Recommendations and Countermeasures for Building Beautiful Countryside in Jiangsu Province in the New Period

Yongxiang GUAN，Yonghong LIANG*，Hao WU，Zichen WANG，2

1.Jiangsu Station of Agro-ecological Monitoring and Protection，Nanjing 210036，China；2.Circular Agricultural Research Centers，Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Nanjing 210014，China

Building beautiful countryside is an important measure and mainstream carrier of Jiangsu Province implementing the spirit of the 18th Party Congress，promoting ecological progress and deepening new socialist countryside construction，and also a concrete action of integrating urban and rural development，narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas，and building a beautiful country.Through building beautiful countryside，it is expected to realize effective exploration and sustainable use of rural ecological resources，further improve rural production and living conditions，and deeply raise happiness feeling and satisfaction of rural residents.Jiangsu Province，as a national economically developed area，is a key region firstly and comprehensively building well-to-do countryside and realizing agricultural modernization.In recent years，agricultural and rural economy develops rapidly，agricultural production and living conditionsare significantly improved，and it has made remarkable achievement in new socialist countryside construction.However，in general，rural infrastructure is still weak；dirty，disorderly and poor problem of living environment is still prominent；the development and consumption of agricultural resources are excessive；agricultural and rural economic and social development is increasingly facing with serious challenges of severer resource constraint，worsening ecological degradation，and deteriorating environmental pollution.Exploring countermeasures for beautiful countryside construction is of great realistic significance to economic and social development of Jiangsu Province，and realizing blue sky，green land，clear water，and far mers'living in peace and working contentedly，and increase in far mers'income.

1 General situation of agricultural and rural economic development of Jiangsu Province

In recent years，Jiangsu Province carefully implemented decisions of central government and the State Council on enhancing works of agriculture，rural areas and farmers，adhered to the idea of integrating urban and rural development and innovating upon agricultural and rural development，enhanced the support policy for agriculture and rural areas，realized increase in grain yield，agricultural efficiency，farmers'income，and excellent development trend of rural development for consecutive 9 years，which provide powerful support for building beautiful countryside and lay solid foundation for realizing moderately prosperous society［3］.

1.1 Constant increase in grain yieldIn 2012，the grain yield of Jiangsu Province reached 33.725 billion kg，continuing ranking the fourth position of the whole country and realizing increase for consecutive 9 years.

1.2 Constant increase in agricultural efficiencyLarge scale high-efficient agriculture realized outstanding effect.In the whole Jiangsu Province，agricultural area exceeded 320 millionmu，accounting for one third of farmland area；and high-efficient fishery reached 85 millionmu and accounting for a half of aquaculture area.The facility agriculture reached 96millionmu，accounting for 13.9%of farmland area.The construction of three carriers，namely modern agricultural industrial park，centralized area of agricultural product processing，and agricultural product market system，is accelerating and agricultural industrialized operating level is significantly improving.

1.3 Constant increase in farmers'incomeIn 2012，per capita net income of farmers was 12 202 yuan，12.9%higher than previous year，including wage income 6 475 yuan（12.7%high-er），income from household bus inessoperation 4 181 yuan（10.6%higher），property income 562 yuan（18%higher），and transfer income 984 yuan（22.9%higher）.

1.4 Constant improvement in rural production and living conditionsAgricultural and rural infrastructure level significantly increases，rural environment condition gets constantly improved，rural practical work project advances solidly，rural free compulsory education system is comprehensively implemented，village-level service center isbuilt，and rural three-level sanitation service network，public cultural service infrastructure network，and population family planning service network are basically established.Jiangsu Province has basically realized complete coverage of new rural cooperative medical care system，new rural endowment insurance system，rural minimum living security system and basic living security system for land-expropriated farmers.

2 Problem s and bottleneck of new socialist countryside construction in Jiangsu Province

In October2005，the Fifth Plenary Session of the Sixteenth Central Committee of the Party issued Opinions on the Outline of the Eleventh Five-year Plan，and asked to push forward the new socialist countryside construction in accordance with requirements of＂developed production，well-off living，civilized village culture，clean village environment，and democratic management＂.From actual conditions，Jiangsu Province put in more effort to promote agriculture through industry and drive rural areas through urban areas，increased fund input for new socialist countryside construction，implemented 10 key projects，namely，high-efficient agriculture large scale project，5 million far mermigration project，1 million farmer training project，urban and rural planning full coverage project，rural road access project，rural cleaning project，farmer health project，rural cultural project，rural security project，thousands of village supporting project，and 5 new projects，namely rural road access project，rural education and training project，farmer health project，rural environment control project，and rural cultural construction project［4-5］，to actively promote coordinated development of urban and rural areas，and explored a new road for building new socialist countryside with Jiangsu characteristics.However，there are still some prominent problems restricting new socialist countryside construction and needing high attention in the process of beautiful countryside construction.

2.1 No supply and management system for rural public service productsInfrastructure project is an essential part of new socialist countryside construction and the foundation of economic and social development of new countryside.＂Good decision，construction，management and use＂are preconditions for benign operation of new countryside infrastructure project.However，there are still some deep problems，such as rights of farmers'democratic participation in discussing important affairs，disorderly infrastructure supervision subject and responsible person，conflict between beneficiary，supervision subject and use subject，and difficult to implement supervision fund.

2.2 No agricultural ecological compensation mechanism

Ecological construction and environment control increased grassroots input cost.If without real benefit，farmers will be inactive to participate in new socialist countryside construction.For example，in agricultural production，to protect ecological environment，it is required to extend clean production technology，but it will increase manual work or facilities.The improvement in ecological environment is not reflected in price of agri cultural products，so production enterprises and farmers will be not enthusiastic.Take rural pollution control project as an example，due to limitation of technology，fund and awareness，there are prominent problems of＂no use after construction＂，＂no supervision when using＂，and so on.

2.3 Increasingly prom inent rural hollowing and decline of passing on economic cultureUrban-rural integrated development strategy is an effective approach for solving issues concerning agriculture，rural areas and farmers，and accelerating the step for rural areas migrating to towns and towns migrating to cities.However，with quickening of the process，primitive natural villages constantly disappear，there is hollowing trend in reserved centralized living area，and traditional economic culture also gradually declines.How to prevent rural hollowing trend and economic and cultural decline from policy has become a problem not to be neglected in beautiful countryside construction in the new period.

2.4 Lack of funds and technologies for new socialist countryside construction，and inadequate understanding of new socialist countryside constructionFor a long time，rural land and labor constantly flow to cities and make great contribution to urban development，while urban resources and technologies seldom back feed rural areas.Although government at all levels has increased fund for new socialist countryside construction.Compared with input and speed of urban construction，there are still problems of lack of fund，low technology and slow speed of new socialist countryside construction.Besides，the new socialist countryside construction has public nature，thus it is closely related to agricultural and rural production and living，and it serves the general objective of ensuring yield and supply and increasing efficiency.However，the responsible entities are relatively weak，so it must rely on input of government.Take an example of comprehensive control of water pollution in Taihu Lake basin，in line with actual situation of lack of city-level fund，limited county-level fund and no township input，central government and provincial finance becomes the major part of fund input，accordingly the implementation of planning and implementation effect of project will be influenced to some degree.

2.5 Inadequate understanding of new socialist countryside constructionThe new socialist countryside construction is a long-term complex and arduous systematic project.Developing rural industry is the foundation，increasing farmers'income is the core，improving rural environment is the key point，and promoting social harmony is the purpose.The new socialist countryside construction needs well cooperation of all relevant parties，needs integration of urbanization，industrialization and agricultural moderni-zation，needs scientific planning and management from top to bottom level in accordance with local conditions，and needs joint participation of farmers，government and the whole society.Nevertheless，in fact，some counties，townships and villages have inadequate understanding of new socialist countryside construction，rural planning quality is low or enforcement is inadequate.In the process of socialist countryside construction，some areas wrongly take the construction of new socialist countryside as opportunity for developing non-agricultural new countryside.As a result，village and township construction is valued，industrial development is belittled.Besides，they neglect demands of rural labor for employment transformation，and cultivation of new agricultural operating entities.Also，the new demands of farmers for equal medical care，education，and sanitation are belittled.These fail to really realize historic mission of new socialist countryside construction.A general situation is that rural cadres are fond of various image creating activities，rather than solving actual problems of farmers.In consequence，it leads to resource waste and dissatisfaction of villagers.For example，village cadres prefer building cultural square to improving sewage collection and treatment system on the condition of limited income of village collective.

3 Significance of beautiful countryside construction

Taking the Scientific Outlook on Development as guidance，culture as root，agriculture as foundation，and villagers as base，beautiful countryside construction is intended to realize beautiful distribution in scientific planning，beautiful environment in clean village environment，beautiful living in increasing income，and beautiful quality in civilized village culture，fully manifest policies and measures for enhancing agriculture，benefiting rural areas，and enriching farmers，and promote modernization and realize beautiful Jiangsu Province.

3.1 Inevitable trend for realizing sustainable agricultural and rural economic developmentDeveloping＂beautiful countryside＂production function，promoting transformation of agricultural development mode，strengthening agricultural resource and environmental protection，effectively raising agricultural utilization ratio，and taking resource conserved and environment friendly agricultural development road are inevitable requirement for developing modern agriculture and also inevitable trend for realizing sustainable agricultural and rural economic development.

3.2 Practical step for implementing urban and rural integrated development strategyExpanding＂beautiful countryside＂ecological function，promoting ecological living，ecological environment，ecological economic，and ecological cultural construction，and building beautiful countryside suitable for living，industry and tourism are comprehensive improvement in concept，content and level of new socialist countryside construction，and also practical step for implementing urban and rural integrated development strategy.

3.3 Concrete action of rural areas building beautiful Jiangsu ProvinceEnhancing＂beautiful countryside＂construction，promoting ecological agricultural construction，controlling agricultural pollution，saving and protecting agricultural resources，and improving rural living environment，are important measures for implementing ecological civilization construction and also concrete action of rural areas building Jiangsu Province.

4 Recommendations and countermeasures for building beautiful countryside in Jiangsu Province

4.1 Government guidanceGovernment at all levels should energetically develop economy，consolidate various resources，and encourage flow of funds，talents and land，to attract a good many talents to flow to rural areas，ensure them to stay at rural areas，form urban-rural integrated development pattern，and create environment favorable for caring，supporting and participating in beautiful countryside construction.Besides，govern ment at all levels should formulate some specific support policies and countermeasures，innovate on organizational system，service system，assessment system，long-term operation management mechanism，（land）income distribution mechanism，and ecological compensation mechanism，and provide perfect system support for beautiful countryside construction.In addition，it is required to strengthen government management，technical guidance，and public service，elaborately plan a good many rural construction project with distinctive characteristics，high attraction，bright market prospect，and high driving force，to help farmers get rich and enhance subsequent power for beautiful countryside construction.For example，Suzhou Province firstly issued Opinions on Establishing Ecological Compensation Mechanism（for Trial Implementation）in July 2010.These opinions state that it is required to scientifically evaluate costs for maintaining ecological system according to responsibilities and obligations of different regions，the compensation standard is 200 yuan／mu and 400 yuan／mu respectively for 1 000 mu and 10 000 mu paddy field.Villages along Takhu Lake and Yang chenghu Lake and ecological wetland villages can obtain 70 million yuan ecological compensation annually，and each village can increase disposable income of 550 000 yuan annually.

4.2 Plan leadingIt should give prominence to core position of plan，to realize＂first plan then construction，and no construction without plan＂.Firstly，it should stick to the principle of first plan.It should seek opinions of village collective and the masses，focus on long benefit，be perspective，and take respecting economic laws，conforming to farmers'willingness and protecting ecological environment as basic principle，and take integrating and optimizing urban and rural resources，equalizing urban and rural basic public services，and integrating management of urban and rural ecological environment as starting point.Secondly，it should innovate on planning concept.The plan should reflect requirements for new urbanization，agricultural modernization and community-oriented rural areas，fully consider living and production demands of farmers，manifest local characteristics and practibility，give prominence to ecological，livable，suitable for industry and tourism，accord with local conditions，implement policies in ac-cordance with actual conditions of villages，make overall planning，and provide classified guidance.Thirdly，it should improve planning system.Different types of plan should be well linked，including industrial development plan，village construction plan，land use plan，and environmental protection plan.For example，it is required to make proper arrangement for village and township construction，industrial and agricultural and ecological land distribution，and scientifically determine land use types（production，ecology，living，and service）and construction size.Village and township construction plan should orient towards local life，make production，living and ecology interdependent and integrated together，explore and fully reflect local natural conditions and social customs，and landscape，and incorporate into daily production and living space and system of villagers，and make villagers become real masters of villages.The experience of Huanggang Village in Changshan County of Zhejiang Province can be learned.Huang gang Village determined the overall structure of＂one axis and four areas＂according to current situations and resource conditions，consolidate five key parts，namely beautiful landscape，pleasant farmers，village travelling，idle living，and seclusion，to connect development of living，production and ecology together.

4.3 Industrial supportSeeking rural economic and social development and realizing common prosperity of farmers are the key parts of beautiful countryside construction.The existing development experience indicates that beautiful countryside construction will not last long without support of industry.Developing rural industry needs cultivation of leading industry in accordance with local conditions，to promote sustainable development of rural industry.In addition，it is recommended to make necessary merge for separate and backward small industries，and encourage centralized treatment of three wastes of rural industries，domestic sewage and rubbish.Besides，Jiangsu Province can energetically implement ecological circular agriculture，drive construction of modern agricultural park and green product base，and take the road of ecological breeding，ecological planting，ecological processing，and sightseeing agriculture through connection of food chain and extension of industrial chain.Furthermore，it is required to speed up cultivating rural industrial operating entities and innovating on rural industrial operatingmechanism，tomakemore new generation migrant farmers become new force of beautiful countryside construction.Finally，it should broaden ideas，deeply explore potential resources，promote mutual support of environment，space，industry and culture，and build distinctive feature of＂one village with one product，one village with one industry，and one village with one charm＂，to form characteristics，build brand and produce cohesive effect，and make it become an importance approach for increasing farmers'income.Take an example of Qiaoli Village in Yaxi Town of Gaochun County，this village，setting foot on mountain resources，builds organic tea oriented ecological agriculture industrial chain，adopts industrialized operation to manifest large scale effect，and opens up a road of increasing income relying on mountain and revitalizing agriculture through characteristics，and finally has become one of top 100 villages of Nanjing City.

4.4 Environmental controlRural environment pollution control isamajor step for beautiful countryside construction.Agricultural production place is closed connected with farmers'living place，thus it is required to take agricultural production，farmers'living，and rural ecology as an organic part in the process of rural environmental control，and make overall arrangement，to realize coordinated production，living and ecology.Besides，it is recommended to flexibly select pertinent policies to further improve work on agricultural pollution according to nature of environmental problem，the relationship between agricultural activity and environment，and the part that should bear the cost for controlling pollution.Firstly，enhance technology improvement and coordinated application.It is proposed to encourage and enhance scientific innovation and technological improvement for rural environmental protection，and strengthen comprehensive research，development and application of key and practical technologies，such as heavy metal pollution of soil，water cleaning，waste recycling，and comprehensive prevention of invasive species.Secondly，realize developmentof＂resource-product-renewable resources＂circular agriculture.Through recycling crop straws，livestock and poultrymanure，domestic rubbish and sewage，it is expected to turn waste into fertilizer，fuel，and feed for farmers，solve pollutants fundamentally，greatly reduce external input of agricultural production，popularize conservation technologies，such as land，water，seed and fertilizer conservation technologies，set up clean production and livingmodes，reduce use of external input from the production and living source，and reduce emission of pollutants，to realize conservation of resources and clean production.Thirdly，strictly control flow of threewastes to ruralareas.It is strictly prohibited to discharge waste water and solid waste to major agricultural product producing areas，prohibited to take urban rubbish and sludge as fertilizer，enhance supervision of heavy metal pollution source，gradually implement consistent standards for urban and rural pollution，to realize equal control for urban and rural environ mental pollution.

4.5 Innovating upon managementInnovation is an inexhaustible drive force for building beautiful countryside.The beautiful countryside construction is inseparable from organizational system，operating mechanism，fund raising，practical technology and long-term management.Village is the smallest unit of beautiful China and the most direct receiver of beautiful countryside construction.Thus，it is required to further free up mind，have the courage to keep forging ahead，and break restriction through innovative methods.Among many restrictive factors，the fund is the biggest one.It is required to adhere to the principle of＂government guidance，goal leading，village oriented，science and technology support，project promoting，and multiple party participation＂，introduce non-government fund，release potential of social capital，and take new road of＂market-oriented and socialized＂fund raising.Through innovation compensation mechanism，it is recommended to take the method of＂finance at all levels providing a portion，village collective providing a portion，and farmers raising a portion＂，to ensure construction，operation and supervision funds in place.Besides，it is proposed to introduce practical technology and put in more effort to popularization through cooperation with scientific research institutions，higher schools and famous enterprises，to share sci-tech innovation achievements and promote in-depth implementation of beautiful countryside construction.In addition，system obstacles resulting in urban and rural separation and hindering urban and rural integration must be eradicated，to realize free flow of funds，technologies，materials，talents，information，and labor between urban and rural areas，to bring into full play fundamental function of market in resource allocation，and lay solid foundation for establishing uniform，open，competitive and orderly modern market system.Therefore，Jiangsu Province should make effort in policy adjustment and system innovation，increase support and protection for agriculture，rural areas and farmers，to realize social justice.Currently，it is particularly required to increase financial input to agriculture and rural areas，especially for rural education，health，and culture.To realize urban and rural coordinated development，it is required to revitalize rural areas，and adopt the principle of＂taking less and giving more＂.

4.6 Cultural cultivationEcological cultural construction is powerful guarantee for overall advance and in-depth implementation of beautiful countryside construction，is urgent demand for social development，and internal requirement for building harmonious socialist society.The beautiful countryside construction can not do without at mosp here of ecological culture.Thus，it is recommended to propagate significance of beautiful countryside construction through television，radio，newspaper，and network，to make the beautiful countryside construction widely known and rooted in the hearts of the people.For example，public advertisement，white paper and propaganda magazine can be applied to expand social influence of beautiful countryside construction，to widely mobilize farmers，and make the beautiful countryside construction become internal demand and conscious action of farmers.Finally，it is required to attach importance to education and training of leading cadres，to bring into play their leading role in ecological progress and beautiful countryside construction.

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