居住獎(jiǎng)：四季
—— 一所房子，陜西，中國

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：林君翰/中國香港大學(xué)

居住獎(jiǎng)：四季
—— 一所房子，陜西，中國

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：林君翰/中國香港大學(xué)

1 外景/Exterior view

林君翰副教授是香港大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院城村架構(gòu)工作組的創(chuàng)始人之一。2006年，他開始帶領(lǐng)他的學(xué)生在陜西西安附近的石家村進(jìn)行類型學(xué)調(diào)研。這一研究的背景正是中國迅猛的城市化浪潮，鄉(xiāng)村的成熟勞動(dòng)力在這一過程中大量外流。當(dāng)?shù)亟ㄖ捎趩适Я藗鹘y(tǒng)，越來越依賴外來的建筑包工。林君翰的目標(biāo)就是為傳統(tǒng)的中國合院住宅創(chuàng)造一種可持續(xù)的現(xiàn)代原型。石家村住宅在他眼中就是利用當(dāng)?shù)夭牧虾妥龇ㄔ趥鹘y(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代之間架起的橋梁。他說：“這棟住宅是現(xiàn)代鄉(xiāng)土建筑研究的成果，代表了弘揚(yáng)中國鄉(xiāng)土建筑的積極嘗試?！?/p>

作為鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，這個(gè)原型能夠讓住戶親自參與建造，以滿足具體要求。林君翰說：“其中的理念就是避免使用創(chuàng)新材料，而是用最普通的材料在做法上進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新。比如，這里就是在用磚澆注混凝土柱。因?yàn)榇u是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)最常見的材料，村民很容易得到它，所以就能夠自己修理住宅?！?/p>

“我們的住宅原型通過創(chuàng)造新的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)將傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代建造技術(shù)熔于一爐，” 林君翰解釋道?；炷林е臀蓓斪?2m×32m的村宅具備抗震能力?；炷羶?nèi)填充了粘土磚，成為大陸氣候的保溫層。建筑外圍是四面連續(xù)的透空磚墻，能在遮擋陽光的同時(shí)保證通風(fēng)。在中國，陽臺(tái)和窗洞通常會(huì)用磚圖案包圍，但用在整座建筑上的卻很少見。在這里，它不但有防泥的效果，還讓這座建筑在周圍的景觀中顯現(xiàn)出一種抽象化的特征。屋頂?shù)钠鸱鼊t與遠(yuǎn)方的山巒遙相呼應(yīng)。

可由踏步下到內(nèi)院的屋頂有多種用途：收集雨水、晾曬食物、進(jìn)行旱作，甚至還有欣賞風(fēng)景的休息座位。南北立面上分別是次入口和主入口。在中國的鄉(xiāng)村，大部分社交和勞作都是在內(nèi)院中進(jìn)行的。四季住宅的4個(gè)內(nèi)院與周圍的房間相互呼應(yīng)，而每個(gè)內(nèi)院又自成一體。基本平面中除了兩個(gè)大院以外，在中部的生活區(qū)旁邊還有兩個(gè)小院。從功能上看，小院一個(gè)是用來洗晾衣物的，另一個(gè)是用于玉米和種子的旱作的。最后一個(gè)內(nèi)院在北側(cè)，是養(yǎng)豬的。地下沼氣池提供做飯所需的能源。中部房間火爐的廢氣通過中國傳統(tǒng)的炕道后從煙囪中排出。（尚晉 譯）

John Lin is an adjunct professor and cofounder of the working group Rural Urban Framework (RUF) at the University of Hong Kong's Faculty of Architecture. In 2006, Lin began conducting typological surveys with his students in Shijia village, near Xi'an in Shaanxi province. The studies were prompted by China's continuing urban flight, which has left the countryside with a lack of skilled labour, an erosion of its building traditions and an increased reliance on external building contractors. John Lin's aim was to develop a modern and sustainable prototype of a traditional Chinese courtyard house. The "Shijia Village Houses", according to Lin, are meant to bridge the gap between the traditional and the modern and to make use of the existing knowledge of local materials and processes. The house, Lin says, "is a result of investigation into the modern village vernacular and represents an architectural attempt to consciously evolve vernacular house construction in China."

As a basis for village development, the prototype was to be adaptable to the specific requirements of the residents, to offer them the possibility of building with their own hands. John Lin: "The idea is not to use advanced, innovative materials but instead to innovate the way most common material is used - brick in this case - for example by using bricks to cast concrete columns. As brick is widely available in towns and villages, villagers will have no difficulty sourcing it and therefore are able to repair the house on their own."

"Our house prototype integrates both traditional and modern building techniques by inventing a new kind of hybrid structure," explains Lin. The supports and the roof are of concrete, making the 12-by-32-metre village house earthquake-resistant. The concrete is combined with an infill of clay bricks, which serve as an insulating layer in this continental climate. The building shell consists of a continuous perforated brick screen over all four exterior walls to keep the sun out while simultaneously letting air circulate. In China, bricks are often used in patterns to enclose balconies or window openings; a perforated facade around an entire building, however, is unusual. Here, it protects the house from mud, but it also lends the edifice a kind of abstract quality within the surrounding landscape. The movement of the roof echoes the sweep of the mountains in the background.

The multifunctional roof, which leads down in steps to one of the courtyards, allows the collection of rainwater, offers space for the drying of foodstuffs and for dry cultivation, and features a seating area in which to relax with a view of the landscape. The perpendicular sides feature a main entrance in the north and a side entrance in the south. In the rural regions of China, most social and work activities take place around an inner courtyard. The four courtyards of the "house for all seasons" are arranged in a way that lets them engage in a dialogue with the rooms adjoining them, with every courtyard in turn forming a unique space. In addition to the two large courtyards, the basic typological plan features two smaller inner courtyards located at the long sides of the central living area. Functionally, one of those two small courtyards is meant for the washing and hanging of laundry, while the second is designed for dry cultivation of goods such as maize and seeds. The last courtyard, on the north side, is for pig farming. A subterranean biogas plant supplies energy for cooking. The exhaust from the central house stove is conducted in pipes under the kang, the traditional Chinese bed-stove, before escaping from the chimney.

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 私人/Private

建設(shè)周期/Construction Period: 2009. 04 -2012. 03

使用面積/Usable Floor Area: 380m2

建筑用途/Building's Purpose: 村民住宅/Village house

用磚類型/Brick Type: 面磚，泥磚/Facing bricks, mud bricks

攝影/Photos: Wienerberger AG/RUF

2 鳥瞰/Aerial view

3-5 建造過程/Buiding in construction

評委評語

埃娃·庫雷沃維奇（波蘭）：建筑師的設(shè)計(jì)以及最后在當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)大力支持下建成的作品，無不體現(xiàn)出該地區(qū)中國住宅的典型布局。它收集了雨水等可再生資源，使屋頂在獲得優(yōu)美造型的同時(shí)滿足了多種功能。雙層磚的使用更是獨(dú)具匠心。第一層保溫的泥磚是在現(xiàn)場用特殊的機(jī)器制成的。第二層的面磚是當(dāng)?shù)噩F(xiàn)成的。這種奇特的用磚手法完全不需要其他保溫材料。它不僅是一個(gè)充滿智慧的項(xiàng)目，更體現(xiàn)出中國設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)雅與完美。（尚晉 譯）

Jury Statement

Ewa Kurylowicz (Poland):What the architects did, and what was later constructed with significant input from the local society, is an implementation of the typical layout of the Chinese house from that area. It gathers renewable resources, such as collecting water on the roof, making the roof very sculptural and multifunctional. The bricks are used in an innovative way and are double-layered. The first layer is an infill for insulation. These are the mud bricks made in situ with the use of a special machine. The other layer, for the exterior finish, is made of bricks that in this area of China are readily available. It is a very interesting and unique use of bricks, which doesn't call for the use of any other insulation materials. It's not only a very wise project, but also a graceful and beautiful one.

6 項(xiàng)目地點(diǎn)/Site location

7 平面/Floor plan

8.9 內(nèi)景/Interior view

評論

邵韋平：這是一個(gè)“新”設(shè)計(jì)出來的“舊”房子，它的“新”來自于對鄉(xiāng)村建筑的當(dāng)代性探索，清晰的建造邏輯、細(xì)致的材料組織和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的營造都是關(guān)于建筑本體的思考；而它的“舊”來自于建造的結(jié)果，隨手制作出來的鄉(xiāng)土感確實(shí)表達(dá)了關(guān)中農(nóng)村不拘小節(jié)的天性。這兩種態(tài)度的距離是如此之大，所以產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是獨(dú)一無二又耐人尋味的。

張雷: 這是一個(gè)慈善基金會(huì)捐助的位于西安附近石家村的實(shí)驗(yàn)性項(xiàng)目，實(shí)驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容包括了建筑師對鄉(xiāng)土環(huán)境下現(xiàn)代合院住宅原型的探索，也包括了不少生態(tài)方面的考慮。磚是四季宅形態(tài)解讀中決定性的視覺要素，10m×30m鏤空的現(xiàn)代主義方盒子由花格磚墻以非傳統(tǒng)的超大尺度所定義，將墻里面豐富的院落和生態(tài)內(nèi)容強(qiáng)有力地統(tǒng)合起來，同時(shí)也有效地保護(hù)了內(nèi)部的土胚磚隔墻。

Comments

SHaO Weiping: This is an "old" house created by a "new" design. The house's "new" comes from the application of modernism in rural architecture, a clear and logical construction rationale, meticulous organization of materials, and the creation of a new ecosystem. Meanwhile, its "old" is represented in the outcome of its construction. The house's craftsmanship represents a spontaneously created earthiness, indicative of the "sloppy" nature of the central Chinese countryside. These two attitudes of "old" and "new" are very far apart; therefore the result of the two coming together is unique and intriguing.

ZHang Lei: It is an experimental project funded by a Luke Him Sau Charitable Trust in Shijiacun near Xi'an. The major concepts include the architects' exploration of the generation of modern courtyard architecture in rural settings and concerns for ecological issues. Brick is the determinant visual element in looking at houses for all seasons. The 10m by 30m modern box is defined by unusually large hollow brick walls, the inclusion of rich environmental contents inside within the walls and a mud brick partition wall for protection.

Category Winner in Residential Use: A House for All Seasons, Shaanxi, China, 2012

Architects: John Lin/The University of Hong Kong, China

10 外墻軸測/Isometric of external wall

11 庭院/Courtyard