“過(guò)勞死”威脅職場(chǎng)安全

On April 23， 2014，Japan Partisan Parliamentary Union held a meeting to discuss the institutionalization of the countermeasures against “karoshi” and “suicides caused by over-fatigue” as the death toll caused by “karoshi” remains very high. In Japan， about 10，000 people die of “karoshi” every year. According to the survey statistics of the WHO， in US， UK， Japan， and Australia， “karoshi” is somewhat popular. At present， more and more young people and social elites are under the threat of “karoshi”. It becomes an issue we have to face seriously. Is “karoshi” a disease or a poison？ Why can it kill people mysteriously？

2014年4月23日，日本超黨派議員聯(lián)盟舉行會(huì)談，商討把預(yù)防“過(guò)勞死”和“過(guò)勞自殺”的對(duì)策法制化。之所以有此舉措，是由于近年來(lái)日本“過(guò)勞死”、“過(guò)勞自殺”的人數(shù)居高不下。在日本，每年約有1萬(wàn)人因“過(guò)勞”而猝死。根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)，在美國(guó)、英國(guó)、日本、澳大利亞等地都有“過(guò)勞死”流行率記載。在中國(guó)，每年因“過(guò)勞”死亡的人數(shù)多達(dá)60萬(wàn)人。如今，當(dāng)越來(lái)越多的青年人、社會(huì)精英因其受到死亡的威脅時(shí)，“過(guò)勞死”這一概念成為人們不得不認(rèn)真面對(duì)的問(wèn)題。“過(guò)勞死”究竟是疾??？還是毒藥？它何以能致人于死地呢？

The origin of “Karoshi”

“過(guò)勞死”溯源

“Karoshi” came from Japanese and emerged in 1970-1980 when Japan’s economy was booming. It refers to the “sub-health” condition caused by long working time， overwork， and excessive psychological pressure. However， ingrained habits cannot be cast off overnight. The potential risks of the human body can be triggered anytime， and once the medical treatment is not timely， human life is endangered.

In the recent 15 years， “karoshi” was officially adopted by the medical community. “‘Karoshi’ is not a disease， nor a clinical term. It belongs to the scope of social medicine. The patients of ‘karoshi’ all have some sort of fundamental diseases， such as coronary disease， hypertension， and cerebrovascular malformation. ‘karoshi’ is usually caused by the untimely and inappropriate treatment of the fundamental diseases ， plus the self-ignorance of healthy condition. Working pressure， over-fatigue， and stress response are usually ‘the last straw to break the camel’”， said the Vice Professor of the Emergency Department of Xiangya No.2 Hospital， Central South University， Chai Xiangping.

“過(guò)勞死”源自日語(yǔ)Karoshi，最早出現(xiàn)于二十世紀(jì)七八十年代的日本經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí)期。意指因?yàn)楣ぷ鲿r(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度過(guò)重，心理壓力過(guò)大，從而出現(xiàn)精疲力盡的“亞健康”狀態(tài)。往往由于積重難返，將突然引發(fā)身體潛在的疾病急性惡化，一旦救治不及時(shí)便危及生命。

直到近15年來(lái)，“過(guò)勞死”一詞才被醫(yī)學(xué)界正式命名。“‘過(guò)勞死’并不是一種病，也不是臨床醫(yī)學(xué)病名，而是屬于社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)范疇?！^(guò)勞死’患者必然都有基礎(chǔ)疾病，如冠心病、高血壓、腦血管畸形等?！^(guò)勞死’大多是對(duì)原有疾病沒(méi)有進(jìn)行正確或及時(shí)治療，再加上自己對(duì)身體癥狀的輕視或忽視，最終釀成慘劇。工作壓力、過(guò)度勞累、緊張應(yīng)激只是壓垮駱駝的最后一根稻草?！敝心洗髮W(xué)湘雅二醫(yī)院急診科柴湘平副教授表示。

In order to let the public understand this term better， experts compare human body to a spring and the fatigue is external force. When the fatigue exceeds the limit or lasts for too long， the spring of human body will be deformed permanently， which leads to the reduction of immunity， ageing， exhaustion， and even death. Relevant data show that the five diseases that cause “karoshi” directly are， in order： coronary artery disease， aortic aneurysm， valvular disease， myocardiosis， and cerebral hemorrhage. Apart from those， digestive system diseases， renal failure， and infectious diseases can also lead to “karoshi”.

Chinese media used to report the “karoshi” of white-collar class in Japan in 1980s from the perspective of bystanders. However， they didn’t realize that “karoshi” can expand to China like a plague.

為了讓公眾更好的理解該詞，專家將人的身體比喻為一個(gè)彈簧，而勞累就是外力。當(dāng)勞累超過(guò)極限或持續(xù)時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)，身體這個(gè)彈簧就會(huì)發(fā)生永久變形，免疫力大大下降，導(dǎo)致老化、衰竭甚至死亡。相關(guān)資料表明，直接促成“過(guò)勞死”的5種疾病依次為：冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病、主動(dòng)脈瘤、心瓣膜病、心肌病和腦出血。除此以外，消化系統(tǒng)疾病、腎衰竭、感染性疾病也會(huì)導(dǎo)致“過(guò)勞死”。

對(duì)于20世紀(jì)80年代時(shí)期日本白領(lǐng)階層的“過(guò)勞死”現(xiàn)象，中國(guó)媒體曾經(jīng)以旁觀者的姿態(tài)大量報(bào)道過(guò)。然而，未曾想“過(guò)勞死”就如同瘟疫一般，迅速蔓延到中國(guó)職場(chǎng)。

China becomes the largest victim of “karoshi”

中國(guó)成“過(guò)勞死”第一大國(guó)

Last year， a world well-known office solutions provider -- Regus released survey data， which reflect that China is the most stressful country in the world. Among 16，000 professionals from 80 countries who believed the pressure in this year is heavier than that of last year， mainland China was at the first place by 75%. It was much higher than the global average 48%； Hong Kong took up 55%， ranked the fourth； Shanghai， Beijing also ranked in the front by 80% and 67% respectively. The first three reasons of over-fatigue were “work”， “personal financial situation”， and “pressure from the boss” in the survey. In many industries， practitioners of manufacture， finance， education， media， and law were the top five of health overdraft. The huge work pressure made China become the biggest victim of “karoshi” -- the death toll caused by “karoshi” reached 600，000.

去年，一家世界知名辦公方案提供商——雷格斯發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國(guó)是目前世界上壓力最大的國(guó)家。在全球80個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的1.6萬(wàn)名職場(chǎng)人士中，認(rèn)為壓力高于去年的，中國(guó)大陸位居首位，占到75%，這大大超出全球的平均值48%；香港地區(qū)占55%，位列第四；上海、北京更以80%、67%排在其他城市前列。對(duì)于導(dǎo)致壓力過(guò)大的原因，“工作”、“個(gè)人經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況”、“來(lái)自老板的壓力”排在調(diào)查結(jié)果的前三位。在諸多行業(yè)中，制造、金融、教育、媒體、法律從業(yè)者對(duì)健康的透支情況位居前五位。巨大的工作壓力導(dǎo)致中國(guó)超越了日本，成為“過(guò)勞死”第一大國(guó)——每年“過(guò)勞死”的人數(shù)達(dá)60萬(wàn)人。這樣算來(lái)，中國(guó)每天約超過(guò)1600人因勞累引發(fā)疾病而離開(kāi)人世。

“Karoshi” targets on youths and elites

“過(guò)勞死”盯向青年、精英

At 10： 29 a.m.， February 17， 2014， 35-year-old administrative staff of IBM in Shenzhen Liang Yan fell on the steps of Exit C of Shenzhen Subway Shuiwan Station. This was another shocking case of young white-collar’s sudden death after the previous case of Pan Jie， a junior auditor from Price Waterhouse Coopers. However， there are more cases like those.

On April 8， 2005， CEO of Ericsson （China） Co.， Ltd Yang Mai died of sudden cardiac arrest， at the age of 54.

On June 25， 2011， 23-year-old employee of Foxconn Chen Long died suddenly in shower.

In November， 2011， Lin Haitao， who had worked in Baidu Company for only 4 month， died of cardiac failure.

On May 15， 2013， a 24-year-old employee of a game information website affiliated to SOHU died of heart attack on his way to work.

……

2014年2月17日上午10點(diǎn)29分，35歲的IBM深圳公司管理人員梁婭倒在深圳地鐵蛇口線水灣站C出口的臺(tái)階上。這是繼普華永道上海辦事處的初級(jí)審計(jì)員潘潔猝死之后，又一個(gè)轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的都市年輕白領(lǐng)突然死亡的案例。然而，員工的突然死亡遠(yuǎn)非這一兩個(gè)案例。

2004年4月8日，愛(ài)立信（中國(guó)）有限公司總裁楊邁由于心臟驟停突然逝世，享年54歲。

2011年6月25日，富士康的23歲員工陳龍于洗澡時(shí)猝死。

2011年11月，在百度公司上崗僅四個(gè)月的林海韜因心臟衰竭而亡。

2013年5月15日，一名就職于搜狐旗下一家游戲資訊網(wǎng)站的24歲員工在上班途中突發(fā)心臟疾病去世。

……

Cheng Qing， a doctor in the Emergency Department of Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region， said frankly that 10 years ago， sudden deaths usually happened to middle-aged or elder people who were over 50. However， in recent years， as the living pressure of people is increasing， sudden deaths happened to youth a lot more often. In 1998， about 80 youths’ sudden deaths were transferred and treated by Beijing “120”. In 2011， this number reached 270， increasing by 3.375 times， with 25% up in average every year. The general survey of Chinese youth’s physical conditions shows that， at present， 82.2% of people are in or near the state of “over-fatigue”； 66.8% of people said they had experienced sorts of indispositions and in a state of “sub-health”； 78.6% of people have come across or heard of some incurable diseases or sudden deaths happen to their young friends， colleagues or peers； only 3.6% of people had never had any conditions of “sub-health”； only 7.8% of people didn’t have signs of any kind of disease； and only 21.1% of people were satisfied with their current physical and psychological health.

The sudden deaths of people who are still in adolescence or golden age of career are due to “karoshi”. Although it’s still controversial， it’s still worth our attention that they all overworked and bear excessive working pressure before they died.

對(duì)此，廣州軍區(qū)武漢總醫(yī)院急診科程青坦言，十年前，醫(yī)院接診的猝死者幾乎都是50歲以上的中老年人。但近幾年，隨著人們生活壓力的加大，年輕人猝死的越來(lái)越多。1998 年，北京120轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)救治的青年猝死者只有80多名。而到了2011年，這一數(shù)字已經(jīng)上升為270多名，13年時(shí)間上升了3.375倍，平均每年上升25%。中國(guó)中青年人身體健康狀況大調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示，目前，82.2%人已處于或正接近“過(guò)勞”狀態(tài)；66.8%表示自己身體有各種各樣的毛病或是正處于“亞健康”狀態(tài)；78.6%的人在近一年來(lái)碰到或聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)有年輕親朋、同事或同行得了不治之癥或猝死；僅3.6%的人從未出現(xiàn)過(guò)任何“亞健康”狀況；僅7.8%的人沒(méi)有任何疾病或疾病征兆；只有21.1%的人對(duì)自己目前的身心健康狀況感到滿意。

對(duì)于那些處于青年期或事業(yè)黃金期的人突然死亡，很多人在扼腕嘆息之余將其歸結(jié)為“過(guò)勞死”。盡管有人對(duì)此存有爭(zhēng)議，但值得注意的是，他們?cè)陔x世之前，都曾有過(guò)工作時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度過(guò)重、工作壓力過(guò)大、身心都在透支等經(jīng)歷。