有的放矢，方可一目十行

賀瑩

在高考英語試題中，閱讀理解部分所占的分數(shù)比重最大，它全面測試學生的基本語言能力、閱讀技巧、翻譯能力、邏輯思維能力和解題技巧。然而，隨著新課改的深入，各地區(qū)的閱讀理解題也有了新的變化，對英語詞匯考查數(shù)量的增加在閱讀理解部分表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯，許多地區(qū)的閱讀理解材料由原來的每篇200多個詞增加到每篇300—400個詞。此外，閱讀材料更具有明顯的英語語言文化特征，行文比較跳躍，隱含信息較多，長句、難句的數(shù)量也有較大的增加。因此，要拿下“閱讀”這一大關，同學們必須實現(xiàn)英語快速閱讀，使閱讀活動更高效，從而在考試中做到“一目十行，游刃有余”。

●快速閱讀的前提條件

閱讀理解不是一種孤立的能力，它必須以具備一定的詞匯量、基本語法知識、閱讀技能和基本常識為前提。如果沒有一定的語言基礎，閱讀材料通篇都是生詞，語法難點很多，即使掌握了一些快速閱讀的技能，也無濟于事。反之，如果只有語言基礎知識，而沒有科學的閱讀技巧，要想讀得快、讀得多，也是不可能的。另外，如果對材料的內容缺乏常識性的了解，即使語言基礎好，并具備閱讀技能，也不可能實現(xiàn)高效閱讀。

●常見的不良閱讀習慣

1. 聲讀。出聲閱讀的主要弊病就是閱讀效率受說話速度的限制，嘴唇的活動會影響眼睛的掃視速度。

2. 心讀。有些同學在閱讀時，會在內心自言自語，發(fā)出并聽著每個字音，這也在一定程度上分散了精力。

3. 指讀。指讀是用手指、筆、尺子等指著一個個單詞進行閱讀，這會妨礙眼睛運動并限制大腦的快速活動能力。

4. 復視。復視指讀完一個句子或段落后回頭重復閱讀。閱讀能力較差的學生通常會過分依賴復視。

5. 頭的擺動。在閱讀過程中，有些同學會使自己的鼻尖對準正在讀的每一個字，當他順著一行字往下讀或看下一行時，就會輕微地擺動頭部。這種頭的擺動也會對閱讀速度產生影響。

6. 其他不良習慣。除了以上所說的壞習慣，部分同學還存在以下不良習慣：注意力不集中；用尺子比著，一行行下移；邊讀邊玩鋼筆、尺子等物，不時地發(fā)出響聲；愛抖動雙腿；過多進行語法分析；停下來查詞典等。這些不良習慣直接影響同學們的思路，降低閱讀速度，應及時地加以克服和糾正。

●快速閱讀的方法技巧

1. 重視首尾以抓主題（Get the main idea by reading the head and the end）

閱讀正文前，就標題（如果有標題的話）來合理推測材料的大概內容，也可根據其篇章特點在讀了文章首尾段或前兩、三段之后尋找短文的主題句，揣測作者的寫作意圖，并歸納出文章的主題。例如：

（2013年新課標全國卷I A篇）Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my familys last vacation. It was my six-year-old sons winter break from school， and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked， and Delta， the airline， offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day. I had meetings in New York， so I had to get back. But that didnt mean my husband and my son couldnt stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.

...

I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your moneys worth. Im also tightfisted when it comes to shoes， clothes for my children， and expensive restaurants. But I wouldnt hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its shape longer， and its the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts.

59. What does the author want to tell us？

A. How to expose bad tricks.

B. How to reserve airline seats.

C. How to spend money wisely.

D. How to make a business deal.

【答案】C

【解析】主旨大意題。綜觀全文，尤其是第一段和末段，可推測出作者要告知讀者的是如何明智地花錢。第一段中，作者表明自己是省錢一族；最后一段敘述自己對不同產品的不同決策，對于質量高的產品自己也會毫不猶豫地購買，說明了作者花錢的明智。

2. 找關鍵詞句以抓細節(jié)（Get the detailed information by grasping the key part）

在對文章的整體內容有了基本認識的基礎上，同學們要學會抓主要的詞句，“帶著問題找答案”，快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關的段落、語句，運用排除和比較對照的方法確定答案。例如：

（2013年山東卷 A篇）Jimmy is an automotive mechanic， but he lost his job a few months ago. He has a good heart， but always feared applying for a new job.

One day， he gathered up all his strength and decided to attend a job interview...

56. Why did Jimmy apply for a new job？

A. He was out of work.

B. He was bored with his job.

C. He wanted a higher position.

D. He hoped to find a better boss.

【答案】A

【解析】細節(jié)理解題。由文章第一段中的“but he lost his job a few months ago”可知Jimmy找工作是因為他失業(yè)了。

3. 運用語境來精確猜測（Make precise guesses based on specific context）

詞義猜測題是每年高考英語閱讀理解都會涉及的考查內容。這種不借助詞典而通過閱讀上下文（即語境）來推斷生詞含義的能力是學生必須具備的，也是閱讀測試中經?？疾榈囊环N能力。在這樣的情況下，學生要利用上下文的已知部分，尤其是該詞或該短語前后的句子進行合理地推理，有時還需要依靠常識和經驗來猜測劃線部分內容的引申含義。此外，學生還可以根據同義詞和反義詞來猜測劃線部分內容的意思，重點是要抓住文中表示遞進、轉折或對比意義的詞語，如on the contrary，however，rather than，moreover，in addition等。例如：

（2013年江西卷 C篇）Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the opposite. Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. It is because they do not realize this， or because they are not willing to do the work， that most people do not listen well.

Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as “bracketing”. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires， to experience as far as possible someone elses world from the inside， stepping into his or her shoes. Moreover， since listening well involves bracketing， it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance， the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way. The energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.

...

66.The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in paragraph 2 probably means _______.

A. preparing a topic list first

B. focusing on ones own mind

C. directing the talk to the desired results

D. experiencing the speakers inside world

【答案】D

【解析】句意猜測題。從上文中的“to experience as far as possible someone elses world from the inside”可知，劃線部分指的是要理解說話者的內心世界。

4. 交換立場以入情景（Get to know the author better by pretending to be him/her）

閱讀文章的主要目的是獲取信息，即理解作者要傳達的信息。在實際的閱讀材料中，作者一般不直接表明自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點。因此，同學們要將自己放在作者的位置上，在第一時間融入文章情景中去正確把握文章的內在關系，并結合文章提供的信息或自身的生活常識，對文章細節(jié)、文章來源、讀者對象、寫作意圖以及作者觀點或態(tài)度傾向進行分析和識別。例如：

（2013年北京卷 C篇）

Does Fame Drive You Crazy？

Although being famous might sound like a dream come true， todays star， feeling like zoo animals， face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the worlds attention. Paparazzi （狗仔隊）camp outside their homes， cameras ready. Tabloids（小報）publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature！

According to psychologist Christina Villarreal， celebrities—famous people—worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually， they start to lose track of who they really are， seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them， not as the people they were before everyone knew their names. “Over time，” Villarreal says， “they feel separated and alone.”

...

Being a public figure today， however， is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous， there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their “story” alive forever.

...

Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice. Still， even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are. They are tired of being famous already.

66.What is the authors attitude toward modern celebrity？

A. Sincere. B. Skeptical.

C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.

【答案】D

【解析】態(tài)度傾向推斷題。作者態(tài)度在最后一段，“can get a little justice”“how hard their lives are”“they are tired of being famous already”等表明他對明星們的同情。

【歸納】態(tài)度傾向推斷題的選項一般分為以下三種：

（1）表中立的：objective（客觀的），neutral（中立的），impartial（公平的，不偏不倚的），disinterested （無私的），unprejudiced（沒有偏見的），unbiased（不偏不倚的），detached（公正的）等。

（2）表贊成的：positive（肯定的，實際的，積極的，確實的），favorable（贊成的，有利的），supportive（支持的），interested（感興趣的），optimistic（樂觀的），positive（正面的），impressive（給人深刻印象的，感人的）等。

（3）表反對的：negative（否定的，消極的），disapproval（不贊成），objection（異議），opposition （反對），critical（批評的），disgusting（令人厭惡的，令人反感的），suspicious（可疑的，懷疑的），ironic（說反話的，諷刺的），indifferent（漠不關心的），depressed（消沉的），pessimistic（悲觀的）等。

當然，英語快速閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)不可能一天就做到，必須有一個循序漸進的過程。因此，在日常學習中，同學們要有意識地按照要求進行大量的練習，制訂出計劃和嚴格的要求，一步一個腳印地進行。只要持之以恒，必然有所成效。