丁易
軟組織肉瘤的非計(jì)劃切除
丁易
雖然軟組織腫瘤的發(fā)病率較高,但其中以良性腫瘤居多[1],而軟組織肉瘤的發(fā)病率較低,僅占所有惡性腫瘤的 0.8%~1.0%[2-3]。在我國,目前尚沒有有效的轉(zhuǎn)診制度。骨與軟組織腫瘤的患者,特別是軟組織腫瘤的患者的治療既有在骨科進(jìn)行的,也有在普通外科進(jìn)行的,甚至于在其他的一些外科專業(yè)科室接受治療[4]。即便是在骨科進(jìn)行治療,也多不是經(jīng)由專業(yè)的骨與軟組織腫瘤專業(yè)醫(yī)師。另一方面,我國的骨與軟組織腫瘤??婆嘤?xùn)工作尚不普及,地區(qū)差別較大。甚至于發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的大型綜合醫(yī)院,其骨與軟組織腫瘤的治療理念也與??漆t(yī)師存在巨大的差異。臨床上,特別是那些發(fā)生在深筋膜淺層的腫物,經(jīng)常會見到在沒有術(shù)前影像學(xué)檢查的情況下,或僅憑一個 B 超報告就進(jìn)行了草率的切除而術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為軟組織肉瘤的病例。有時甚至是直到復(fù)發(fā)再次就診時都沒有第一次手術(shù)后病理診斷的病例。因此,治療方法參差不齊,效果難以保障。一旦患者術(shù)后診斷為肉瘤,就會給患者造成不必要的損失。
非計(jì)劃切除的發(fā)生率約為 18%~59%[4-7]。目前我國尚無統(tǒng)一的肉瘤登記系統(tǒng),因此缺乏準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù)。臨床上,特別是較大的骨與軟組織腫瘤治療中心會經(jīng)常收治這類的患者。因此,可以想見這類誤診、誤治的情況是時有發(fā)生的。對于軟組織腫瘤,臨床上一直有一種錯誤的認(rèn)識,即認(rèn)為這一類腫瘤的治療很簡單,因而未引起臨床醫(yī)師足夠的認(rèn)識,也使得很多沒有受過??朴?xùn)練的醫(yī)師敢于貿(mào)然進(jìn)行這方面腫瘤的治療[4]。及至出現(xiàn)了難以挽回的錯誤,才引起重視,但通常是以患者悲慘的預(yù)后為代價的。
對于一個軟組織腫瘤患者,如何在治療前通過“臨床、影像、病理三結(jié)合”得到一個臨床診斷,并根據(jù)這一診斷制定相應(yīng)的治療計(jì)劃,對骨與軟組織腫瘤專業(yè)的醫(yī)師而言,是不言自明的[8]。具體到如何獲取術(shù)前病理診斷,是通過術(shù)前的穿刺或切開活檢獲取、還是直接進(jìn)行切除活檢,對于專業(yè)醫(yī)師而言是有其嚴(yán)格的適應(yīng)證的[9],但對于絕大多數(shù)非專業(yè)醫(yī)師,對此就知之甚少了。這也是造成大量非計(jì)劃切除的原因之一。
對于非計(jì)劃切除的肉瘤患者,多需要進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大切除,以盡最大的可能達(dá)到局部控制的目的。但是并非所有的非計(jì)劃切除患者都需要即刻的擴(kuò)大切除,一方面要看臨床上可否給患者施予廣泛切除已到達(dá)安全的外科邊界,如果原發(fā)腫瘤非計(jì)劃切除時已大范圍地污染了血管神經(jīng)束,那么在追加的擴(kuò)大切除術(shù)中就很難達(dá)成廣泛邊界的外科切除,在此情況下擴(kuò)大切除術(shù)的效果往往有限;一方面也要根據(jù)具體的病理診斷、外科邊界來確定有無有效的放化療以增加局部的安全性;另一方面,非計(jì)劃切除與擴(kuò)大切除手術(shù)之間的時間間隔也會影響治療的結(jié)果。這可能是由于隨著時間間隔的延長,非計(jì)劃手術(shù)術(shù)后的炎性反應(yīng)區(qū)減小、血腫吸收,臨床醫(yī)生很難從新的影像學(xué)檢查中準(zhǔn)確判斷當(dāng)時手術(shù)污染的范圍,因而使得擴(kuò)大切除的治療效果降低。因此對于那些超過 3 個月前來就診的非計(jì)劃切除肉瘤患者,采取密切觀察的臨床措施可能更加合適[5]。但對于那些術(shù)前沒有影像學(xué)檢查的患者,無論是再次的擴(kuò)大切除還是追加的術(shù)后放療,都帶有一定的盲目性,這也是造成這些治療效果下降的原因之一。另外,還要衡量擴(kuò)大切除術(shù)后患者的功能與手術(shù)效果及預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系,慎重確定擴(kuò)大切除術(shù)的取舍。
擴(kuò)大切除的范圍是另一個考驗(yàn)臨床醫(yī)師專業(yè)水平的方面。一般臨床上,首先需要對患者進(jìn)行詳盡的影像學(xué)檢查[10],然后據(jù)此切除所有前次手術(shù)的炎性反應(yīng)區(qū),甚至還需切除一定范圍的“正?!避浗M織,并處理相鄰的骨骼,以達(dá)到廣泛的外科邊界。
術(shù)后病理結(jié)果為陽性的患者,如原發(fā)腫瘤為高惡腫瘤,其復(fù)發(fā)率約為 67%;如原發(fā)腫瘤為低惡腫瘤,其復(fù)發(fā)率約為 16%。術(shù)后病理結(jié)果為陰性的患者,如原發(fā)腫瘤為高惡腫瘤,其復(fù)發(fā)率約為 23%;如原發(fā)腫瘤為低惡腫瘤,其復(fù)發(fā)率約為 3%[5]。
非計(jì)劃切除患者的遠(yuǎn)隔轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率約為 24%,與規(guī)范化治療的患者的預(yù)后相比較無顯著差異[11]。
對于擴(kuò)大切除術(shù)后病理陰性的結(jié)果,臨床醫(yī)生必須清楚,它既可能是真陰性,也有可能是一個假陰性結(jié)果。我們知道,面對一個巨大的擴(kuò)大切除的外科標(biāo)本,病理科醫(yī)生是不可能窮盡取材的,即便對于較小的外科標(biāo)本全部取材,由于制備切片的技術(shù)原因,也無法使所有的細(xì)胞都得以呈現(xiàn),因此病例報告陰性結(jié)果的判讀要非常慎重。為了最大限度地降低假陰性病理出現(xiàn)的幾率,臨床醫(yī)師與病理醫(yī)師充分溝通合作就顯得尤為重要。一方面,術(shù)中術(shù)者要仔細(xì)地進(jìn)行危險部位的取材并對標(biāo)本進(jìn)行提示標(biāo)記,另一方面病理醫(yī)師在術(shù)后剖開標(biāo)本取材時可以與外科醫(yī)師進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的討論,以使危險部位得以最大限度地被檢出。何況如前所述,外科醫(yī)生還可能由于難以克服的原因而無法精確判定需要切除的組織,而造成被污染范圍內(nèi)腫瘤組織的遺留。前面提到的擴(kuò)大切除術(shù)后病理陰性的患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)也可以證實(shí)這一點(diǎn)。關(guān)于這方面的情況,最好在術(shù)前就向患者解釋清楚,以便使其正確地理解病理報告并認(rèn)真對待術(shù)后隨訪。
有的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)非計(jì)劃切除的軟組織肉瘤患者的總體預(yù)后并未比規(guī)范化治療的患者顯著變差,這可能是與非計(jì)劃切除的腫瘤多為淺層的、體積較小的腫瘤有關(guān)[11]。得出同樣結(jié)論的研究將其歸因于樣本量較小[12],或認(rèn)為不充分的外科邊界僅可能影響局部復(fù)發(fā)[13]而對轉(zhuǎn)移和總體生存無顯著影響[14]。同時,另一些研究表明在首次術(shù)后盡快轉(zhuǎn)至專業(yè)的骨與軟組織腫瘤治療中心進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大切除有利于提高無病生存率[15-18]。但對此結(jié)論也存在不同意見,即認(rèn)為再手術(shù)時間的早晚對預(yù)后無顯著影響[19]。這些有待更進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí)。
建立嚴(yán)格的轉(zhuǎn)診制度當(dāng)然是有效保障骨與軟組織腫瘤患者治療效果的手段[20]。但我國幅員遼闊,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平不均衡,邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的患者由于多種原因無法到專業(yè)的骨與軟組織腫瘤治療中心接受治療。同時,對于許多基層的非??漆t(yī)師而言,其所接受的骨與軟組織腫瘤專業(yè)培訓(xùn)非常有限且不規(guī)范。面對這樣的現(xiàn)實(shí),在醫(yī)療上就亟需制訂統(tǒng)一的軟組織腫瘤治療規(guī)范,加大專業(yè)知識普及培訓(xùn)的力度,以最大限度地提高對此類腫瘤的治療水平。
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( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
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《中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志》編輯委員會
Unplanned resection of soft tissue sarcomas
DING Yi. Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, PRC
The incidence of soft tissue sarcomas is relatively low, about which the doctors may not have enough knowledge except cancer specialists. In our country, the treatment varies in different regions. As a result, unplanned resection may frequently occur, and negative effects on the patients may be caused. Standard protocols should be followed in the diagnosis and treatment of soft tissue tumors, so as to avoid it as frequently as possible. For the patients receiving unplanned resection, re-excision is needed to locally control such things the tumors. But the pattern or the surgical margin of the second surgery and the adjuvant therapy may be individualized. The detailed imaging examination before the second surgery is necessary. The positive pathology report results after the re-excision may lead to increased local recurrence rate. So pathologists should work together with surgeons when taking such specimens. The controversy still remains about the effects of unplanned resection on the overall survival in patients with soft tissue sarcomas, and more evidence is needed. However, more harm and economic burden will be brought to the patients due to the re-excision. So a better referral system should be made and the surgeons’ skills in the diagnosis and treatment should be continuously improved.
Sarcoma; Soft tissue neoplasms; Surgical procedures, operative
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.02.003
R738.6
100035北京積水潭醫(yī)院骨腫瘤科
2014-01-14 )