王晨曦 張 軍
胃癌原發(fā)灶與胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶中Her-2狀態(tài)的比較
王晨曦 張 軍
目的:評(píng)估胃鏡活檢及轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)取樣用于預(yù)測(cè)人類表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體2(Her-2)實(shí)際狀態(tài)的準(zhǔn)確性及有效性,并研究原發(fā)灶Her-2狀態(tài)與胃癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系。方法本研究按照《胃癌Her-2檢測(cè)指南》中規(guī)定的檢測(cè)流程對(duì)107例胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本、手術(shù)標(biāo)本及76例淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的Her-2狀態(tài)分別進(jìn)行判讀,將檢測(cè)結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果107例標(biāo)本中胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本與胃癌原發(fā)灶Her-2狀態(tài)的一致率為86.9%,兩類標(biāo)本的Her-2狀態(tài)具有一致性(Z=6.3813,P<0.000 1);76例有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的病例中原發(fā)灶與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶Her-2狀態(tài)的一致率為81.6%,二者的Her-2狀態(tài)具有一致性(Z=3.0274,P=0.002 5);胃癌Her-2狀態(tài)與Lauren分型、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、浸潤(rùn)深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移以及TNM分期有關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶與胃癌原發(fā)灶的Her-2狀態(tài)具有較好的一致性,前兩者能夠較好的預(yù)測(cè)胃癌原發(fā)灶的Her-2狀態(tài);需要制定一個(gè)專門針對(duì)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的Her-2評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以完善胃癌的Her-2診斷系統(tǒng);胃癌Her-2狀態(tài)與腫瘤的浸潤(rùn)深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移以及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)。
胃癌 淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移 Her-2 一致性 免疫組織化學(xué) 熒光原位雜交
隨著醫(yī)療水平的進(jìn)步,雖然胃癌的發(fā)病率有所緩降,但仍是我國(guó)主要癌性致死因素之一,死亡率居惡性腫瘤首位[1]。胃癌的治療方法一直以手術(shù)為主,早期(黏膜及黏膜下)胃癌術(shù)后5年生存率可達(dá)95%甚至更高[2],然而臨床上最多見的卻是進(jìn)展期胃癌,不論手術(shù)或新輔助化療,其預(yù)后都不甚理想[3-5]。因此,在深入研究胃癌發(fā)病機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ)之上尋找分子水平的治療手段(靶向治療等)是近年來(lái)討論的熱點(diǎn),其中關(guān)于Her-2靶向治療的研究有較大突破。
人類表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體2(Her-2)是由定位于染色體17q21的c-erbB-2基因編碼的一種有酪氨酸激酶活性的跨膜受體樣蛋白[6],為表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(epithelial growth factor receptor,EGFR)家族成員之一,在多種腫瘤組織中均有不同程度的表達(dá)[7],因最初發(fā)現(xiàn)在乳腺癌中有20%~25%的過表達(dá)而被逐漸重視,現(xiàn)已成為判斷乳腺癌預(yù)后的重要因素之一[8-9]。隨著近年一系列研究,Her-2在胃癌診療中的重要性也逐漸凸顯[10],較有影響力的是2009年開展了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于曲妥珠單抗用于治療進(jìn)展期胃癌的臨床研究(ToGA)[11]。本研究分析了曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合化療與單純化療在Her-2陽(yáng)性晚期胃癌或胃食管結(jié)合部癌中的療效及預(yù)后存在的差異,結(jié)果顯示曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合化療組患者的生存率有明顯提高,而兩組不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率無(wú)顯著差異。基于此項(xiàng)研究,抗Her-2類藥物(曲妥珠單抗)獲批上市,用于治療Her-2為陽(yáng)性的胃癌患者。
因此,對(duì)胃癌患者Her-2狀態(tài)的準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估是提高療效的關(guān)鍵。目前Her-2狀態(tài)的確定以胃癌原發(fā)灶組織為準(zhǔn),但部分晚期胃癌患者在確診時(shí)已無(wú)法進(jìn)行腫瘤切除(獲取原發(fā)灶存在困難),如何在這些患者中甄別出Her-2陽(yáng)性病例,使其獲益于Her-2靶向治療是具有臨床意義的。本文研究的目的就是通過比較胃癌原發(fā)灶與胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶Her-2狀態(tài)的一致性,最終評(píng)估活檢及淋巴結(jié)組織用于預(yù)測(cè)Her-2實(shí)際狀態(tài)的準(zhǔn)確性及有效性,為Her-2靶向藥物在進(jìn)展期胃癌中的應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。
查閱重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院胃腸外科2013年2月至2013年9月胃癌患者的住院資料,經(jīng)本院病理科篩選出總共107例(所有病例均具有病理科胃鏡活檢及手術(shù)標(biāo)本病檢結(jié)果,并經(jīng)病理組織學(xué)確診為胃腺癌)胃鏡及手術(shù)病檢的石蠟標(biāo)本,其中男性患者67例,年齡47~82歲,中位58歲,遠(yuǎn)端胃癌62例,50例腫瘤直徑>5 cm;Lauren分型中腸型33例,彌漫型/其它74例;WHO組織學(xué)分級(jí)低分化型52例,高分化型55例;有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移76例;臨床病理分期Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ期分別為11/31/55/10例。
1.2.1 胃癌Her-2檢測(cè) 本實(shí)驗(yàn)中Her-2檢測(cè)流程嚴(yán)格按照我國(guó)胃癌Her-2檢測(cè)指南編寫組所公布的實(shí)踐指南進(jìn)行[12]。
1.2.2 免疫組織化學(xué)染色(IHC) 所有標(biāo)本均在10%的中性福爾馬林中浸泡固定,避開壞死及出血組織,選取最具代表性胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本和手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本各3塊/例,76例淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者外加轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組織3塊/例,均予以石蠟包埋行連續(xù)切片。購(gòu)買ORIGENE公司的鼠抗ErbB2作為一抗,SP染色試劑盒購(gòu)自中衫金橋生物制品有限公司,用IHC該檢測(cè)3種組織中Her-2蛋白表達(dá),陽(yáng)性對(duì)照由本院病理科提供,PBS代替一抗后作為陰性對(duì)照?;顧z標(biāo)本及手術(shù)標(biāo)本的IHC判讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見表1、2,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶則參考手術(shù)標(biāo)本判讀方法進(jìn)行評(píng)分(目前尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的淋巴結(jié)Her-2狀態(tài)評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn))。IHC結(jié)果見圖1。
1.2.3 熒光原位雜交(FISH) 對(duì)胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本、手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶中IHC 2+的病例進(jìn)行FISH檢測(cè)。均使用統(tǒng)一判讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn):在擴(kuò)增程度最高的區(qū)域中,對(duì)至少大于20個(gè)連續(xù)腫瘤細(xì)胞核進(jìn)行雙色信號(hào)(紅色/綠色)的計(jì)數(shù)和比值計(jì)算:1)Her-2/ CEP17≥2.2,判斷為基因擴(kuò)增試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性,若眾多信號(hào)連接成簇或Her-2/CEP17>20時(shí)不計(jì)算比值,直接判斷陽(yáng)性;2)Her-2/CEP17<1.8,判斷為擴(kuò)增試驗(yàn)陰性;3)Her-2/CEP17位于1.8~2.2之間,再取另外20個(gè)細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),比值≥2.2為陽(yáng)性、<1.8為陰性(圖2)。
表1 胃癌Her-2免疫組化染色判讀和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Table 1 Immunohistochemistry scoring for Her-2 in gastric cancer
1.2.4 Her-2狀態(tài)評(píng)估 嚴(yán)格按照指南提供的判讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(圖3):IHC 3+的病例直接判斷為Her-2陽(yáng)性,無(wú)需進(jìn)一步做熒光原位雜交檢測(cè)(FISH);IHC 1+和IHC 0的病例,直接判斷為Her-2陰性;IHC 2+病例為不確定病例,需進(jìn)一步行FISH檢測(cè),如FISH陽(yáng)性,判斷為Her-2陽(yáng)性,如FISH陰性,判斷為Her陰性。
所有數(shù)據(jù)使用SAS 9.2軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,率的比較用McNemar χ2檢驗(yàn)、連續(xù)校正χ2檢驗(yàn)及Fisher精確檢驗(yàn),P<0.05認(rèn)為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
表2 胃癌Her-2免疫組織化學(xué)染色判讀輔助方法Table 2 An auxiliary method of immunohistochemistry scoring for Her-2 in gastric cancer
A.IHC score 3+easily recognizable at low magnification(×100);B.IHC score 2+faint at low magnification(×100);C.IHC score 1+barely perceptible at low magnification(×100);D.IHC score 0 not detectable at low magnification(×100);E.IHC score 3+(×400);F.IHC score 2+(×400);G.IHC score 1+(×400);H.IHC score 0(×400)圖1 胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本(A-D)以及胃癌原發(fā)灶(術(shù)后大標(biāo)本)(E-H)的Her-2免疫組織化學(xué)檢測(cè)結(jié)果Figure 1 Her-2 IHC scores in biopsy(A-D)and primary gastric cancer(surgical specimens)(E-H)
圖2 術(shù)后標(biāo)本的FISH檢測(cè)結(jié)果(×1 000)Figure 2 FISH analysis in surgical specimens of gastric cancer.Amplification by FISH(×1 000)
圖3 Her-2狀態(tài)判讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Figure 3 Her-2 status interpretation standards
107例標(biāo)本中Her陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率分別為胃鏡19.6%,術(shù)后23.4%。二者Her-2狀態(tài)一致性為86.9%(93例Her-2狀態(tài)均一致的病例中有16例陽(yáng)性及77例陰性)。術(shù)前胃鏡對(duì)Her-2狀態(tài)的陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)率為76.2%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)率為89.5%。經(jīng)Kappa檢驗(yàn),兩類標(biāo)本的Her-2狀態(tài)具有一致性(Z=6.381 3,P<0.000 1)。余下14例不一致的病例中,有5例為胃鏡陽(yáng)性而術(shù)后陰性,9例胃鏡陰性而術(shù)后大標(biāo)本為陽(yáng)性,經(jīng)McNemar χ2檢驗(yàn),其Her-2結(jié)果不一致部分的差異無(wú)顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(S=1.142 9,P=0.285 0,表3)。
表3 手術(shù)與活檢標(biāo)本Her-2狀態(tài)的一致性比較Table 3 Concordance of Her-2 status in biopsy and surgical samples
76例有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的病例中有23例為原發(fā)灶Her-2陽(yáng)性,陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率為30.3%,19例為轉(zhuǎn)移灶Her-2陽(yáng)性,陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率為25%,一致率為81.6%。經(jīng)Kappa檢驗(yàn),原發(fā)灶與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的Her-2狀態(tài)具有一致性(Z=3.027 4,P=0.002 5)。76例標(biāo)本中,兩個(gè)部位的Her-2檢測(cè)結(jié)果共有20例不一致(其中8例原發(fā)灶Her-2狀態(tài)為陰性,而轉(zhuǎn)移灶陽(yáng)性,不排除存在瘤內(nèi)異質(zhì)性或發(fā)生陽(yáng)性轉(zhuǎn)變;12例為原發(fā)灶陽(yáng)性而轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)陰性),經(jīng)McNemar χ2檢驗(yàn)后顯示無(wú)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(S=0.800 0,P=0.371 1,表4)。
表4 原發(fā)灶與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶Her-2狀態(tài)的一致性比較Table 4 Concordance of Her-2 status in primary gastric cancer and lymph node metastases
手術(shù)標(biāo)本Her-2狀態(tài)與胃癌的臨床病例特征見表5,經(jīng)McNemar χ2檢驗(yàn)、連續(xù)校正χ2檢驗(yàn)及Fisher精確檢驗(yàn),顯示胃癌Her-2狀態(tài)與患者年齡、性別以及腫瘤位置和大小無(wú)關(guān)(P>0.05);與Lauren分型、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、浸潤(rùn)深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移以及TNM分期有關(guān)(P<0.05,表5)。
本文中胃癌原發(fā)灶與胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本Her-2狀態(tài)的一致性為86.9%,與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶Her-2狀態(tài)的一致性為81.6%,經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析后兩者P均<0.05,表明胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶與胃癌原發(fā)灶的Her-2狀態(tài)具有較好的一致性。因此,在胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本或淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶中進(jìn)行Her-2檢測(cè)能夠較好地預(yù)測(cè)胃癌原發(fā)灶的Her-2狀態(tài),可以在一定程度上指導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)移性胃癌的靶向治療,尤其在無(wú)法獲取原發(fā)灶的病理結(jié)果時(shí)。比較其他類似研究[13-14],本實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的一致率相對(duì)較高,可能是因?yàn)樵谘芯恐屑{入了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢測(cè)流程,并且最終Her-2狀態(tài)是對(duì)IHC及FISH進(jìn)行綜合分析后得出的結(jié)果,有助于減少假陽(yáng)/陰性率。
雖然統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析顯示原發(fā)灶與胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本,以及與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的Her-2結(jié)果無(wú)顯著性差異,但是在臨床診斷中活檢標(biāo)本及轉(zhuǎn)移灶仍不能完全替代原發(fā)灶的Her-2檢測(cè)結(jié)果。本研究中觀察到總共有20例標(biāo)本的原發(fā)灶與結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶結(jié)果不一致(其中8例原發(fā)灶Her-2狀態(tài)為陰性,而轉(zhuǎn)移灶陽(yáng)性,不排除存在瘤內(nèi)異質(zhì)性或發(fā)生陽(yáng)性轉(zhuǎn)變;12例為原發(fā)灶陽(yáng)性而轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)陰性),而原發(fā)灶與胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本的比較中有14例結(jié)果不一致(5例為胃鏡陽(yáng)性而術(shù)后陰性,9例胃鏡陰性而術(shù)后標(biāo)本為陽(yáng)性),分析原因,可能是由于存在瘤內(nèi)異質(zhì)性、研究的樣本量較小以及缺乏針對(duì)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的Her-2判讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等原因所致[15-17]。對(duì)于原發(fā)灶Her-2狀態(tài)為陰性的患者可以進(jìn)一步檢測(cè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶,能夠避免遺漏適合Her-2靶向治療的胃癌患者,擴(kuò)大Her-2靶向治療的適用范圍。
表5 手術(shù)標(biāo)本中Her-2狀態(tài)與胃癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系Table 5 The characteristics of clinicopathologic features stratified by Her-2 status in surgical specimens
因?yàn)槲赴┙M織的生物學(xué)特異性,目前尚無(wú)專門的淋巴結(jié)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)制(《胃癌Her-2檢測(cè)指南》針對(duì)胃癌組織的部位不同提供了兩種IHC評(píng)分系統(tǒng),但是未推薦一個(gè)針對(duì)淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移灶的Her-2評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)),應(yīng)根據(jù)胃癌的組織特點(diǎn)制定一個(gè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的Her-2判讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以精確評(píng)價(jià)胃癌的Her-2狀態(tài)[17-18]。
綜上所述,本研究認(rèn)為胃鏡活檢標(biāo)本及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶與胃癌原發(fā)灶的Her-2狀態(tài)具有較好的一致性,但在臨床診斷中前兩者還不能完全替代原發(fā)灶的Her-2檢測(cè)結(jié)果,僅能對(duì)實(shí)際Her-2狀態(tài)做一預(yù)測(cè),在無(wú)法獲取原發(fā)灶病理結(jié)果時(shí)對(duì)于靶向治療具有一定指導(dǎo)意義;需要制定一個(gè)專門針對(duì)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的Her-2評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以完善胃癌的Her-2診斷系統(tǒng)。胃癌Her-2狀態(tài)與腫瘤的浸潤(rùn)深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移以及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)。
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(2013-10-25收稿)
(2014-01-06修回)
Comparison of Her-2 status in primary gastric cancer with the corresponding endoscopic biopsies and lymph node metastases
Jun ZHANG;E-mail:zjun2323@yahoo.com.cn
Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery,The FirstAffiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 400016,China.
Objective:This study aimed to validate the accuracy and validity of Her-2 assessment used for endoscopic biopsies and lymph node metastases by comparing these samples with the surgical materials obtained from the same patients.This study also aimed to analyze the relationship between primary tumor and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer.Methods:Her-2 status was evaluated according to Gastric cancer Her-2 testing guidelines in 107 cases of gastric cancers with coupled endoscopic biopsies and surgical materials and in 76 cases of the corresponding lymph node metastases.Results were then compared and analyzed.Results:The complete concordance of the Her-2 status of endoscopic biopsies and surgical samples(n=107)was noted in 86.9%of the cases.This result is consistent between the two different samples(Z=6.381 3,P<0.000 1).Primary gastric cancer and the corresponding lymph node metastases also displayed uniformity(Z=3.027 4,P=0.002 5).The positive rate of Her-2 was significantly associated with Lauren type,tumor histological grade,depth of invasion,lymph node metastasis,and TNM stage.Conclusion:A high concordance was observed between primary tumor and biopsy specimen(endoscopic biopsies and lymph node metastases),in which Her-2 status exhibited a high predictive value.Her-2 status is correlated with invasion and cancer metastasis.Hence,the most appropriate criteria for Her-2 status assessment in lymph nodes should be considered to improve the Her-2 diagnosis system of gastric cancer.
gastric cancer,lymph node metastasis,Her-2,concordance,immunohistochemistry,fluorescence in situ hybridization
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20131796
重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院胃腸外科(重慶市400016)
張軍 zjun2323@yahoo.com.cn
Chenxi WANG,Jun ZHANG
鄭莉)
王晨曦 碩士研究生,主要研究方向?yàn)槲改c外科。E-mail:wangchenxi.cy@gmail.com
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