青年主導(dǎo)的發(fā)展和“2015年后發(fā)展議程”的實(shí)施

\"Youth should be given a chance to take an active part in the decision-making of local， national and global levels.\"

-- UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon

“年輕人應(yīng)該擁有積極參加地區(qū)、國家和全球級(jí)別決策過程的機(jī)會(huì)?！?/p>

——聯(lián)合國秘書長潘基文

\"Youth participation is fundamental for the post-2015 agenda. Their vision and energy

will be needed to do the heavy lifting in its implementation.\"

-- Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Post-2015 Development

Amina J. Mohammed

“青年參與對(duì)‘2015年后發(fā)展議程’起著至關(guān)重要的作用。他們的愿景和能量將有助于議程的實(shí)現(xiàn)?！?——“2015年后發(fā)展議程”聯(lián)合國秘書長特別顧問

阿米納·默罕默德

By Ravi Karkara1

Ravi is a global advocate on human rights and human capability approach to development， advocating social development， social inclusion and social justice for over 18 years. Currently Ravi is working as the Global Expert Advisor on Children and Youth with UNHABITAT and advising UN Millennium Campaign on child and youth engagement， based in New York.

拉維是一位全球性的人權(quán)提倡者，主張以充分調(diào)動(dòng)人類能力的方式促進(jìn)發(fā)展。他致力于宣揚(yáng)社會(huì)發(fā)展、社會(huì)包容和社會(huì)公平超過18年時(shí)間之久。目前，拉維擔(dān)任聯(lián)合國人居署兒童青年問題的全球?qū)＜翌檰柡吐?lián)合國千年運(yùn)動(dòng)中所涉及的兒童和青年問題的顧問，現(xiàn)居紐約。

Translated by Yang Tingyu and Guo Xinxin

Young people currently number 1.8 billion， accounting for approximately 18 percent of the global population2. Youth do not constitute a homogeneous group； their socio-economic， demographic， and geographical situations vary widely both within and between regions. Notwithstanding these differences， regional-level analysis provides a general understanding of their development profile. The vast majority of the world’s youth -- some 87 per cent -- live in developing countries and face challenges such as limited access to resources， education， training， employment， and broader economic development opportunities.

目前世界上年輕人有18億，占全球人口的18%2 。年輕人不是單一的群體，無論是在一個(gè)地區(qū)之內(nèi)進(jìn)行比較，還是在不同地區(qū)之間進(jìn)行比較，他們的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位都有著天壤之別。雖然這些差異普遍存在，但地區(qū)級(jí)的分析報(bào)告讓我們對(duì)他們的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r有了總體認(rèn)識(shí)。世界大部分青年，大概87%的青年，生活在發(fā)展中國家，面對(duì)著諸多挑戰(zhàn)，如不能充分獲得教育、培訓(xùn)、就業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展機(jī)遇的巨大空間等。

The United Nations Millennium Declaration was adopted in 2000 by world leaders， committing their countries to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and setting out time-bound goals on meeting the needs of the world’s poorest. These goals， to be achieved by 2015， formed the basis for what are now known as the eight Millennium Development Goals， which have been broken down into 21 quantified targets that are measured by 60 indicators. With the target date for MDGs coming to a close， the post-2015 development agenda must include youth voices and actions. Young people’s participation and inclusion in efforts to achieve all of the goals in the post-2015 agenda are crucial to ensure a successful and sustainable outcome.

2000年，世界各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通過了《聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展宣言》，承諾建立新型國際合作關(guān)系，減少極度貧困，并為完成滿足世界最貧困人民的需求這一目標(biāo)設(shè)定期限。這些目標(biāo)將在2015年完成，為我們所知的八項(xiàng)千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)奠定基礎(chǔ)。這些目標(biāo)細(xì)分為21項(xiàng)量化目標(biāo)，根據(jù)60項(xiàng)指標(biāo)來衡量。隨著千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)日期不斷臨近，“2015年后發(fā)展議程”必須涵蓋青年人的聲音和行動(dòng)。青年人參與和加入實(shí)現(xiàn)所有“2015年后發(fā)展議程”的目標(biāo)，對(duì)于確保其成功和可持續(xù)至關(guān)重要。

The journey so far of youth participation in the Post-2015 Development Processes

目前“2015年后發(fā)展議程”的青年參與情況

The post-2015 process has brought together different initiatives ranging from regional consultations to national consultation to thematic consultations， incorporating thematic inputs by the youth through an online and offline platforms. It is crucial to recognize the youth’s participation and partnership in development of the post-2015 agenda. The analysis of nationals consultations， high level panel meetings， thematic meetings and regional forums on youth empowerment show that a multitude of factors need to be addressed in the post-2015 agenda to ensure sustainable development. These factors include education， health care， gender equality， youth unemployment， climate change， prevention of violence and environmental degradation， good governance， peace and security and most importantly youth partnerships as both at individual level and collective level.

“2015年后發(fā)展議程”涉及諸多不同的行動(dòng)，從地區(qū)協(xié)商到國家協(xié)商，再到專題協(xié)商，青年通過在線和離線平臺(tái)獻(xiàn)計(jì)獻(xiàn)策。這意味著青年在“2015年后發(fā)展議程”中的參與和合作得到重視。國家協(xié)商分析報(bào)告、高級(jí)別小組會(huì)議、專題會(huì)議、青年賦權(quán)區(qū)域論壇都表明，為最終實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，“2015年后發(fā)展議程”的實(shí)施需要解決很多問題，包括教育、醫(yī)療、性別平等、青年失業(yè)、氣候變化、防止暴力、環(huán)境惡化、良好治理、和平安全，以及最重要的——青年在個(gè)人和集體層面的伙伴關(guān)系。

My World 2015 Global Survey and World We Want 2015 People's Platforms

“我的世界 2015”全球調(diào)查和“我們想要的世界”

2015年民眾的平臺(tái)

My World is a United Nations global survey for citizens. Working with partners， the aim is to capture people’s voices， priorities and views， so world leaders can be informed as they begin the process of defining the next set of global goals to end poverty.My World 2015 permits individuals to statistically determine and validate what is important for the youth. As echoed by the country declarations， high level panel meetings， regional forums， and related forums， the data also suggest that factors like education， health care， employment， equality in all forms of rights， and ending corruption are important in the post-2015 development agenda.

“我的世界”是一項(xiàng)聯(lián)合國全球居民調(diào)查。它由合作伙伴共同完成，旨在捕捉人民的聲音、當(dāng)務(wù)之急和觀點(diǎn)，這樣世界領(lǐng)袖們就可以在設(shè)定下一組終結(jié)貧困的全球目標(biāo)之前獲知民意?！拔业氖澜?015”使個(gè)人能通過統(tǒng)計(jì)的方法決定哪些東西對(duì)于青年至關(guān)重要。正如國家宣言、高級(jí)別小組會(huì)議、區(qū)域論壇和相關(guān)論壇中提到的，這些數(shù)據(jù)表明教育、醫(yī)療、就業(yè)、權(quán)利平等和消除腐敗是“2015年后發(fā)展議程”的重要組成部分。

Specifically， it was shown that the most important priority for global youth is a good education， with 74.4% of respondents classifying the priority as one of their choices. By viewing the data based on conditions， like low HDI countries versus high HDI countries， it can be noted that factors like better transport and roads are more important for youth in lower HDI countries compared to higher HDI countries （45.3% of respondents classifying this priority as one of their choices in low HDI countries versus 9.4% of respondents classifying this priority in very high HDI countries）. Performing such a thorough analysis from the myworld2015.org data can aid in developing agendas that suit various regions and demographics of youth.

數(shù)據(jù)清楚地表明，當(dāng)前全球青年的當(dāng)務(wù)之急是接受良好的教育，74.4%的受訪者將教育視為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。從數(shù)據(jù)來看，人類發(fā)展指數(shù)低的國家與人類發(fā)展指數(shù)高的國家相比，良好的交通道路條件等類似的因素對(duì)于青年更重要（在人類發(fā)展指數(shù)較低國家，45.3%的受訪青年視此為當(dāng)務(wù)之急，而人類發(fā)展指數(shù)較高國家中只有9.4%的受訪者這樣認(rèn)為）。在myworld2015.org網(wǎng)站上做全面的數(shù)據(jù)分析有助于調(diào)整發(fā)展進(jìn)程，使之適合居住在不同地區(qū)、具有不同人口特征的青年。

The largest contributors of My World survey have been youth worldwide about 70% of respondent both offline and online are young people below the age of 30 years old. We specially want to recognize the agency of youth and youth-led organization and movements that have come from all background to partners and mobilize votes.

“我的世界”調(diào)查中最大的貢獻(xiàn)者是世界各地的青年人，大約70%的在線和離線受訪者年齡在30歲以下。我們還要特別指出，青年主導(dǎo)組織和青年運(yùn)動(dòng)的代理機(jī)構(gòu)在協(xié)助開展活動(dòng)和推動(dòng)投票中發(fā)揮了巨大的作用。

The above depicts all strata for the respondents of youth aged 15-30. The proportion was calculated by dividing the votes received per priority over the total votes. This value describes how frequently a given priority was selected， based on 1.1 youth participants’ votes. The difference in proportions was calculated based on a reference value. As “a good education” had the highest proportion， it was used as a reference. It is important to note that Sri Lanka， India and Nigeria are the top three countries in total number of votes.

上圖顯示了年齡在15-30歲之間的青年受訪者的分布。比例是由每項(xiàng)“當(dāng)務(wù)之急”所獲得的選票除以總票數(shù)計(jì)算得來。該圖表顯示的是某些“當(dāng)務(wù)之急”被選擇的頻率，由110萬青年參與者投票產(chǎn)生。比例差額是在參考數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)上計(jì)算得來。由于“良好教育”比例最高，所以它就成為參考選項(xiàng)。值得注意的是，斯里蘭卡、印度、尼日利亞是總票數(shù)最高的三個(gè)國家。

Some highlights

重點(diǎn)提示

· As of Monday 25th April 2014 22：00h， 1，855， 746 people have participated in the MY World global survey， from 194 countries.

· About 60% of participants are 16-35 years old， and 12% are under age 15 -- hence a grand population of voters are young people.

· 44% of participants are female.

· 36% of participants are from low income countries -- nearly half （41%） from medium HDI countries； and 22% from high or very high HDI countries.

· 44.5% of participants completed the survey using pen and paper ballots， 30% through the website， and 25.5% through SMS （rounded to the nearest whole number）.

· 34% of participants have low education levels and are thus likely to be poor （education is used as a proxy for income in most surveys） -- 12% of participants only had some primary schooling； and another 20% finished primary school.

· 截至2014年4月25日22：00，來自194個(gè)國家的1，855，746人參與“我的世界”全球調(diào)查。

· 大約60%的參與者年齡在16-35歲之間，12%不到15歲，因此大部分投票者是年輕人。

· 44%的參與者是女性。

· 36%的參與者來自低收入國家，幾乎一半（41%）來自人類發(fā)展指數(shù)中等的國家，22%來自人類發(fā)展指數(shù)高和極高的國家。

· 44.5%的參與者用紙、筆填寫選票完成調(diào)查，30%通過網(wǎng)站，25.5%通過短信形式（四舍五入）。

· 34%的參與者教育水平低下，因此很有可能貧窮（在絕大多數(shù)調(diào)查中，教育是衡量收入的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）——12%的參與者小學(xué)肄業(yè)；還有20%的人小學(xué)畢業(yè)。

A Multigenerational response to the My World

“我的世界”參與者年齡層跨度大

Young people are participating in MY World at twice the rate of other age groups. Not only are young people voting on MY World but they are leading outreach across the world by mobilizing their communities including elders. The top 3 priorities for young people under 30 are “Good education，” “Better health” and “Better job opportunities” in general， those 16-30 are more politically conscious， rating “an honest and responsive government，” “protection against crime and violence” and “freedom from discrimination and persecution” slightly higher.

參加“我的世界”調(diào)查的年輕人是其他年齡層人數(shù)的二倍。年輕人不僅在“我的世界”投票，他們還帶動(dòng)社區(qū)居民包括老年人參與投票，將活動(dòng)范圍推向世界。30歲以下的年輕人大致選擇的前三項(xiàng)“當(dāng)務(wù)之急”包括“良好教育”、“更健康”和“更好的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)”，16-30歲的參與者更青睞政治，因此“誠實(shí)、反應(yīng)迅速的政府”、“抵制犯罪和暴力”、“免除歧視和迫害”的選擇率更高。

Related youth forums

相關(guān)青年論壇

Over the past few years， youth forums have taken place across the globe to identify barriers and suggest solutions towards empowering the youth. There was a clear consensus from these forums that youth voices and partnerships are strengthened when united. Providing the platform for youth to interact and develop such recommendations will not only empower the youth， but allow them to incorporate entrepreneurship in approaching solutions in the development discussions. It was noted that without employing youth to do so， implementation of related policies to address issues regarding the youth will not be efficacious. The most important priority that needs to be addressed is ensuring the youth’s voices and partnerships are taken into account in the implementation of the post-2015 goals. This fundamental step will provide the vision necessary to build a sustainable future.

過去幾年，青年論壇在全球范圍內(nèi)舉辦，旨在掌握青年賦權(quán)的障礙、建議和解決辦法。這些論壇達(dá)成明確共識(shí)：青年的話語權(quán)和合作能夠在團(tuán)結(jié)中得到加強(qiáng)。開展青年互動(dòng)平臺(tái)和發(fā)展此類項(xiàng)目，不僅能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)青年賦權(quán)，而且能夠使他們?cè)谟懻撨^程中注入開拓精神，尋找解決辦法。事實(shí)表明，不賦予年輕人權(quán)利，就不能有效地實(shí)施相關(guān)政策解決青年問題。重中之重是確保青年的聲音能被傾聽?！?015年后發(fā)展議程”的實(shí)施中要重視合作伙伴關(guān)系，這是打造未來可持續(xù)發(fā)展宏圖的關(guān)鍵步驟。

The journey so far

目前進(jìn)展

Strong youth focus in the High-Level Panel Report 5：

A new global partnership： Eradicate poverty and transform economics through sustainable development

The report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda

HLP identified the following issues in its report to SG： Young people asked for education beyond primary schooling， not just formal learning but life skills and vocational training to prepare them for jobs. In countries where they have acquired good education and skills， they want access to decent jobs. They want opportunities to lift themselves out of poverty. They crave mentoring， career development， and programmes led by youth， serving youth. Young people said they want to be able to make informed decisions about their health and bodies， to fully realize their sexual and reproductive health and rights （SRHR）. They want access to information and technology so they can participate in their nation’s public life， especially charting its path to economic development. They want to be able to hold those in charge to account， to have the right to freedom of speech and association and to monitor where their government’s money is going.

Youth indented as a crosscutting in all twelve’s goals listed in the HLP： ..Today’s adolescents and youth are 1.8 billion strong and one quarter of the world’s population. They are shaping social and economic development， challenging social norms and values， and building the foundation of the world’s future. They have high expectations for themselves and their societies， and are imagining how the world can be better. Connected to each other as never before through new media， they are driving social progress and directly influencing the sustainability and the resilience of their communities and of their countries. These young people face many obstacles， ranging from discrimination， marginalization， and poverty， to violence. They find it hard to find a first job， so we believe a jobs target with a specific indicator for youth employment， should be included in the next goal framework. Young people must be subjects， not objects， of the post-2015 development agenda. They need access to the right kind of health （including access to SRHR） and education to improve their job prospects and life skills， but they must also be active participants in decision-making， and be treated as the vital asset for society that they are.

HLP goal indicators： While many indicators has clear connecting to Youth some examples below are more closed to youth cohort：

· 2a. Prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against girls and women

· 3c. Ensure every child， regardless of circumstance， has access to lower secondary education and increase the proportion of adolescents who achieve recognized and measurable learning outcomes to x%

· 4b. Increase by x% the proportion of children， adolescents， at-risk adults and older people that are fully vaccinated

· 8b. Decrease the number of young people not in education， employment or training by x% 2

· 8c. Strengthen productive capacity by providing universal access to financial services and infrastructure such as transportation and ICT

· 10b. Ensure people enjoy freedom of speech， association， peaceful protest and access to independent

· 10c. Increase public participation in political processes and civic engagement at all levels

· 10d. Guarantee the public’s right to information and access to government data

· 10e. Reduce bribery and corruption and ensure officials can be held accountable

· 11c. Stem the external stressors that lead to conflict， including those related to organised crime

· 2f. Promote collaboration on and access to science， technology， innovation， and development data

Others areas relevant to youth mentioned in HLP

· …..They （developing countries） already contribute the most to global growth and expansion of global trade. They have young， dynamic populations. They are urbanising， modernising and absorbing new technologies faster than ever before. But they face critical choices. The infrastructure investments they make today will lock-in energy use and pollution levels tomorrow. The way they manage natural resource revenues today will determine the options available to their young people tomorrow. They must make smart choices to turn cities into vibrant places full of opportunities， services and different lifestyles， where people want to work and live.

· Urbanization as a crosscutting： This matters because inclusive growth emanates from vibrant and sustainable cities， the only locale where it is possible to generate the number of good jobs that young people are seeking.

高級(jí)別小組報(bào)告聚焦于青少年5：

新型全球合作關(guān)系：消除貧困并通過可持續(xù)發(fā)展實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型

“2015年后發(fā)展議程”杰出人物高級(jí)別小組會(huì)談報(bào)告

高級(jí)別小組在給秘書長的報(bào)告中提出下列問題：年輕人渴求主流教育以外的教育，不只包括正規(guī)學(xué)校教育還包括生活技能和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，為找工作做準(zhǔn)備。在能接受良好教育的國家中的年輕人希望能找到體面的工作，他們想要脫貧的機(jī)會(huì)，他們渴望從師學(xué)藝，追求職業(yè)發(fā)展，需要有由年輕人主導(dǎo)的、服務(wù)于年輕人的項(xiàng)目。年輕人希望能夠了解自己的身體健康狀況，并自主決定，充分實(shí)現(xiàn)青年的性和生殖健康權(quán)利。他們想要獲得信息和技術(shù)，以參與國家公共生活，特別是規(guī)劃國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展道路。他們希望當(dāng)權(quán)者恪盡職守，同時(shí)自己能擁有言語、集會(huì)自由，監(jiān)督政府的財(cái)政走向。

青年人是實(shí)現(xiàn)高級(jí)協(xié)議中列出的12項(xiàng)目標(biāo)的中堅(jiān)力量：…當(dāng)今青少年人口有18億多，占世界人口的四分之一。他們改變著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，挑戰(zhàn)著社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則和社會(huì)價(jià)值，為世界的未來奠定基礎(chǔ)。他們對(duì)自己和社會(huì)抱有期望，期望世界變得更好。青少年因新媒體與彼此的聯(lián)系更加緊密，他們推動(dòng)社會(huì)進(jìn)步，直接影響國家、社會(huì)的可持續(xù)性和活力。這些年輕人面臨諸多障礙，從歧視、邊緣化到貧窮和暴力。他們很難謀得職位，所以我們認(rèn)為通過具體的指標(biāo)衡量年輕人的求職目標(biāo)應(yīng)該包括在下一個(gè)目標(biāo)框架中。年輕人必須是“2015年后發(fā)展議程”的主體，不應(yīng)是發(fā)展對(duì)象。他們需要獲得健康（包括性和生殖健康）、教育的權(quán)利，改善求職前景，提高生活技能，另外他們還須積極參與決策，應(yīng)被視為社會(huì)的重要財(cái)富。

高級(jí)別小組目標(biāo)指標(biāo)：雖然許多指數(shù)與青年有明確的關(guān)聯(lián)，但以下指數(shù)與青年群體關(guān)系更為緊密。

·2a.預(yù)防消除針對(duì)女性一切形式的暴力。

·3c.不論何種環(huán)境，都應(yīng)確保每個(gè)兒童都有接受初高中教育的權(quán)利，將獲得被認(rèn)可和可衡量學(xué)習(xí)成果的青少年比率提高至x%。

·4b.將兒童、成年人、高危成年人和老年人充分接種疫苗比率提高x%

·8b.將未接受過教育和培訓(xùn)、失業(yè)的年輕人數(shù)量減少x%

·8c.普及金融服務(wù)、提供交通、信息通信技術(shù)等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，以加強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)能力

·10b.確保人民享有言論、集會(huì)、和平抗議的自由，獨(dú)立自主

·10c.提高公眾在政治進(jìn)程中的參與度，提高各級(jí)公民參與

·10d.保障公民信息知情權(quán)和獲得政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)的權(quán)力

·10e.減少賄賂、腐敗，確保官員問責(zé)制度

·11c.排除引起沖突的外部壓力，包括那些與集團(tuán)犯罪相關(guān)的因素

·2f.推動(dòng)合作，共享科學(xué)、技術(shù)、創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展數(shù)據(jù)

高級(jí)別小組涉及的有關(guān)青年的其他方面：

…它們（發(fā)展中國家）已經(jīng)成為全球增長和全球貿(mào)易擴(kuò)張的主力軍。他們的人口年輕、有活力。它們不斷城市化、現(xiàn)代化、吸收新技術(shù)的速度快于以往。但它們也面臨著重大抉擇。它們今天對(duì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的投資，可為明天減少能源使用和污染。它們今天管理自然資源收入的方式將決定明天年輕人可選擇的余地。它們必須作出明智的選擇，把城市打造成生機(jī)勃勃、充滿機(jī)遇、服務(wù)齊全、生活方式多種多樣、人們想要工作和居住的地方。

城鎮(zhèn)化是捷徑：城鎮(zhèn)化具有重要地位，因?yàn)榘菪缘脑鲩L源自充滿活力、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市，這樣的城市是唯一能夠產(chǎn)生青年人正在尋找的良好就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的地方。

Moving forward

勇往直前

What is clear is that young people’s participation is central in realizing the fate of the present MDGs and in both the development and the implementation of a youth led-post-2015. The youth population has to be recognized and their priorities must be addressed； strengthening youth participation in the development discussions is the best way for the implementations to be successful.

青年的參與是實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)下聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)和由青年領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的“2015年后發(fā)展議程”的關(guān)鍵，這是顯而易見的。青年必須獲得認(rèn)可，必須著重強(qiáng)調(diào)他們的優(yōu)先權(quán)；在有關(guān)發(fā)展的討論中加強(qiáng)青年參與是實(shí)現(xiàn)成功的最佳方式。

1. YOUTH PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT： Through active participation， young people are empowered to play a vital role in their own development as well as in that of their communities， helping them to learn vital life-skills， develop knowledge on human rights and citizenship and to promote positive civic action. To participate effectively， young people must be given the proper tools， such as information， education about and access to their civil rights.

1.青年參與和賦權(quán)：通過青年的積極參與，青年被賦予權(quán)利進(jìn)行自身發(fā)展并在所屬的社區(qū)中扮演重要角色，幫助他們學(xué)習(xí)至關(guān)重要的生活技能，獲得在人權(quán)和公民方面的知識(shí)，促進(jìn)積極的公民行動(dòng)。青年有效地參與必須有適當(dāng)?shù)墓ぞ?，如有關(guān)獲得公民權(quán)利的信息、教育和途徑。

2. GOVERNANCE： The data from www.myworld2015.org suggest that the youth are characterizing honest and responsive governments as one of the most important priorities in the post-2015 development agenda. The youth have discussed that democratic governance is important in the development process. This includes states encouraging active youth civic participation as a means of holding government and national institutions accountable. By allowing increased meaningful and inclusive participation of youth in the decision making processes in all levels from local， sub-national， national， regional to global

2.管理：來自www.myworld2015.org的數(shù)據(jù)表明，青年將誠信負(fù)責(zé)的政府作為“2015年后發(fā)展議程”的重中之重。青年已經(jīng)討論了在發(fā)展過程中民主治理的重要性。其中包括國家鼓勵(lì)青年公民的積極參與作為政府和國家機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)的一種方式。通過增加有意義的和包容性的青年參與，使青年在地方、省市、國家、區(qū)域到全球各級(jí)決策過程中發(fā)揮作用。

3. EDUCATION6： Education is another essential element in the transition to adulthood. However， a substantial number of young people in developing countries continue to face challenges relating to educational access and quality. Although the global youth literacy rate increased from 84 per cent during the period 1985-1994 to 89 per cent during the period 2000-2006， progress has been uneven， with youth literacy rates below 80 per cent recorded in sub-Saharan Africa and in Southern and Western Asia （United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization， 2008）. Large disparities in educational quality and access also exist within countries owing to factors such as income， location， gender， and ethnicity. A universal commitment to young people’s education will continue to stimulate their innovative and creative thinking， which is important in promoting communities that can support each other. A call for youth centered education that builds their competencies， democratic and social justice values and employability/entrepreneurial skills.

3.教育6：教育是青年過渡到成年的另一個(gè)重要因素。然而，在發(fā)展中國家仍有大量的年輕人繼續(xù)面臨與教育途徑和質(zhì)量相關(guān)的挑戰(zhàn)。盡管全球青年識(shí)字率從1985-1994期間的84%上升到2000-2006期間的89%，發(fā)展仍不平衡，在撒哈拉以南的非洲和亞洲南部和西部，青年識(shí)字率仍低于80% （聯(lián)合國科教文組織，2008年）。由于收入、地位、性別、種族等因素，國內(nèi)教育質(zhì)量和途徑差異懸殊。對(duì)青年教育的承諾將繼續(xù)激勵(lì)他們的創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)造性思維，這在促進(jìn)社區(qū)發(fā)展，相互支持方面至關(guān)重要。我們號(hào)召提高以青年為中心的教育，增強(qiáng)他們的競爭力，形成民主和社會(huì)正義的價(jià)值觀，提高就業(yè)能力/創(chuàng)業(yè)技能。

4. EMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP7： Youth are concentrated in areas with limited access to basic social services. Employment is an integral part of the transition to adulthood and plays a central role in the social integration of young people. It provides youth with economic security and facilitates their participation in society at multiple levels. Youth access to employment essentially translates into income and resource access， both of which are pivotal to shaping adaptive capacity （United Nations， 2007b）. However， young people continue to be overrepresented among the world’s unemployed； in 2007， youth comprised only 25 per cent of the working-age population but accounted for more than 40 per cent of those who were jobless （International Labour Organisation， 2008）. The global youth unemployment rate for 2007 stood at 12 per cent， or three times the adult rate. In South-East Asia and the Pacific， youth unemployment rates as high as six times those of adults have been recorded （International Labour Organisation， 2008）. For the vast majority of youth living in developing countries， unemployment rates tell only part of the story. For young people in these areas， informal， non-secure， and low-wage employment is the norm， with labour activity among youth concentrated in agriculture and related industries and in the informal sector. Employment must be addressed in the post-2015 development agenda. Continued encouragement of the youth to develop their entrepreneurial and innovation skills will directly aid in sustainable development.

4.就業(yè)和創(chuàng)業(yè)7：青年都集中在基本社會(huì)服務(wù)有限的地區(qū)。就業(yè)是青年過渡到成年的一個(gè)必不可少的部分，在社會(huì)融合中扮演著中心角色。它為青少年提供了經(jīng)濟(jì)保障，促進(jìn)他們?cè)谏鐣?huì)中多層次的參與。青年就業(yè)途徑本質(zhì)上是收入和獲得資源的途徑，這兩者是塑造適應(yīng)能力的關(guān)鍵（聯(lián)合國，2007b）。然而，青年仍然是全球失業(yè)的代表；2007年，青年只占勞動(dòng)人口的25%，而占失業(yè)人口的40%多（國際勞工組織，2008年）。2007年全球青年的失業(yè)率達(dá)12%，為成年人失業(yè)率的三倍。在東南亞和太平洋地區(qū)，青年失業(yè)率是成年人失業(yè)率的六倍（國際勞工組織，2008年）。對(duì)于生活在發(fā)展中國家的絕大多數(shù)年輕人，失業(yè)率只反映了一部分事實(shí)。這種境遇的年輕人常常面臨非正規(guī)的、不安全的、和低工資的就業(yè)，勞動(dòng)活動(dòng)集中在農(nóng)業(yè)及相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)和在非正規(guī)部門。就業(yè)必須在“2015年后發(fā)展議程”中著重強(qiáng)調(diào)。繼續(xù)鼓勵(lì)青年發(fā)展創(chuàng)業(yè)和創(chuàng)新能力，這將直接有助于可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

5. HEALTH CARE： Health care is viewed as a fundamental human right； governments and organizations must make a concerted effort to produce and deliver a basic package of health care services that are youth-friendly and include high quality， integrated， equitable， comprehensive， affordable， acceptable， confidential， and free-of-stigma care. These facilities must be accepting of young men and women for LGBTQI， MSM， drug users， refugees， rural populations， migrant workers， persons with disabilities， or are living with HIV and AIDS. It is only with a healthy young population that will allow for continued progress towards achieving sustainable development across the globe. A special focus on mental health of young people has been recognized worldwide.

5. 衛(wèi)生保?。盒l(wèi)生保健被視為一項(xiàng)基本人權(quán)；政府和組織必須齊心協(xié)力給青年提供基本的衛(wèi)生保健服務(wù)，包括高質(zhì)量的、綜合的、公平的、全面的、負(fù)擔(dān)得起的、可以接受的、尊重隱私的、無歧視的醫(yī)護(hù)條件。這些設(shè)施必須接受男女同性戀者、吸毒者、難民、農(nóng)村人口、農(nóng)民工、殘疾人、艾滋病患者等。只有實(shí)現(xiàn)青年人的健康才能繼續(xù)在全球范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展進(jìn)程。應(yīng)當(dāng)特別關(guān)注青年的心理健康，這已獲得全世界的認(rèn)可。

6. GENDER EQUALITY： In the post-2015 development agenda， there must be a special focus that endorses a greater representation of young women in politics； these individuals have equal say in pertinent policy and structural changes that directly impact the future. Additionally， the post-2015 agenda must address harmful traditional practices against girls and young women， including forced marriage， gender-based violence and violence against girls/women. Education and health care must be delivered in a gender-sensitive manner. Encouraging young women to participate in local， sub-national and national governments will aid in developing a rights-based approach to solving many of the gender-related issues in developing nations. This calls for a stronger focus on young women worldwide – harnessing their potential and leadership in development and implementation of the global agenda. The need to focus on most marginalized young women has been stronger： young women with disabilities， indigenous young women， minority young women， LGBTQ young women， young women affected by HIV/AIDS， young women subjected to violence and exploitation， young women in conflict and post conflict/disaster situations， rural and urban young women youth etc.，

6.性別平等：在“2015年后發(fā)展議程”中，必須特別關(guān)注支持更多的青年婦女參與政治。這些人在相關(guān)政策和結(jié)構(gòu)變化方面具有平等的話語權(quán)，將對(duì)未來產(chǎn)生影響。此外，“2015年后發(fā)展議程”必須消除針對(duì)女童和年輕女性有害的陋習(xí)，包括強(qiáng)迫婚姻、性別暴力。教育和醫(yī)療必須以性別敏感的方式來傳達(dá)。鼓勵(lì)年輕女性參與到當(dāng)?shù)亍⑹∈泻蛧艺墓ぷ鲗⒂兄诮柚?quán)來解決發(fā)展中國家中許多與性別有關(guān)的問題。這需要更加關(guān)注全球年輕女性——在制定和實(shí)施全球議程時(shí)，利用她們的潛力和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力。需要更加關(guān)注最邊緣化的年輕女性：殘疾的年輕女性、土著年輕婦女、少數(shù)民族年輕女性、年輕同性戀女性、感染艾滋病毒/患艾滋病的年輕女性、遭受暴力和剝削的年輕女性、在沖突和沖突后/災(zāi)難情況下的年輕女性、農(nóng)村和城市年輕女性等。

7. ADDRESSING INEQUALITIES8： While the MDGs highlighted that freedom， equality， tolerance， and solidarity are fundamental values that must be addressed， there are still issues regarding inequality that are pertinent for youth throughout the globe today. One of the primary factors that led to these issues is the notion that inequalities arise from disparity among social justice and what is fair. However， the Global Thematic Consultation on Addressing Inequalities demonstrates that there is more than just a difference for inequalities； without understanding and articulating various indicators present in causing inequality， additional strides in minimizing the gap between two groups will not be efficacious. Inequalities have consequences for everyone in society； as such， a development framework is necessary to define and accomplish goals. These goals must ensure that conditions such as poverty， violence， preventable deaths， malnutrition， and denial of basic services are diminished completely. The need to focus on most marginalized youth has been stronger， harnessing and promoting participation and partnerships of youth with disabilities， indigenous youth， minority youth， LGBTQ youth， youth affected by HIV/AIDS， youth in conflict and post conflict/disaster situations， rural and urban poor youth， etc.，

7.解決不平等8：雖然聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)強(qiáng)調(diào)自由、平等、寬容、團(tuán)結(jié)是基本價(jià)值觀，在當(dāng)今世界，仍然有許多與青年相關(guān)的不平等問題亟需解決。導(dǎo)致這些問題的主要因素之一是社會(huì)中的不公平。然而，全球解決不平等主題協(xié)商會(huì)表明，不平等不僅僅是指有區(qū)別；如果不理解和闡明導(dǎo)致不平等的各種因素，就不能有效縮小差距。社會(huì)不平等對(duì)每個(gè)人來說都會(huì)造成影響，因此，非常有必要定義要實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。這些目標(biāo)必須確保消除貧困、暴力、可預(yù)防的死亡、營養(yǎng)不良和基本服務(wù)的缺失。需要更加關(guān)注最邊緣化的青年，利用和促進(jìn)青年的參與和合作，包括殘疾青年、土著青年、少數(shù)民族青年、男女同性戀青年、感染艾滋病毒/患艾滋病的青年、在沖突和沖突后/災(zāi)難情況下的青年、農(nóng)村和城市地區(qū)的貧困青年等等。

8. CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENT： It is clear that the fate of climate change and the environment is uncertain. The data suggest that， while not necessarily the most important priority， climate change and protecting the environment is an issue that needs to be discussed for sustainable development. This is especially vital in regions of the world where climate plays a large factor in the daily lives of the youth. The youth have discussed and called upon the need for more funding by governments and civil societies towards climate research. There needs to be recognition of failure of climate change and environmental sustainability from the MDGs and a call for young people to voice their opinions on pertinent issues like access to clean water and sanitation services and food security. Bringing climate change and environment to the list of key priorities that need to be addressed will not only ensure effective provisions of funding， but will also create a platform for young leaders to develop new practices to ensure basic services are acquired throughout the developing world.

8.氣候變化與環(huán)境：氣候變化和環(huán)境的前景顯然是不確定的。數(shù)據(jù)表明，雖然氣候變化和環(huán)境保護(hù)不一定是最需要考慮的問題，但是它們是可持續(xù)發(fā)展所必須討論的。氣候在青年的日常生活中扮演了一個(gè)重要的因素，這在世界各地都尤為重要。青年人已經(jīng)討論并呼吁政府和民間社會(huì)投入更多資金來進(jìn)行氣候研究。需要認(rèn)識(shí)到聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)內(nèi)關(guān)于氣候變化和環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)并未實(shí)現(xiàn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)呼吁年輕人表達(dá)出他們對(duì)獲得潔凈水、衛(wèi)生設(shè)施服務(wù)以及糧食安全等問題的意見。將氣候變化和環(huán)境作為優(yōu)先解決的事件，需要確保資金的有效投入，還需要為青年領(lǐng)袖創(chuàng)建一個(gè)平臺(tái)進(jìn)行新的實(shí)踐，以確保能夠向世界發(fā)展的全過程提供基本服務(wù)。

9. PEACE AND SECURITY： While the data suggest that peace and security is not among the top priorities of the youth in the development world， it is still an important issue that must be discussed. Particularly in certain regions where peace and security are very unstable， the youth demand a post-2015 world in which there is strengthened international cooperation between governments， NGOs， INGOs， and the private sector. Utilizing mass media may help in promoting this cooperation among the public. The youth have called on such governance bodies and organisations to ensure peace and security in all regions； in doing so， young people can work together towards developing sustainable measures in the post-2015 agenda.

9.和平與安全：盡管數(shù)據(jù)表明和平與安全并不是發(fā)展中國家青年發(fā)展的首要任務(wù)，但仍然是一個(gè)必須討論的重要問題。特別是在某些地區(qū)，和平與安全還非常不穩(wěn)定，青年需要在2015年后的世界加強(qiáng)政府間、非政府組織、國際非政府組織和私營部門之間的國際合作。利用大眾媒體有助于促進(jìn)公眾間的這種合作。青年已經(jīng)呼吁這樣的治理機(jī)構(gòu)和組織確保所有地區(qū)的和平與安全，通過這種做法，年輕人可以一起努力實(shí)施“2015年后發(fā)展議程”中的可持續(xù)發(fā)展措施。

10.CRIME AND VIOLENCE： UNODC Global Study on Homicide presents a statistical overview of the regional crime conditions. Its findings indicate that the world average intentional homicide rate （a proxy for levels of crime and violence）， is 6.9 per 100，000 inhabitants and， more specifically， that the homicide rate in Africa is 17.4 per 100，000； Asia 3.1 per 100，000； Europe 3.5 per 100，000； and the Americas 15.5 per 100，0009. Higher levels of homicide are associated with low human and economic development. The largest shares of homicides occur in countries with low levels of human development， and countries with high levels of income inequality are afflicted by homicide rates almost four times higher than more equal societies10.

10.犯罪與暴力：聯(lián)合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室對(duì)地區(qū)犯罪條件進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)概述。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，全球平均故意殺人率（代表級(jí)別的犯罪和暴力）為每100，000名居民中就有6.9人，更具體地說，非洲的謀殺率是每100，000人中有17.4人；亞洲為每100，000人中有3.1人；歐洲為每100，000人中有3.5人；美洲為每100，000人中有15.5人9。高水平的謀殺與低水平的人類和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有關(guān)。最大的兇殺案發(fā)生在人類發(fā)展水平較低的國家，收入極不平等國家的謀殺率是較為平等社會(huì)的近四倍10。

Despite the marked geographical differences in homicide trends at the macro level but also further down the territorial scale， there is evidence from all regions of the world that most of those who become involved in crime， whether organized， gang-related or street crime， are young and male. Some 80% of homicide victims globally are male， mostly young men in the 15-29 year age-group， as are their perpetrators11. In many low-and middle-income countries， children and young people form the predominant age group and offer a continuous source of recruitment for gangs， drug dealers or traffickers.

Social or “developmental” prevention programmes that advance poverty alleviation and social and economic development， and that recognize and respect cultural diversity are important and cost-effective investments that need to be balanced against deterrence and law enforcement measures. Evidence presented in the Global Burden of Armed Violence 201112 indicates that deconcentration of income inequality， proactive social inclusion and targeted youth employment and education schemes can have a positive effect on the onset， duration and dynamics of violence. Experience has shown that carefully targeted projects which actively involve young people living in the most vulnerable communities in education， leadership and skills training， entrepreneurship and job creation， can build resilience to crime， violence and victimization by providing the conditions and possibilities for alternative life-styles to drug and gang involvement.

盡管與謀殺相關(guān)的顯著地理差異不僅體現(xiàn)在宏觀層面及領(lǐng)土范圍，但也有證據(jù)表明世界所有地區(qū)參與犯罪的人，無論是否有組織、幫派或是街頭犯罪，大多數(shù)為年輕男性。全球約80%的謀殺案受害者是男性，大多數(shù)是15-29歲，行兇者也類似11。在許多低收入和中等收入國家，兒童和年輕人形成了突出年齡群體，成為幫派、毒品販子和毒販提供了一個(gè)持續(xù)的招聘來源。

社會(huì)或“發(fā)展”預(yù)防規(guī)劃推進(jìn)扶貧和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，承認(rèn)和尊重文化多樣性是重要的，具有成本效益的投資需要與威懾和執(zhí)法措施保持平衡。2011年武裝暴力全球責(zé)任報(bào)告所呈現(xiàn)的證據(jù)表明，消除收入不平等，積極的社會(huì)包容和有針對(duì)性的青年就業(yè)和教育計(jì)劃對(duì)暴力的形成、持續(xù)和烈度有積極的影響12。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，有針對(duì)性的項(xiàng)目與生活在最脆弱的社區(qū)青年有關(guān)，涉及教育、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力和技能培訓(xùn)、創(chuàng)業(yè)和就業(yè)等方面，能提供另類生活方式的條件和可能性，可以應(yīng)對(duì)犯罪、暴力和受害以抵抗毒品和黑幫介入。

Conclusion

總結(jié)

· Continue： Come together to ensure that we all advocate for youth priorities to be integrated in the development of post-2015 agenda as enumerated above. With special focus on the most marginalised young women， youth with disabilities， minority and indigenous youth， LGBTQ youth， youth in conflict and post conflict/ disaster settings， youth living in slums and most hard to reach remote areas， etc.

· Embrace partnerships with the emergence of the Youth-Led originations， youth-led initiatives and youth-led movements that promote meaningful participation of youth in the development and most crucially in the implementation of the post-2015 development agenda.

· A call Given the 1.8 billion population we need to stronger advocate for a solid focus on youth development and youth participation in the post-2015 development agenda -– make a call for a dedicated goal on youth development and participation priorities.

· Scenario 1： A full dedicated youth development and participation goal with youth priorities clearly integrated in other goals

· Scenario 2： A fully dedicated youth development and participation goal

· Scenario 3： youth priorities clearly integrated in other goals

· Scenario 4： youth priorities integrated in selected goals

· Key partners in implementation of 2015 goals： Youth being recognised as partners of Post-2015 implementation in HLP must be backed with resources and capacities worldwide.

繼續(xù)：共同努力，確保我們都能夠?yàn)閷⑶嗄甑膬?yōu)先權(quán)列入“2015年后發(fā)展議程”中做出貢獻(xiàn)。特別關(guān)注最邊緣化的年輕女性、青年殘疾人、少數(shù)民族和土著青年、男女同性戀青年、在沖突和沖突后/災(zāi)難情況下的青年、生活在貧民窟和偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的青年等等。

支持青年領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)、青年創(chuàng)始項(xiàng)目和青年運(yùn)動(dòng)的合作，推動(dòng)青年參與到促進(jìn)發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中來，這對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)“2015年后發(fā)展議程”尤為重要。

18億人口號(hào)召我們加強(qiáng)對(duì)“2015年后發(fā)展議程”中青年發(fā)展和青年參與的緊密關(guān)注——號(hào)召我們努力實(shí)現(xiàn)青年發(fā)展和優(yōu)先參與權(quán)的目標(biāo)。

愿景1：一個(gè)專門的青年發(fā)展和參與的目標(biāo)，將青年優(yōu)先權(quán)與其他目標(biāo)明確結(jié)合

愿景2：一個(gè)專門的青年發(fā)展和參與的目標(biāo)

愿景3：將青年優(yōu)先權(quán)與其他目標(biāo)明確結(jié)合

愿景4：青年優(yōu)先權(quán)與選定目標(biāo)相結(jié)合

實(shí)現(xiàn)“2015年后發(fā)展議程”目標(biāo)的主要合作伙伴：青年被視為實(shí)現(xiàn)“2015年后發(fā)展議程”高層協(xié)議的合作伙伴，必須獲得全球范圍內(nèi)在資源和設(shè)施方面的支持。

1Comments to karkara@un.org（Global Expert Advisor Children and Youth， UNMC and UN-HABITAT） this paper is not conclusive and may miss other vital processes that are absolutely worth adding

來自karkara@un.org的評(píng)論（聯(lián)合國人居署、布拉斯加大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心，兒童青年全球?qū)＜翌檰枺?/p>

2http：//www.unfpa.org/public/adolescents

3http：//data.myworld2015.org/

4http：//data.myworld2015.org/

5i） end poverty； （ii） empower girls and women and achieve gender equality； （iii） provide quality education and lifelong learning； （iv） ensure healthy lives； （v） ensure food security and good nutrition； （vi） achieve universal access to water and sanitation； （vii） secure sustainable energy； （viii） create jobs， sustainable livelihoods and equitable growth； （ix） manage natural resource assets sustainably； （x） ensure good governance and effective institutions； （xi） ensure stable and peaceful societies； and （xii） create a global enabling environment and catalyse long-term finance.

i） 消除貧困； （ii） 女性賦權(quán)，實(shí)現(xiàn)性別平等； （iii） 提供四肢教育和終身學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)； （iv） 確保身體健康； （v） 確保糧食安全和營養(yǎng)良好； （vi） 實(shí)現(xiàn)水資源和衛(wèi)生環(huán)境共享； （vii） 確保可持續(xù)能源； （viii） 創(chuàng)造就業(yè)、可持續(xù)生計(jì)和均衡增長； （ix） 用可持續(xù)方式管理自然資源； （x） 確保優(yōu)良管理和有效機(jī)制； （xi） 確保社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和諧； （xii） 創(chuàng)造全球有力環(huán)境，促進(jìn)金融長期發(fā)展。

6http：//www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/wyr10/Brief%20demographic.pdf

7http：//www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/wyr10/Brief%20demographic.pdf

8Global Thematic Consultation on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Addressing Inequalities： Synthesis Report of Global Public Consultation. http：//www.gender-climate.org/Content/Docs/Publications/SynthesisReportGlobalThematicConsultationAddressingInequalities.pdf

“2015年后發(fā)展議程”全球主題磋商。解決不平等：全球公共磋商綜合報(bào)告。

9UNODC， Global Study on Homicide， p. 21 （2011）.

聯(lián)合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室，全球謀殺報(bào)告，第21頁（2011）

10 Ibid. p 10

出處同上，第10頁

11 Ibid p 11

出處同上，第11頁

12 This report， published by the secretariat of the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development， takes an integrated approach to the complex and volatile dynamics of armed violence around the world. In the Geneva Declaration， which has been endorsed by more than 100 countries， States undertake to achieve measurable reductions in the global burden of armed violence and tangible improvements in human security by 2015 （seewww.genevadeclaration.org/）.

此報(bào)告由武裝暴力和發(fā)展日內(nèi)瓦宣言秘書處發(fā)布，提出了針對(duì)世界復(fù)雜多變的武裝暴力的綜合解決辦法。日內(nèi)瓦宣言獲得100多個(gè)國家的支持，各國在宣言中承諾2015年前顯著地減小武裝暴力的全球負(fù)擔(dān)，使人類安全有明顯的提高。（見www.genevadeclaration.org/）