公務(wù)員風(fēng)勁吹青年擇業(yè)觀

In recent years， some countries including China had a hot wave of enrolling for young civil servants. According to official statistics， in 2014， 1.52 million people took the national civil service examination in China. However， in 2003， the number was only 87，000. In ten years， it rose nearly 18 times and even one thousand people competed for one job. Professor Zhu Lijia of China National School of Administration told the media in the interview， “By the end of 2012， the total number of national civil servant broke through 7 million， increasing nearly 500，000 in 5 years.\"

However， recently， in mainland China it has reported the news of the resignation of civil servants， which undoubtedly caused a negative influence on the civil service exam. At the same time， it also made people begin to reflect on the hot enrollment of young civil servants.

近年來，包括中國在內(nèi)的一些國家掀起了一股狂熱的青年公務(wù)員“熱”。據(jù)官方數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，2014年，中國有152萬人參加了國家公務(wù)員考試報(bào)名，而在2003年，這一數(shù)據(jù)僅為8.7萬，十年間“暴漲”了近18倍，近幾年更是出現(xiàn)千人爭一崗的火爆場面。中國國家行政學(xué)院教授竹立家在接受媒體采訪時說：“截至2012年底，全國公務(wù)員總數(shù)突破700萬，5年間增長近50萬人?！?/p>

然而近期中國內(nèi)地卻爆出了公務(wù)員辭職新聞流，無疑給公務(wù)員考試潑了一瓢冷水。同時，也讓人們開始反思青年公務(wù)員報(bào)考熱潮。

To be a Civil servant becomes popular for a time

風(fēng)靡一時的公務(wù)員職業(yè)

Civil servant， just as its name implies， means “the servant of the public”. Literally， it illuminates a simple reason: “The drive to take up this job is the sense of honor and the determination to serve the public.” Professor Zhu Lijia said in an interview: “In modern countries， the team of civil servants is made up of a group of people with the ability of management who aspire for the general public service and regard social honor higher than the interests of money.”

公務(wù)員，顧名思義，即“公眾的仆人”。僅從字面上就已經(jīng)闡明了一個簡單的道理:“從事這份工作的驅(qū)動力是榮譽(yù)感與服務(wù)公眾的決心?！敝袊鴩倚姓W(xué)院教授竹立家在一次采訪中如是說，“在現(xiàn)代國家，公務(wù)員隊(duì)伍一般由一批有志于為公共事業(yè)服務(wù)、視社會榮譽(yù)感高于金錢利益，并且有一定管理智慧和水平的人構(gòu)成?！?/p>

In China， civil servants were once the representatives of social elites. Millions of people regarded it as the best occupation. In America， recently， it also had an unprecedented hot wave of “enrolling for civil servants”. According to the report of Hong Kong Media， since 2008， due to the severe American economic and employment situation， there has been a phenomenon that more than 3，000 new positions in government attracted about 300，000 applicants.

According to a poll in Russia in 2011， civil servant ranked first in the hottest career list. In Germany， some positions are permanent and the employees cannot be fired， so civil servant is also a popular career. A survey of human resource and marketing agency in Germany showed that nearly 20% of German college students want to be a civil servant after graduation. A report of Global Times in 2012 said: “This year Japan has also had an unprecedented boom in national and local civil service exams.\"

放眼世界，在中國，公務(wù)員曾一度被認(rèn)為是社會精英的代表，一個千萬人奉為“香餑餑”的職業(yè)。在美國，近年來也掀起了史無前例的“公務(wù)員熱”。據(jù)香港媒體報(bào)道，2008年以來，由于美國經(jīng)濟(jì)和就業(yè)形勢嚴(yán)峻，曾出現(xiàn)過三千多個新政府職位引來約30萬名申請者競爭的火爆場面。

據(jù)俄羅斯2011年的一項(xiàng)民調(diào)顯示，公務(wù)員在最熱門職業(yè)排行榜中高居首位。在德國，因?yàn)槟承徫唤K身任職不能被解雇，所以公務(wù)員也是頗為熱門的職業(yè)。德國人力資源營銷機(jī)構(gòu)的調(diào)查顯示，目前德國大學(xué)生畢業(yè)后想當(dāng)國家公務(wù)員的有近20%?！叭毡窘衲陣液偷胤焦珓?wù)員考試也出現(xiàn)了前所未有的熱潮”，2012年《環(huán)球時報(bào)》一篇報(bào)道顯示。

Cruel civil service exam

殘酷的公務(wù)員考試

Despite all kinds of pressures of the civil servants， young people's passions for being\" officials in politics\" remain. Behind the hot jobs， however， it is the cruel exam. In China， \"the highest honor\" can only be owned by those who defeat thousands of competitors. Jonathan Finn， commentator of the Guardian in Britain， thought that Chinese young people had no other way to go but experience again and again cruel competitive examinations if they wanted to become civil servants.

In India， the civil service exam is claimed to be the most difficult test in the world. Every year， hundreds of thousands of people take the examination， but the acceptance rate is only less than 10 in a thousand. Candidates need to pass three stages， namely qualifying examination， the main test and the interview. It almost needs one year to complete the whole process， and each person has only four chances during his lifetime.

盡管各種壓力敲打著公務(wù)員的神經(jīng)，還是無法阻止青年人對“為官從政”的熱情。然而，熱門職業(yè)背后，卻是殘酷的考試。在中國，這份“至高榮譽(yù)”只有于千軍萬馬中成功過獨(dú)木橋者方能擁有。著有《現(xiàn)代中國史》的英國《衛(wèi)報(bào)》評論員強(qiáng)納森·芬比認(rèn)為，中國年輕人在職業(yè)規(guī)劃上，如果要想當(dāng)上公務(wù)員，就沒有別的途徑可走，只有經(jīng)歷一次次殘酷的競爭考試。

在印度，公務(wù)員考試號稱是全世界最難的考試，每年報(bào)考人數(shù)幾十萬，錄取率卻只有千分之幾。考生需要經(jīng)過初試、主試和面試三個階段，差不多花費(fèi)1年時間才能完成，且每人一生只有四次機(jī)會。

Britain is the earliest country that puts the system of civil servants into practice in the world. In the selection of civil servants， Britain always maintains the traditional consciousness that “people who have received higher education are more suitable to be leaders\". Therefore， the difficulty of civil service exam is one of the main reasons that college students are not keen on registering for the examination. According to statistics， most of British civil servants are outstanding graduates from Cambridge， Oxford and other famous comprehensive universities. The biggest characteristic of British civil service exam is \"the intelligence test on thinking\". After the general test， professional test and the interview， the candidates may be employed if they are on the top three levels (there are a total of seven levels). Newly hired officials can be formally employed after two years’ probation.

In France， the civil service exam is also very competitive. French civil service system is divided into politics and business. Civil service exam of business is generally divided into written and oral examination. The examination’s content includes politics， economy， culture， Constitution， history， etc. The positions such as diplomatic personnel and advisers to the government require that the candidates have high academic qualifications and the elimination rate of selection is very high.

英國是世界上最早實(shí)行公務(wù)員制度的國家。在公務(wù)員選拔方面，英國一直保持著“接受過優(yōu)良高等教育的人更適合擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”的傳統(tǒng)意識。因此，公務(wù)員難考是英國大學(xué)生并不熱衷報(bào)考公務(wù)員的重要原因之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，英國公務(wù)員大多為劍橋、牛津等名牌綜合性大學(xué)的優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生。英國公務(wù)員考試最大的特色就是“智力測驗(yàn)考思維”，歷經(jīng)統(tǒng)測、專業(yè)素質(zhì)、面試答辯后，進(jìn)入前三個等級的方可錄用（總共七個等級），新錄用的官員一般要經(jīng)過兩年的試用期，才能被正式錄用。

在法國，公務(wù)員考試競爭也很激烈，法國公務(wù)員制度分為政務(wù)類和業(yè)務(wù)類兩種。業(yè)務(wù)類公務(wù)員考試，一般分為筆試和口試，考試內(nèi)容涉及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、憲法、歷史、憲法等等方面，對于像外交人員和政府顧問等這樣的職位，不僅要求候選人具有高學(xué)歷，且選拔淘汰率非常高。

Why civil servants are so attractive to youths

公務(wù)員為何備受青年青睞

Though the exam is of high difficulty， countless teenagers enter themselves for the examination of civil servants. Even though various countries in the world have different rules of civil service systems in order to maintain political stability， the job of civil servants is stable and has good benefits， higher social status and comprehensive guarantee， so it attracts many youngsters to take the exam.

雖然難度系數(shù)高，但是仍有不計(jì)其數(shù)的熱血青年報(bào)考公務(wù)員。縱使世界各國為了維護(hù)政治穩(wěn)定，對公務(wù)員制度有不同的規(guī)定，但從整體上看，吸引青年人投身“公務(wù)員大軍”的最重要的誘因還是“工作穩(wěn)定，福利優(yōu)厚，社會地位較高，保障較為全面”。

Lin Li is a master student in Beijing Institute of Technology in China. Last year she failed in the exam for the gap of a few points. Recently， she said she would not give up， and have already started preparing for the civil service exam in her hometown. In fact， a lot of people think like Lin Li that they will enjoy the carefree life in their old age and higher social status once they enter into the system.

Julie Ann， a sophomore majoring in chemistry from Allier University in France， said， \"The civil servant is very popular in French. It is a secure job. Although the income is not high， they get the salary of 13 months per year and also enjoy not less than 25 kinds of subsidies.\" Chinese Radio Network reported that French civil servants enjoyed not less than 25 kinds of subsidies: subsidies on bicycle， clothing， shoes， small ornament， etc.

In India， civil servant is regarded as the career that can glorify and illuminate ancestors with higher salaries and benefits than other general occupations. Therefore， numerous Indian young people work hard to get the jobs.

去年因幾分之差與面試擦身而過的藺麗，是中國北京理工大學(xué)的一名碩士生，近日，她表示不會放棄，并已經(jīng)開始著手準(zhǔn)備參加老家的公務(wù)員考試。其實(shí)，很多人和藺麗一樣，他們認(rèn)為，進(jìn)入體制內(nèi)意味著晚年無憂的生活，較高的社會地位等。

來自法國阿利耶大學(xué)化學(xué)專業(yè)大二的茱莉安說:“公務(wù)員是法國人非常向往的職業(yè)，就是‘鐵飯碗’，雖然收入不高，但每年可領(lǐng)13個月的工資，還享受著不少于25種的各類補(bǔ)貼?！睋?jù)中國廣播網(wǎng)報(bào)道，法國公務(wù)員享受不少于25種各類補(bǔ)貼：自行車補(bǔ)貼、服裝補(bǔ)貼、穿鞋補(bǔ)貼、小裝飾補(bǔ)貼，還有買內(nèi)衣或衣物丟失補(bǔ)貼等奇怪的補(bǔ)貼。

在印度，公務(wù)員職業(yè)被視為“光宗耀祖”的行業(yè)，待遇和福利遠(yuǎn)比一般工作都要高。為此，無數(shù)印度青年挑燈夜讀，爭先恐后。

American civil servants can enjoy federal health benefits. The government will bear most of the health care costs. Civil servants have longer paid holidays. Some government departments also help employees to repay their student loans. In addition， different departments have childcare centers in office buildings or to provide childcare subsidies to low-income employees.

In Britain， although civil servants are not well-paid， the welfare is very good. The most important welfare of British civil servants is the pension. The country also has different types of occupational pension insurance system for civil servants. In addition， British civil servants may have flexible schedules， and even time for children’s holidays.

美國公務(wù)員可以享受聯(lián)邦健康福利計(jì)劃，政府承擔(dān)大部分的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。公務(wù)員有較長時間的帶薪休假。甚至一些政府部門還會幫助雇員償還助學(xué)貸款。此外，根據(jù)部門不同，有的部門會在辦公樓內(nèi)設(shè)托兒所，給低收入雇員發(fā)放育兒補(bǔ)助等。

在英國，雖然公務(wù)員算不上高薪，但福利不錯。英國公務(wù)員最主要的福利是養(yǎng)老金，且國家還為公務(wù)員設(shè)立了不同類型的職業(yè)養(yǎng)老金保險制度。另外，英國公務(wù)員可實(shí)行彈性工作制，甚至與孩子假期互動都有相關(guān)保障。

German civil servants are divided into two kinds: one in tenure system and one elected by people. Even the latter cannot be dismissed in his tenure. Facing the flexible working hours， generous pensions and colorful work life， German youths are willing to be civil servants.

In ROK， as long as they do not get the criminal punishments above being detained or dismissed， South Korea's civil servants can basically rely on the country for a lifetime. With the career stability and better social security and retirement system， the civil servants are also regarded as having the \"profession of god”.

德國公務(wù)員分終身制和民選公務(wù)員，即便是民選公務(wù)員，任期內(nèi)也不能解雇。再加上公務(wù)員彈性的上班時間，豐厚的退休金，多彩的上班生活，德國青年對公務(wù)員也是樂此不疲。

在韓國，只要沒有受到拘禁以上的刑事處分或者罷免，韓國的公務(wù)員基本上一輩子就可以依靠國家吃飯。職業(yè)的穩(wěn)定性加上良好的社會保障和退休制度，使得公務(wù)員在韓國也被稱做“神的職業(yè)”。