“過(guò)勞死”：從疲勞開始

Cars that work for excessive time will finally collapse， which seems common sense. However， people tend to neglect a familiar fact -- if people continue to work for long time， it will lead to the collapse of their bodies. Behind the scary cases， we can see the shadow of “karoshi”.

持續(xù)工作過(guò)久的汽車，其動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)最終會(huì)崩潰，這似乎是人盡皆知的常識(shí)。然而，人們卻往往忽視一個(gè)與之類似的事實(shí)——如果人們連軸轉(zhuǎn)地工作，勢(shì)必會(huì)導(dǎo)致其身體機(jī)能的罷工。在一樁樁令人不寒而栗的死亡事件背后，不乏“過(guò)勞死”的身影。

Bad habits

不良習(xí)慣

CCTV conducted a survey on the reasons for “karoshi”. Among 932 interviewees， 219 people never had body examinations； only 96 people had regular time for exercise； 68% of people chose “barely work out”； Nearly half of them buy their own medicines for indispositions， and 1/3 of people pay no attention to their “small illness”； only 219 people have breakfast regularly and properly； over 41% of people working in office barely communicate with families， even when their families offer to help， and 32% of people treat it with a perfunctory attitude； at workplaces， over 70% of people almost stay in air-conditioned rooms all the time except for running errands； 542 people’s working habit is to keep seated except for going to toilets； over 6% of people cannot guarantee regular 8-hour sleep， and another 7% have frequent insomnia； 31% of people use computers over 8 hours every day； over 1/3 of people cannot have three meals regularly， and less than half of them can make sure every meal is timely and appropriate.

對(duì)于可能引起“過(guò)勞死”的原因，中國(guó)央視網(wǎng)開展了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查。在932名被調(diào)查者中，219人從來(lái)不體檢；只有96人每周留有固定時(shí)間鍛煉，68%的人選擇了“幾乎不鍛煉”；將近一半的人患病時(shí)自己買藥解決，1/3的人則根本不理會(huì)任何表面的“小毛病”；只有219人是有規(guī)律、按照營(yíng)養(yǎng)要求吃早餐；超過(guò)41%的辦公室人群很少和家人交流，即使家人主動(dòng)關(guān)心，32%的人也常抱以應(yīng)付的態(tài)度；在上班時(shí)，超過(guò)7成的人一年四季除了外出辦事外，幾乎常年窩在空調(diào)房中； 542人的工作習(xí)慣是一旦坐下來(lái)，除非上廁所，就輕易不站起來(lái)；有超過(guò)6成的人經(jīng)常不能保證8小時(shí)睡眠時(shí)間，另有7%的人經(jīng)常失眠；31%的人經(jīng)常每天使用電腦超過(guò)8小時(shí)；超過(guò)1/3的人不能保證按時(shí)進(jìn)食三餐，確保三餐定時(shí)定量的人不滿半數(shù)。

However， medical research shows that people who lack exercises feel exhausted and dizzy easily， which then leads to obesity and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases； because of insufficient attention， some indispositions have hidden until they develop into serious diseases and have missed the best time for treatment； under the circumstances of insufficient communication， guidance and catharsis， office workers have increasingly psychological pressures； staying in the air-conditioned room all the year round make the self-adjusting function of the body and disease resistance reduced； sedentariness is also harmful to blood circulation， which will lead to metabolism problems and angiocardiopathy； keeping a seated position for a long time also contributes to cervical spondylopathy and lumbar spondylosis； over use and over reliance on computers brings radiation， and makes oculopathy and mental illness common in office.

然而，醫(yī)學(xué)研究表明，缺乏鍛煉極易造成人們出現(xiàn)疲勞、昏眩等現(xiàn)象，進(jìn)而引發(fā)肥胖和心腦血管疾??；由于未被充分重視，一些疾病被藥物表面緩解作用掩蓋而積累成大病，而且常常導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)過(guò)了最佳治療時(shí)間；在缺乏交流、疏導(dǎo)和宣泄的情況下，辦公室人群的精神壓力與日俱增；由于常年窩在空調(diào)房里，“溫室人”自身肌體調(diào)節(jié)和抗病能力下降；久坐不利于血液循環(huán)，會(huì)引發(fā)很多新陳代謝和心血管疾??；坐姿長(zhǎng)久固定，也是頸椎、腰椎發(fā)病的重要因素；過(guò)度使用和依賴電腦，除了輻射外，還使眼病、腰頸椎病、精神性疾病在辦公室群體中十分普遍。

Working extra hours

超時(shí)加班

Apart from bad habits， working extra hours is also considered as the most important culprit for “karoshi”. The reporter found that， nowadays， working extra hours is a very common phenomenon in Chinese enterprises. Especially in some manufacture-developed areas， some enterprises even treat working extra hours as part of the corporate culture. Working extra hours is considered as an important standard to assess the professional dedication and working performance of employees.

We are always warned by the caring people： Work is not what life is all about. However， the indisputable fact is that work can bring the foundation of life. Teacher of National School of Administration Hu Yinglian pointed out that every morning when we open our eyes， many people have to face the burdens of mortgages， rents， living expenses， providing for the aged， and education for children. We can say that only by saving our jobs， can we get the money to pay for everything. Even when the body is under the weather， how many people choose to ask for a leave？ If the employer requires working extra hours， how many people dare to refuse？ In terms of the choice between health and money or positions， the “2013 Well-being of Chinese Lives Survey” conducted by Insight China magazine and Tsinghua University Media Research Lab shows that 17.2% of people would sacrifice health to get money and positions， and they’ve done so all the way； 42.1% of people choose “it’s not right to sacrifice health for money or positions， but we have to”.

除了不良習(xí)慣，超時(shí)加班也被視為引發(fā)“過(guò)勞死”重要元兇之一。記者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，如今，超時(shí)加班在中國(guó)企業(yè)中并不少見(jiàn)。尤其在制造業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)，一些企業(yè)甚至將“加班文化”視為企業(yè)文化，加班被認(rèn)為是衡量員工敬業(yè)精神乃至工作業(yè)績(jī)的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

總是被關(guān)心自己的人語(yǔ)重心長(zhǎng)地告誡：工作不是生活的全部。然而，不爭(zhēng)的事實(shí)卻是工作能帶來(lái)生活的基礎(chǔ)。國(guó)家行政學(xué)院公共管理學(xué)院教師胡穎廉指出，每天早晨一睜眼，很多人就不得不面對(duì)房貸房租、生活支出、父母養(yǎng)老、子女教育等等問(wèn)題?？梢哉f(shuō)，保住工作，才能有資金支付各項(xiàng)支出。即便身體不適，又有多少人會(huì)選擇請(qǐng)假？如果單位要求加班，又有幾個(gè)人敢說(shuō)不？對(duì)于在健康和金錢或者職位之間的選擇問(wèn)題，中國(guó)《小康》雜志聯(lián)合清華大學(xué)媒介調(diào)查實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)布的“2013中國(guó)生命小康指數(shù)調(diào)查”結(jié)果顯示，17.2%的人地表示認(rèn)可用健康換取金錢或職位，而且一直是這么做；還有42.1%的人“選擇了不認(rèn)可用健康換取金錢或職位，但又必須要這么做。

Labor Law of the People's Republic of China regulates that laborers should not work over 8 hours every day， and not over 44 hours every week. If the production and operation situations require， employers may extend working hours after negotiating with the labor union and laborers， but usually not over 1 hour a day； if it is needed to prolong the working time for special reasons， with the premise of guaranteeing the health of laborers， it should not be over 3 hours a day and not over 36 hours a week. However， although the law has relatively comprehensive regulations for working extra hours， behaviors violating the right of rest of laborers are everywhere. According to a random survey conducted among 100 “post-80 employees” from 20 industries： 60% of the people “often work extra hours” and 10% of people “work extra hours from time to time”； 65% of people’s extra hours every month in average are over 20 hours.

中國(guó)《勞動(dòng)法》規(guī)定，勞動(dòng)者每日工作時(shí)間不得超過(guò)8小時(shí)，平均每周工作時(shí)間不得超過(guò)44小時(shí)。如果由于生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)的需要，用人單位在與工會(huì)和勞動(dòng)者協(xié)商后，可以延長(zhǎng)工作時(shí)間，但一般每日不得超過(guò)1小時(shí)；因特殊原因需要延長(zhǎng)工作時(shí)間時(shí)，在保障勞動(dòng)者身體健康的條件下，每日不得超過(guò)3小時(shí)，每月不得超過(guò)36小時(shí)。然而，盡管法律對(duì)加班問(wèn)題有相對(duì)完善的規(guī)定，現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中侵犯勞動(dòng)者休息權(quán)的情況還是屢見(jiàn)不鮮。根據(jù)一個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)100名分屬于20個(gè)行業(yè)的“80后上班族”進(jìn)行的調(diào)查顯示：60%的人“經(jīng)常加班”，10%的人“偶爾加班”；加班者中月平均加班超過(guò)20個(gè)小時(shí)的多達(dá)65%。

The lack of legislation， slack law enforcement and ineffective punishment

立法缺失，執(zhí)法不嚴(yán)，處罰過(guò)輕

Although the cases of “karoshi” happen frequently to young people， staff of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of China said that compared to other countries， there is no concept of “karoshi” in the scope of current Labor and Social Security in China， so there is not guarantee for the relevant rights.

As the lawyer of the first “karoshi” case in China -- Wu Hualiang still remembers it quite clearly. That was a hot summer day in 1988， the employee of the Sixth Grain and Oil Company of Shanghai Jingan District Tang Yingcai died suddenly and quietly. In the first and second interrogations， the judges believed there was no solid proof that Tang Yingcai’s death was caused by the employer， and the compensation of 22， 000yuan required by the demandant was rejected. He then realized that， in China， karoshi was not only a medical issue， but also involved social issues such as labor intensity， labor time， and labor guarantee. In the future， it would be the focal point of labor disputes， and need the attention of related departments. “At present， there are still huge loopholes in the regulations regarding ‘karoshi’ and labor injuries and it is not good for lawsuits.”

盡管，“過(guò)勞死”事件頻發(fā)，而且正在逐漸年輕化。但是中國(guó)人力資源和社會(huì)保障局有關(guān)工作人員表示，相較其它國(guó)家，目前中國(guó)的勞動(dòng)保障范疇內(nèi)尚不存在“過(guò)勞死”的概念，所以相關(guān)權(quán)益無(wú)法獲得保障。

作為中國(guó)首例“過(guò)勞死”案件的辯護(hù)律師——鄔華良對(duì)其當(dāng)年所作的辯護(hù)經(jīng)歷記憶猶新。那是1998年一個(gè)炎熱的夏天，上海市靜安區(qū)第六糧油食品公司的員工唐英才悄無(wú)聲息地猝死在工作單位。在一審、二審中，法院都因原告沒(méi)有確切的證據(jù)證明唐英才的死亡是工作單位造成的，判定原告要求的共計(jì)22萬(wàn)人民幣的賠償予以駁回。他這才開始意識(shí)到，在中國(guó)，過(guò)勞死不僅僅是一個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)問(wèn)題，它涉及勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、勞動(dòng)時(shí)間、勞動(dòng)保障等社會(huì)學(xué)的范疇，在未來(lái)將是勞動(dòng)糾紛的重點(diǎn)，必須得到相關(guān)部門的高度重視?！澳壳埃袊?guó)法律在‘過(guò)勞死’以及工傷的相關(guān)規(guī)定上存在很大的問(wèn)題，不利于訴訟?！?/p>

In the opinion of Luo Juan， a lawyer of the Beijing Lawyers Association， the content of the Labor Law is very broad， but as the industry chain of China is relatively lagged behind， most people cannot handle the pace of work， and many enterprises cannot operate exactly according to the Labor Law.

Zheng Shangyuan， the Director of the Labor and Social Security Research Institution of China University of Political Science and Law， pointed out that an important factor contributing to the frequent occurrence of “karoshi” was the lack of labor law enforcement. “If the law is strictly enforced by the labor department and the labor intensity is controlled properly， how can this happen？”

In addition， Zhu Lieyu， member of the NPC and National First-Class Lawyer， believed that the current low cost of breaking the law is not powerful enough to regulate the enterprises. According to the relevant articles of Labor Security Supervision and Regulation， for an employer who violates the rules and extend working hours， the labor department can “warn the employer and mandate him to modify in a limited period”， and the fines for the enterprise is “100-500 yuan for each violated laborer”.

在北京律師聯(lián)盟的羅娟律師看來(lái)，中國(guó)的《勞動(dòng)法》內(nèi)容非常廣泛，但由于中國(guó)的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈相對(duì)落后，大部分人都無(wú)法掌握工作節(jié)奏，很多企業(yè)也做不到完全按照勞動(dòng)法的規(guī)定運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

對(duì)此，中國(guó)政法大學(xué)勞動(dòng)和社會(huì)保障研究所所長(zhǎng)鄭尚元曾公開指出，中國(guó)頻發(fā)過(guò)勞死事件的一個(gè)重要原因，在于勞動(dòng)執(zhí)法的缺失?！叭绻麆趧?dòng)部門嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度控制好，哪會(huì)發(fā)生過(guò)勞死？”

此外，全國(guó)人大代表、國(guó)家一級(jí)律師朱列玉認(rèn)為，目前企業(yè)的違法成本低使法律不足以對(duì)違法企業(yè)起到震懾作用。根據(jù)《勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察條例》的相關(guān)規(guī)定，用人單位違反規(guī)定延長(zhǎng)勞動(dòng)者工作時(shí)間的，勞動(dòng)保障行政部門“給予警告，責(zé)令限期改正”，對(duì)企業(yè)的罰款“按照受侵害的勞動(dòng)者每人100元以上500元以下的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算”。