郭丹丹,陳 姬,于拔萃,張 波,鄭秋生
(1.石河子大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥理系,新疆石河子,832002;2.新疆特種植物藥資源教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,新疆石河子,832002)
浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移是惡性腫瘤的一個(gè)重要特征,也是導(dǎo)致腫瘤患者死亡的主要原因。近年來(lái),惡性黑色素瘤的發(fā)病率在世界范圍內(nèi)具有逐步增高的趨勢(shì)。在我國(guó),雖然惡性黑色素瘤的發(fā)病率較低,但預(yù)后較差,且極易發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[1]。因此,在治療過(guò)程中,控制其轉(zhuǎn)移是關(guān)鍵。芪類(stilbenes)物質(zhì)是一類植物苯丙素次生代謝途徑的主要產(chǎn)物,由于其廣泛的生物學(xué)活性,近年來(lái)吸引了眾多研究者的關(guān)注。白藜蘆醇(resveratrol)具有抗菌、抗癌、抗炎、抗過(guò)敏、降血脂和抗氧化等多方面的藥理活性[2],近年來(lái)其抗腫瘤活性受到關(guān)注[3-5]。白藜蘆醇不僅可以抑制多發(fā)性骨髓瘤和宮頸癌等惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)的表達(dá)[6],還可通過(guò)激動(dòng)過(guò)氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體減少細(xì)胞外MMP誘導(dǎo)因子的表達(dá),抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[7]。紫檀芪(pterostilbene)作為白藜蘆醇的甲基化衍生物近年來(lái)也受到關(guān)注,紫檀芪具有和白藜蘆醇相似的抗腫瘤活性[8-9]。本研究觀察這兩種芪類化合物抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移作用并進(jìn)行比較。
小鼠黑色素瘤細(xì)胞B16F1和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞ECV304購(gòu)于上海生命科學(xué)院細(xì)胞資源中心。白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪(純度分別為98%和97%)以及胰蛋白酶、磺基羅丹明B和DMSO均購(gòu)自Sigma公司。RPMI 1640和DMEM細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基購(gòu)于Gibco公司;新生牛血清和胎牛血清購(gòu)于杭州四季青生物工程有限公司;Matrigel膠購(gòu)于美國(guó) BD公司;MMP-2 ELISA試劑盒購(gòu)于武漢博士德生物工程有限公司;Thermo3131型CO2培養(yǎng)箱和Thermo 3001型多功能酶標(biāo)儀,美國(guó)Thermo公司;ZHJH-112B型超凈工作臺(tái),上海智誠(chéng)分析儀器有限公司;MIC00266型熒光倒置顯微鏡,德國(guó)Zeiss公司;H.H.S精密恒溫水浴鍋,江蘇金壇市醫(yī)療儀器廠;TGL20M臺(tái)式高速冷凍離心機(jī),湖南凱達(dá)科學(xué)儀器有限公司。
以DMSO溶解白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪,用無(wú)血清RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基配制白藜蘆醇 0.44 mmol·L-1和紫檀芪 0.39 mmol·L-1的貯存液,-4℃避光保存?zhèn)溆?。處理?xì)胞時(shí)再用RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液稀釋為工作濃度,其中DMSO終濃度小于0.01%。
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的細(xì)胞,調(diào)整細(xì)胞為5×107L-1,按每孔100 μl加于96孔培養(yǎng)板中,于恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中孵育24 h。細(xì)胞貼壁約80%,每孔分別加入預(yù)先配置好的白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪溶液100 μl,終濃度均為0,5,10,20,30,40 和50 μmol·L-1,對(duì)照組加入等體積含0.01%DMSO的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液,每個(gè)濃度設(shè)6個(gè)復(fù)孔,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h,棄上清,4℃固定1 h,純水洗滌,每孔加入100 μl磺基羅丹明B染液,靜置 20 min,1%乙酸洗滌,每孔再加入DMSO 150 μl,在搖床上震蕩混勻,用酶標(biāo)儀于波長(zhǎng)490 nm處檢測(cè)各孔吸光度(A)值。細(xì)胞增殖抑制率(%)=(A對(duì)照組-A給藥組)/A對(duì)照組×100%。
白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪 10 μmol·L-1對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖無(wú)明顯影響。為此選擇該濃度觀察其抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移和抑制血管新生的作用。劃痕后培養(yǎng)基中不含血清,細(xì)胞基本不增殖,劃痕愈合完全靠細(xì)胞的遷移運(yùn)動(dòng),愈合面積代表腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。按照Fishman等[10]方法,取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期 B16F1 和ECV304細(xì)胞,接種于48孔培養(yǎng)板,至細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)到90% 融合度,以200 μl Tip頭均勻劃痕,用含0.1%小牛血清的培養(yǎng)液輕輕洗去脫落細(xì)胞,分別加入白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪溶液,終濃度為 10 μmol·L-1,5%CO2,37℃孵育48 h至正常組劃痕基本愈合。用Zeiss倒置顯微鏡拍照并分析。以劃痕面積為基準(zhǔn),愈合后取與劃痕區(qū)域相同面積,采用Photoshop 6.0軟件分別測(cè)定劃痕愈合前后的劃痕區(qū)域灰度值,計(jì)算劃痕愈合率。劃痕愈合率(%)=(0 h劃痕區(qū)灰度值-48 h劃痕區(qū)灰度值)/0 h劃痕區(qū)灰度值×100%。
按照 Lalu等[11]方法測(cè)定。取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期B16F1細(xì)胞,計(jì)數(shù)后以相同細(xì)胞數(shù)接種于培養(yǎng)瓶中,在培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h,加入預(yù)先用無(wú)血清RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基配制的白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪溶液,終濃度均為10 μmol·L-1,培養(yǎng) 48 h 后,收集上清液,用考馬斯亮藍(lán)法測(cè)定上清液中蛋白質(zhì)濃度,將每組樣品稀釋至相同蛋白質(zhì)濃度。制備聚丙烯酰胺凝膠,加樣20 μl,于濃縮膠(60 V,40 min)和分離膠(80 V,150 min)電泳。分離膠中約含明膠0.1%。電泳結(jié)束后,室溫洗滌復(fù)性2 h。再于37℃搖床上孵育36 h。孵育結(jié)束后,用考馬斯亮藍(lán)染色液染色30 min,脫色液脫色至膠條呈藍(lán)色均一背景,亮白色條帶。拍照,并用Gel-PRO Analyzer軟件(Media Cybernetics,USA)分析相同面積區(qū)域的積分灰度值。MMP-2活性用與對(duì)照組比較灰度值的百分比表示。
用MMP-2 ELISA試劑盒測(cè)定MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)。取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期B16F1細(xì)胞,計(jì)數(shù)后以相同細(xì)胞數(shù)接種于培養(yǎng)瓶中,在培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h,加入預(yù)先用無(wú)血清RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基配制的白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪溶液,終濃度均為 10 μmol·L-1,培養(yǎng) 48 h后,收集上清液,按照試劑盒說(shuō)明操作,每樣品設(shè)6個(gè)復(fù)孔,結(jié)果用A450nm表示。
參照 Mezentsev 等[12]方法,將 Matrigel膠 4℃過(guò)夜溶解,將 Matrigel膠與預(yù)冷的無(wú)血清 RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基1∶5(V/V)混合,用預(yù)冷的槍頭混勻,加入到24孔培養(yǎng)板,每孔200 μl,置37℃培養(yǎng)箱中30 min促凝,用無(wú)血清 RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液將ECV304 細(xì)胞調(diào)至1.0 ×105L-1,每孔1.0 ml接種于Matrigel膠層,37℃孵育1 h,用無(wú)血清 RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液洗滌除去未貼壁細(xì)胞,加入用無(wú)血清RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基配制的白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪溶液,終濃度為10 μmol·L-1,每濃度設(shè) 2 個(gè)復(fù)孔,共同孵育20 h。顯微鏡觀察管腔狀結(jié)構(gòu)形成情況并拍照。
由圖1看出,白藜蘆醇與紫檀芪可抑制B16F1和 ECV304 細(xì)胞增殖,在 20~50 μmol·L-1濃度范圍內(nèi)紫檀芪對(duì)B16F1和ECV304細(xì)胞增殖的抑制率高于白藜蘆醇(P<0.05,P<0.01)。經(jīng)計(jì)算,作用48 h,白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪抑制B16F1細(xì)胞增殖的 IC50分別為 119.7 μmol·L-1和 37.3 μmol·L-1,抑制 ECV304 細(xì)胞增殖的 IC50分別為72.2 μmol·L-1和37.2 μmol·L-1。
Fig.1 Effect of resveratrol and pterostilbene on proliferation of B16F1(A)and ECV304 cells(B).B16F1 and ECV304 cells were incubated with resveratrol and pterostilbene for 48 h, respectively. The cell proliferation was determined by sulforhodamine B assay.Inhibitory rate(%)=(A490 nmof control group-A490 nmof control group)/A490 nmof control group×100%.±s,n=6.*P<0.05,**P<0.01,compared with the same concentration of resveratrol group.
與正常對(duì)照組相比,白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪10 μmol·L-1均可降低 B16F1 和ECV304 細(xì)胞的劃痕愈合率(P<0.05,P<0.01);對(duì)于同一種細(xì)胞,紫檀芪的抑制作用強(qiáng)于白藜蘆醇(P<0.01)。圖2和圖3結(jié)果表明,白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪均可降低B16F1和ECV304細(xì)胞的體外遷移能力,而且同濃度下紫檀芪抑制細(xì)胞遷移的能力明顯強(qiáng)于白藜蘆醇。
Fig.2 Inhibition of resveratrol and pterostilbene on migration of B16F1 cells in vitro.A:confluent monolayers of cells were wounded with a uniform scratch,rinsed to remove debris,and incubated with resveratrol or pterostilbene 10 μmol·L -1for 48 h.Photographs were monitored by ZEISS microscope(×100).a1,a2 and a3:normal control,resveratrol and pterostilbene groups before incubation;a4,a5 and a6:normal control,resveratrol and pterostilbene groups incubated for 48 h.B:semi-quantitative result of wound closure ability.Relative wound closure ability was determined by measuring the greyscale of the wounds.Wound closure rate(%)=(wound district grey value at 0 hwound district grey value at 48 h)/wound district grey value at 0 h×100%.±s,n=6.**P<0.01,compared with normal control group;##P<0.01,compared with resveratrol group.
圖4 結(jié)果顯示,與正常對(duì)照組比較,白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪 10 μmol·L-1與 B16F1 細(xì) 胞 作 用 48 h MMP-2活性明顯降低(P<0.01),紫檀芪比白藜蘆醇降低更為明顯(P<0.01),表明白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪可降低B16F1細(xì)胞分泌MMP-2的活性,且紫檀芪明顯強(qiáng)于白藜蘆醇。
Fig.3 Inhibition of resveratrol and pterostilbene on migration of ECV304 cells in vitro.See Fig.2 for the cell treatment.a1,a2 and a3:normal control,resveratrol and pterostilbene groups before incubation;a4,a5 and a6:normal control,resveratrol and pterostilbene groups incubated for 48 h.±s,n=6.*P<0.05,**P<0.01,compared with normal control group;##P<0.01,compared with resveratrol group.
Fig.4 Effect of resveratrol and pterostilbene on matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)activity of B16F1 cells.See Fig.2 for the cell treatment.MMP-2 activity was determined by gelatin zymography(A).Lane 1:control group;lane 2:reveratrol group;lane 3:pterostilbene group.B was the semi-quantitative result of A.MMP-2 activity was expressed as the percentage of grey value to the control group(B).±s,n=6.**P<0.01,compared with normal control group;##P<0.01,compared with resveratrol group.
MMP-2 ELISA檢測(cè)結(jié)果(圖5)表明,與正常對(duì)照組比較,白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪 10 μmol·L-1可降低B16F1細(xì)胞MMP-2表達(dá)(P<0.01),紫檀芪的作用強(qiáng)于白藜蘆醇(P<0.01)。
Fig.5 Effect of resveratrol and pterostilbene on MMP-2 expression of B16F1 cells.See Fig.2 for the cell treatment.MMP-2 expression was detected by ELISA kit.±s,n=6.**P<0.01,compared with normal control group;##P<0.01,compared with resveratrol group.
Fig.6 Effect of resveratrol and pterostilbene on tube formation of ECV304 cells in vitro(40×).A:control group;B:resveratrol 10 μmol·L-1for 24 h;C:pterostilbene 10 μmol·L-1for 24 h.
圖6 結(jié)果表明,正常對(duì)照組內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞ECV304可在Matrigel膠重建的基底膜上形成完整的擬管腔狀結(jié)構(gòu)(圖6A);白藜蘆醇 10 μmol·L-1組 ECV304 細(xì)胞拉伸程度降低,彼此間連接縫隙變大,部分管腔狀結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性被破壞(圖 6B);紫檀芪 10 μmol·L-1組ECV304細(xì)胞連接處已經(jīng)逐漸變圓,管腔狀結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)完全被破壞(圖6C)。表明白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪均能有效抑制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞擬管腔樣結(jié)構(gòu)的形成,且紫檀芪的抑制強(qiáng)于白藜蘆醇。
本研究結(jié)果表明,白藜蘆醇與紫檀芪20~50 μmol·L-1作用 48 h 可抑制 B16F1 和 ECV304細(xì)胞增殖。在相同濃度條件下,紫檀芪對(duì)B16F1和ECV304細(xì)胞增殖的抑制率高于白藜蘆醇。
浸潤(rùn)和侵襲是惡性腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的前提,MMP是腫瘤細(xì)胞降解基底膜的重要成分,高侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移潛能的腫瘤細(xì)胞其MMP mRNA和蛋白均高水平表達(dá),而且高轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)宿主間質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生MMP的能力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于低轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤細(xì)胞,在參與破壞基底膜的MMP中,相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為72×103的MMP-2與腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系密切,MMP-2表達(dá)增加能促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的侵襲能力[13]。明膠酶譜法和ELISA實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪可降低腫瘤細(xì)胞分泌的MMP-2活性和表達(dá)。劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),處理后的腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移能力也明顯受到抑制。由此提示,白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪均具有明顯抑制B16F1和ECV304細(xì)胞遷移的能力,提示芪類物質(zhì)有潛在的抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移活性成分。
另一方面,腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程,不單單是腫瘤細(xì)胞自身特性發(fā)生變化,還依賴于腫瘤細(xì)胞與間質(zhì)細(xì)胞以及細(xì)胞微環(huán)境之間的相互作用。除了腫瘤細(xì)胞本身的運(yùn)動(dòng)性,還有腫瘤細(xì)胞與毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等因素均可影響腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。越來(lái)越多的研究表明,血管新生不僅在腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮重要作用,而且腫瘤內(nèi)新生血管也能成為判斷腫瘤預(yù)后的獨(dú)立指標(biāo)[14-15]。白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪均能抑制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和遷移,同時(shí)對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞擬管腔結(jié)構(gòu)形成有抑制作用,且紫檀芪的作用優(yōu)于白藜蘆醇。上述結(jié)果提示,白藜蘆醇和紫檀芪具有抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移作用,相同濃度條件下紫檀芪的作用高于白藜蘆醇。
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