慮，使整個社會管理的體制和機制適應(yīng)新技術(shù)發(fā)展的需求。我們已經(jīng)建立了針對實體社會的社會主義特色法制體系，也要建立一個針對網(wǎng)絡(luò)社會的社會主義法律體系，才能有效地利用新的技術(shù)?！?/p>

Japan

日本

As an economical highly developed country with highly popular internet ， all kinds of internet crimes have been longtime bothering the Japanese government and citizens. The offenders use the internet to lure and abet the adolescences to engage in obscene activities. And the minors are frequently getting harmed by visiting adult websites.

Japan has been strengthening its laws and regulations to supervise the internet. After entering the 21st century， Japan has enacted the Regulation of the Internet Service Providers’ Liabilities， Regulations about Combating with the Dating Websites Luring the Minors， Regulation about the Internet Environment for Minor Users， Regulation Regarding the Emails and more， which have effectively stopped the objectionable contents from spreading.

作為一個經(jīng)濟發(fā)達、電腦和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)高度普及的國家，層出不窮、絡(luò)繹不絕的網(wǎng)上犯罪一直困擾著日本政府和普通民眾。比如，不法分子利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)進行詐騙、誘使未成年人參與色情淫穢活動。日本未成年人因登錄成人交友等網(wǎng)站而受到傷害的案件也屢屢發(fā)生。

近年來，日本不斷通過加強立法提高對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的監(jiān)管力度。進入21世紀之后，隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)達和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及，日本相繼制定了《規(guī)范互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)商責(zé)任法》和《打擊利用交友網(wǎng)站引誘未成年人法》、《青少年安全上網(wǎng)環(huán)境整備法》和《規(guī)范電子郵件法》等法律法規(guī)，有效遏制了網(wǎng)上犯罪和違法、有害信息。

The Regulation about the Internet Environment for Minor Users specifically stated the liabilities of ISPs and guardians： when selling cell phones to person under the age of 18， the ISPs should install filter software in advance which serves to block the harmful websites， and the computer companies must facilitate such actions. The guardians are responsible for supervising the minors in viewing internet contents through the managing softwares.

However， the regulation is not implemented quite smoothly since the minors are resisting obeying. The commercial interests for the producers have challenged the government in implementing. But the fact that the Regulation is effective in protecting the minors is quite conforming： according to the data released by Japanese National Police Agency. In the first half year of 2009， the number of online dating websites’ victims is 265， 25.6% lower than the same period of last year. Also the filter software is also gaining its popularity as its prevalence among Japanese families reached 25.6%.

其中，《青少年安全上網(wǎng)環(huán)境整備法》對網(wǎng)絡(luò)運營商、監(jiān)護人應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任做出了明確規(guī)定。該法律要求，在向未滿18歲的未成年人出售手機，提供網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)時，手機網(wǎng)絡(luò)運營商必須在其出售的手機中安裝過濾有害網(wǎng)站的軟件；電腦廠商則必須為其安裝過濾軟件提供便利。對于未成年人的監(jiān)護人來說，他們有義務(wù)掌握孩子的上網(wǎng)情況，并通過過濾軟件等手段對孩子的網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用情況進行管理等。

然而，對于該法律的相關(guān)要求，未成年人有著較強的抗拒情緒，這讓政策的推進面臨很大阻力。可以說，商家的商業(yè)利益驅(qū)使和法律的難操作性，也讓日本政府在推行《青少年網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境整備法》時面臨諸多困難。令人欣慰的是，事實表明，《青少年網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境整備法》實施以后，在保護未成年人網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全方面起到了明顯的積極作用。由日本警察廳公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2009年上半年，因為使用交友網(wǎng)站而受到侵害的未成年人為265人，比上年同期下降了25.6%。另外，日本的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)過濾服務(wù)正在逐步普及。為了防止青少年瀏覽有害網(wǎng)頁，設(shè)置過濾服務(wù)的家庭達到25.6%。

ROK

韓國

In terms of the network security management， The Republic of Korea adopts measures such as the real-name system for access to the internet， which is especially worth our following suit. The users cannot be entitled to access to the net and release information until they get their personal identification numbers verified if they want to log on 35 major Korean websites.

在網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全管理方面，韓國特別值得借鑒的措施是實行了網(wǎng)絡(luò)實名制。在登錄韓國35家主要網(wǎng)站時，用戶需要輸入個人身份證號碼等信息并得到驗證后，才能使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)和發(fā)布信息。

For those websites not suitable for visits of youngsters， The Republic of Korea has taken even stricter measures to verify ages and identities. In South Korea， portals and news sites are forbidden to contain contents inappropriate to teenagers. Despite less restriction to sites targeted at adults， identity and age must be recognized as well. An around-the- clock Harmful Information Reporting Center is set up within Information Communication Ethics Committee affiliated with the Korean government. In this way， technical means， the Korea Communication Commission （KCC） can manage to prevent its netizens from downloading pornographic video from foreign sites and reprinting them. In accordance with relevant regulations， provided that various websites in The Republic of Koreafail to voluntarily shield online articles， audios， videos and other forms that are obscene， illegal and associated with slandering others’ reputation， they shall bear legal liability for the disputes arising from these adverse information. It is reported that the South Korean government has arrested more than 100 suspects involved in arbitrary spread of pornography online， some of whom were sentenced to heavy penalties. In addition， 8 sites disseminating dissipate information have been reported to the police bureau for disposal.

對于那些不宜青少年瀏覽的網(wǎng)站，韓國更是實行了嚴格的年齡和身份核實措施。在韓國，門戶網(wǎng)站和新聞類的網(wǎng)站不能含有青少年不宜的內(nèi)容。即便成人類的網(wǎng)站限制較少，但也必須進行身份和年齡確認。在韓國政府下屬的信息通訊倫理委員會內(nèi)部，設(shè)有24小時運行的“有害信息舉報中心”。利用技術(shù)手段，韓國信息通訊部達到阻止網(wǎng)民從國外網(wǎng)站下載并轉(zhuǎn)載淫穢視頻的目的。根據(jù)相關(guān)規(guī)定，韓國的各類網(wǎng)站如果不主動屏蔽有關(guān)淫穢、違法和涉嫌詆毀他人名譽的網(wǎng)絡(luò)文章，音頻、影像資料等，他們將會因這些不良信息而引發(fā)的糾紛承擔(dān)相關(guān)法律責(zé)任。據(jù)悉，韓國政府曾逮捕了100多名在網(wǎng)上隨意散播色情信息的嫌疑犯。其中，一些人被處以重罰。另外，政府還將8家散布淫亂信息的網(wǎng)站舉報給警察廳處置。

Singapore

新加坡

Singapore is one of the countries which is the earliest one to promote the Internet in the world and with the highest penetration； it’s also among the most successful nations in the network management. The country enhances its network management by means of legislation， enforcement， access and self-restraint of citizen themselves.

In Singapore， the Broadcasting Act stipulates that three major Singaporean telecom service providers shall have the obligation to block specific sites. The Singaporean government shall have the right to require suppliers to delete pornographic contents of speech online. In case of the supplier’s failure to do so， it shall be subject to fine and temporary suspension of its business licenses. Besides， the government also encourages suppliers to develop and promote “family access system”， so as to help users filter out the contents improper for youngsters.

新加坡是世界上推廣互聯(lián)網(wǎng)最早和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率最高的國家之一，也是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理方面最為成功的國家之一。新加坡從立法、執(zhí)法、準入以及公民自我約束等渠道加強網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理。

在新加坡，其《廣播法》明確規(guī)定，新加坡三大電信服務(wù)供應(yīng)商負有屏蔽特定網(wǎng)站的義務(wù)。對于網(wǎng)站中宣揚色情內(nèi)容的言論，新加坡政府有權(quán)要求供應(yīng)商刪除。若供應(yīng)商不能履行義務(wù)，將會被罰款，被暫時吊銷營業(yè)執(zhí)照等。新加坡政府還鼓勵供應(yīng)商開發(fā)推廣“家庭上網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)”，借此幫助用戶過濾掉不宜青少年接觸的內(nèi)容。

Moreover， the Singaporean government has founded an “Internet Parent Advisory Group” to the effect of assisting parents in guiding safe surfing online of youngsters via government funding and by providing training courses. The Media Development Authority of Singapore has also established Internet Public Education Fund with a worth of $ 5 million for research and development of tools for effective management of web contents and carried out public education campaigns to encourage people to install green Internet software. So far， the Authority has blocked over 100 sites containing pornography and other undesirable contents.

此外，新加坡政府成立了“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)家長顧問組”。即由政府出資，通過舉辦培訓(xùn)班等方式，幫助家長指導(dǎo)青少年安全上網(wǎng)。新加坡媒體發(fā)展管理局還設(shè)立了500萬美元的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公共教育基金，用于研制開發(fā)有效的網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)容管理工具，開展公共教育活動，鼓勵人們安裝綠色上網(wǎng)軟件。到目前為止，該局已經(jīng)屏蔽了100多個包含色情等不良內(nèi)容的網(wǎng)站。

Germany

德國

It has always been a focus of cybercrime curbing for Germany to combat dissemination and possession of child pornography. The Top Criminal Court of Germany rules that there’s no difference between spreading child pornography online and printing similar contents； a maximum of 15-year imprisonment shall be given on both two circumstances. To this end， the German Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Police conduct 24-hour tracking and analysis of network information； they have also established an agency called “Online Patrol” by mobilizing experts and technical forces experienced at cracking down on pornography crimes. The page will display warnings once users attempt to click the sites with child pornography. Meanwhile， an information station is also run.

在德國，對“傳播和擁有兒童色情信息”的打擊一直是遏制網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪的重點。德國最高刑事法庭規(guī)定，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上散播兒童色情內(nèi)容同類似內(nèi)容的印刷品沒有區(qū)別，都將面臨最高達15年監(jiān)禁的處罰。為此，德國聯(lián)邦內(nèi)政部和聯(lián)邦警察局24小時跟蹤分析網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息，并調(diào)集打擊色情犯罪的專家和技術(shù)力量成立了“網(wǎng)上巡警”機構(gòu)。如果有網(wǎng)民試圖打開含有兒童色情內(nèi)容的網(wǎng)站，網(wǎng)頁將顯示警告說明。同時，還運行了一個信息舉報站。

To make mobile phone users free from interference， real-name registration is required for network access of mobile phones in Germany. To gain the cell phone access， a user needs to provide information like identity cards， address， bank account， and enter into the telecom operator's database for record. It is worth mentioning that， for minor customers， all telecom operators in Germany have to set anti-porn software on user cards so as to prevent criminal harassment.

為了保護手機用戶不受干擾，德國手機入網(wǎng)實施實名登記。要想辦理手機入網(wǎng)，人們需要提供包括身份證、住址、銀行賬戶等相關(guān)信息，并輸入到電信運營商的數(shù)據(jù)庫備案。值得一提的是，對于未成年人客戶，德國所有電信運營商都要給他們的用戶卡設(shè)置防色情軟件，從而防范犯罪分子的騷擾。

The US

美國

The United States boosts the world’s most mature and efficient Internet monitoring and control measures， of which， management of adult sites and protection of children in the Internet context is a top priority of the U.S. government. Since 1996， the U.S. Congress has successively passed an array of laws， including Communication Decency Act， Child Online Protection Act and Children’s Internet Protection Act （CIPA） ， imposing restrictions on pornographic websites. According to the CIPA， American public libraries must install their networked computers with pornography filter systems and the government shall provide financial support for establishing network filtering technology systems so that minors online can be free of online contact with “obscenity， child pornography and barefaced description harmful to them”. Otherwise， the library will not be able to obtain technical subsidies from the Government. The Act also stipulates that any one， who put minors in exposure to hazardous information for commercial purposes during the Internet communication， shall be fined $ 50，000 below or sentenced to detention of less than six months.

美國有著當(dāng)今世界最成熟和最有效率的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)監(jiān)控和管制措施，其中，對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)中成人網(wǎng)站的管理和針對兒童的保護是美國政府最為重視的問題。自1996年以來，美國國會先后通過了《通信內(nèi)容端正法》、《兒童在線保護法》和《兒童互聯(lián)網(wǎng)保護法》等法律，對色情網(wǎng)站加以限制。根據(jù)《兒童互聯(lián)網(wǎng)保護法》，美國的公共圖書館必須給聯(lián)網(wǎng)計算機安裝色情過濾系統(tǒng)，政府對建立網(wǎng)絡(luò)過濾技術(shù)系統(tǒng)提供資金支持，以防止未成年人上網(wǎng)接觸“淫穢、兒童色情和傷害未成年人的露骨描述”。否則，圖書館將無法獲得政府提供的技術(shù)補助資金。法案還規(guī)定，任何因商業(yè)目的在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)交流中導(dǎo)致未成年人接觸有害信息者，將處以5萬美元以下的罰款或被判6個月以內(nèi)的拘禁。

同時，美國有些州還對使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電子郵件等方式蓄意傷害他人情感的事件，定為刑事騷擾犯罪，可判處最高2年半刑期或不超過1000美元罰款。佛羅里達州規(guī)定，使用電子郵件和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對他人騷擾的，構(gòu)成一級輕罪；如利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對16周歲以下青少年進行騷擾的，將構(gòu)成三級重罪。

In the meantime， some American states have defined as criminal harassment offense the incident of deliberately hurting others’ feelings by use of the Internet and e-mail， for which imprisonment of up to two and a half years or a fine not exceeding $ 1，000 shall be exerted. According to Florida regulations， it shall be deemed as class I misdemeanor for act of harassment via e-mail and the Internet， while harassment to youngsters under 16 years via the Internet shall constitute Class III felony.

It’s also part of important network regulation taken by the U.S. government by encouraging public participation in the Internet oversight. Many American NGOs are actively getting involved in regulatory activities on the Internet， particularly on the child pornography rising online. US Federal Communications Commission （FCC） set up a special Executive Board in 1999， responsible for receiving reporting and complaints from the public. People can report and complain through letters， e-mail， fax and other means. An NGO named Website Association Advocating Children Protection is dedicated to reporting and verifying varieties of porn sites， analyzing server， charging method， IP address， owner， and other information on the porn site reported； once contents pertaining to child pornography are found， it will immediately report them to be to the FCC， the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children and other government authorities.

A survey shows that as many as 39% of American parents never teach their children how to correctly use the Internet. In this connection， the FBI has specially compiled and distributed for parents the Guide for Parents on Online Security. Some computer companies have also developed remote monitoring software oriented to parents. To further protect network security of youngsters， quantities of civil society groups organize themselves spontaneously， aiming at appealing to government legislation to prohibit operators from passing online payment function of phone porn sites.

鼓勵公眾參與對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的監(jiān)督也是美政府采取的一項重要網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)管措施。美國不少非政府組織主動地參與對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的監(jiān)管活動，尤其是針對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上出現(xiàn)的兒童色情內(nèi)容。美國“聯(lián)邦通訊委員會”在1999年專門成立了一個執(zhí)行局，負責(zé)接待公眾的舉報和投訴。公眾可以通過信件、電子郵件、傳真等多種方式進行投訴舉報。一個名叫“提倡保護兒童網(wǎng)站協(xié)會”的非政府組織專門致力于舉報和查證各種色情網(wǎng)站。他們對被舉報的色情網(wǎng)站的服務(wù)器、收費方式、IP地址、擁有者等信息進行分析，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)兒童色情內(nèi)容，就會向美國聯(lián)邦通訊委員會、全國失蹤和受剝削兒童保護中心等政府機構(gòu)報告。

一項調(diào)查顯示，美國多達39%的父母從沒有教導(dǎo)子女正確的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用方式。為此，美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局專門為家長編發(fā)了《網(wǎng)上安全家長指南》，一些電腦公司也開發(fā)出供家長使用的遠程監(jiān)視軟件。為了進一步保護青少年網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全，不少民間團體自發(fā)組織起來，旨在呼吁政府立法，禁止運營商通過手機色情網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付功能。

Russia

俄羅斯

Accompanied with the development of the Internet， disseminating pornography using the network have been on the rise in the Russia territory recently. Indicated by a survey on “frequently used search terms” on Internet users among Russian minors， “sex” and “porn” are ranked in the top ten.

To prevent the minors from further falling victims to online obscene and pornographic websites， the Russian government has increased its force of efforts in this regard， and agencies concerned are also constantly developing new countermeasures. A certain Internet service providers in Russia have provided special services to 22，000 families at their request. And requested by parents， a good many Internet companies have designated access time and access passwords for Internet terminals of these families. If minors of these families attempt to log in obscene and pornographic websites with absence of special password， a message of “Please Leave And Go To Study” will prompt immediately on the screen.

伴隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展，近年來俄羅斯境內(nèi)利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳播色情內(nèi)容的現(xiàn)象日益嚴重。在對俄未成年人互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶“經(jīng)常使用的搜索詞”的調(diào)查中，“性”和“色情”位于前十名。

為使本國未成年人不再成為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)淫穢、色情網(wǎng)站的“犧牲品”，俄政府已加大了相關(guān)管控力度，相關(guān)機構(gòu)也不斷擬定新對策。俄境內(nèi)某些網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)商已應(yīng)家長要求，為2.2萬個家庭提供了“父母密碼”專項服務(wù)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司根據(jù)家長要求，為這些家庭的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)終端設(shè)置專用的上網(wǎng)時間和上網(wǎng)密碼。這些家庭的未成年人如果在沒有專用密碼的情況下，試圖登陸淫穢和色情網(wǎng)站，則電腦屏幕上會立刻顯示“請離開，去學(xué)習(xí)”的字樣提示。

For strengthened management on the Internet， Russia has introduced an amendment to Law on Protecting Youngsters from Interference of Harmful Information on Their Health and Development， stipulating special measure of “Information Filtering” on the family users with minors between 12：00 and 18：00 every day in order to prohibit erosion of obscene and pornographic websites on youngsters.

為進一步加強對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的管理，俄羅斯推出了《保護青少年免受對其健康和發(fā)展有害信息干擾法》的修正案。規(guī)定每天12時至18時對有未成年子女的家庭互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶采取專門的“信息過濾”措施，以防止淫穢和色情網(wǎng)站對青少年的侵蝕。

Sweden

瑞典

In recent years， rapid development of the Internet makes surfing on the Internet an activity which is occupying increasing spare time of Sweden youngsters. At the same time， online pornography which spreads with great rapidity by relying on the Internet continues to sound the alarm for both Swedish government and parents. In order to intensify the crackdown on online pornography crime related to adolescents and children， the Swedish government has submitted proposals to the Congress， calling for more stringent laws to regulate network development， especially for creating a more secure network environment for teenagers.

After the proposal approved， the people involved in pornography transmission and making profits by online pornography； what’s more， those who pay to watch pornographic pictures and videos related to teenagers and children will be also subject to legal sanctions. The proposal also calls for exerting more severe punishment on online pornography criminals related to teenagers and children， and giving heavier punishment for those previously lighter sentence as appropriate so as to continue fighting against online pornography crimes closely linked with foreign countries.

Currently， large numbers of Swedish parents have installed filtering software on home computers with view to restricting their children’s online behaviors. According to Swedish media reports， approximately 64% of Swedish parents choose to clean their network path on their own. Installing filtering software can help block children’s access to a considerable number of pornographic web pages.

近年來，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高速發(fā)展使上網(wǎng)成為占據(jù)瑞典青少年越來越多業(yè)余時間的活動，而依托互聯(lián)網(wǎng)高速傳播的網(wǎng)絡(luò)色情給瑞典政府和家長們不斷敲響警鐘。為了加強與青少年和兒童有關(guān)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)色情犯罪的打擊力度，瑞典政府向國會遞交提案，要求更嚴格的法律來監(jiān)管網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展，尤其是要創(chuàng)造一個對青少年更安全的網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境。

提案批準后，不僅是那些傳播色情和以網(wǎng)絡(luò)色情謀利的人將被處罰，通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)付費觀看青少年和兒童色情圖片及視頻的人也將受到法律制裁。提案還呼吁法庭對實施與青少年和兒童有關(guān)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)色情犯罪者進行更嚴厲的懲處，對以往判刑較輕的相關(guān)行為可適當(dāng)加重刑罰，以便于進一步打擊與國外密切關(guān)聯(lián)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)色情犯罪。

目前，許多瑞典父母已在家用電腦中安裝過濾軟件來約束孩子的上網(wǎng)行為。據(jù)瑞典媒體報道，有大約64%的瑞典父母選擇自行清潔網(wǎng)絡(luò)路徑，為家用電腦安裝過濾軟件后，能阻止孩子接觸相當(dāng)一部分色情網(wǎng)頁。

Sweden Internet companies have also actively launched a self-discipline campaign. Telia Sonera， the largest telecom operator in Northern Europe， was disclosed a few years ago that about 20 billion kronor （$ 1 equals about 7.2 SEK） of its earning was associated with online pornography. To save its image from the old disastrous impacts， the company， positively in respond to the call of the government to combat Internet pornography crimes， offers customers free filtering software in cooperation with Swedish network security businesses； as long as the customer agrees， the company will set on the network server a special filter program which is capable of shielding nearly 85% of child pornography websites. And such service of filtering porn sites is supplied for free to its approximately 70 million European users with the purpose of bettering and purifying the Internet environment.

瑞典網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司也積極開展自律行動。幾年前，北歐最大的電信運營商特里亞·索內(nèi)拉電信公司被曝光其賺取的約20億瑞典克朗（1美元約合7.2瑞典克朗）與網(wǎng)絡(luò)色情有關(guān)。為維護公司形象避免重蹈覆轍，該企業(yè)積極響應(yīng)政府打擊網(wǎng)絡(luò)色情犯罪的號召，與瑞典網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全企業(yè)合作，為客戶提供免費過濾軟件，只要客戶同意，該公司會在網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器上設(shè)置特殊的過濾程序，這一程序能屏蔽近85%的兒童色情網(wǎng)站。他們免費向其在歐洲的約7，000萬用戶提供這項色情網(wǎng)站過濾服務(wù)，目的就是更好地凈化網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境。

France

法國

In 1998， France passed the Law on the Protection of Minors， which stipulates punishing the behavior of tempting juvenile delinquency via the Internet in a strict and severe manner. In accordance with French laws， a sentence of five years shall be imposed on anyone who connives adults online to degenerate， with a fine of 76，250 Euros. If the victim is under 15 years of age， he shall be sentenced to seven years， with a fine of 110，000 Euros. Penal Code also provides that anyone who is involved in dissemination of images online with minor-related pornography contents shall be sentenced to three years’ imprisonment and a fine of 45，000 Euros. And anyone who uploads similar contents to the public or via communications network， shall be subject to a 5-year sentence and a fine of 76，250 Euros and to name but a few.

The French Ministry of Education also makes efforts by control and guidance while safeguarding online interests of youngsters with strict laws. On one hand， it fights against cyber crime， and on the other， it conducts civilized education through the Internet and guides students to be highly vigilant against attacks from pornographic and inappropriate contents when surfing online. For instance， the Secretaries of States from the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Digital Economy take the lead in establishing “Assured Internet” for youngsters in collaboration with the Internet industry， teach teenagers how to pay attention to protecting their privacy and show respect for copyright and portrait right while getting correct knowledge on the Internet. Meanwhile， given reading characteristics and preferences of teenagers， the “Assured Internet” also specially offer teenagers aged between 7-15 years old 15 sets of programs in total by compiling knowledge on healthy surfing into relaxed and lively programs of animation and comics， with a combination of knowledge and interest.

1998年，法國通過了《未成年人保護法》，從嚴從重懲罰利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)誘惑青少年犯罪的行為。法國的法律規(guī)定，在網(wǎng)上縱容成年人墮落者要判刑5年，并處以76，250歐元的罰款。如被害人不滿15歲，則須判刑7年，罰款11萬歐元。刑法還規(guī)定，在網(wǎng)上傳播帶有未成年人色情內(nèi)容的圖像要處以3年徒刑，4.5萬歐元的罰款。如果向大眾或是通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳類似內(nèi)容，則要被判刑5年，罰款76250歐元。類似的條款還有不少。

在用嚴格法律保護互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上青少年利益的同時，法國教育部還以控制加引導(dǎo)的方式，一方面打擊網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪，同時利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)開展文明教育，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在上網(wǎng)時提高警惕，防止黃色及不良內(nèi)容的侵害。如教育部和數(shù)字經(jīng)濟部國務(wù)秘書牽頭，同互聯(lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)共同創(chuàng)建青少年的“放心互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”，教會青少年如何在網(wǎng)上獲取正確知識，同時注意保護自己的隱私，學(xué)會尊重著作權(quán)與畫像權(quán)。同時，針對青少年閱讀的特點與愛好，“放心互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”還以輕松活潑的動漫及連環(huán)畫節(jié)目將有關(guān)健康上網(wǎng)知識編輯成集，注重知識型與趣味性的結(jié)合，共編輯了15套節(jié)目，專門提供給7至15歲的少年觀看。

In addition， the school also plays a positive role in this aspect by carrying out civilized education with a focus on students. Automatic browser monitors are installed on campus network to limit access content and scope of students. Since 2004， all French schools have linked on the Internet two “blacklists”related to obscenity and racial discrimination； in this way， students can be protected from infringement of undesirable websites through special processing. Some NGOs also are actively joining in a team to help shield youngsters from dangers of “net poison”， forming a oversight and protection network comprising of the government， school and community.

此外，學(xué)校還在這方面發(fā)揮了積極的作用，以學(xué)生為對象，積極進行網(wǎng)上文明教育。在校園網(wǎng)上安裝瀏覽自動監(jiān)視器，限制學(xué)生的上網(wǎng)內(nèi)容及范圍。從2004年起，法國所有學(xué)校都在網(wǎng)上鏈接了兩份涉及淫穢及種族歧視的“黑名單”，通過專門處理，使學(xué)生免受不良網(wǎng)站的侵害。一些非政府組織也積極加入保護青少年免受“網(wǎng)毒”危害的隊伍，形成了一個從政府、學(xué)校到社會的監(jiān)督保護網(wǎng)絡(luò)。